ABSTRACT
The fall armyworm [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], is considered a serious invasive pest that poses a serious threat to world food security. It can completely devastate a whole country's cereal crops. Therefore, the present work is the 1st field trial in Egypt to elucidate some ecological aspects of S. frugiperda on maize plants (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow Corn cultivar) at Esna district, Luxor Governorate, Egypt, throughout two sequential growing seasons of maize (2021-2022). Three insect parameters were used, i.e., egg masses, number of larvae, and percentage of damaged corn plants. Effects of certain climatic conditions and corn plant ages on S. frugiperda seasonal activity and damaged plants percentage were also estimated. S. frugiperda population initiated to attack maize plants from the 3rd week of June until the harvest in every season. S. frugiperda had two seasonal activity peaks in terms of egg masses numbers and three peaks regarding the larval population density/season. Its damage percentage increased with increasing plant age weekly. The mean of S. frugiperda egg masses were 2.83 ± 0.40 and 2.96 ± 0.45 mass /10 corn plants in 2021 and 2022, respectively. While, the overall mean larval populations were 13.41 ± 0.52 and 13.03 ± 0.46 larvae/10 plants, during the two growing seasons, respectively. Corn plant damage percentages reached 68.54 ± 2.71 and 60.42 ± 2.92% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. The combined effects of both the weather conditions and maize plant ages were highly significant on egg masses, larvae population density, and damage percentage, and varied from one season to another. The mean daily maximum temperature was the most effective variable on egg masses and the larval population. Maize plant age had a clear effect on the damage percentage caused by the larvae in the field during the two years of the study. The dramatic spread of FAW and the consequent damage (that appeared in different countries of America, Africa, and Asia) mean that different management approaches must be sought for the small and large-scale producers by using available technologies for smallholder farmers will eliminate pest damage without access to reach to an economic Injury level. This information may assist the decision maker when planning the S. frugiperda IPM program for maize plants and its surveillance.
A lagarta-do-cartucho [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)], é considerada uma séria praga invasora que representa uma séria ameaça à segurança alimentar mundial. Essa espécie pode devastar completamente as plantações de cereais de um país inteiro. Portanto, o presente trabalho é o primeiro ensaio de campo no Egito para elucidar alguns aspectos ecológicos de S. frugiperda em plantas de milho (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow Corn cultivar) no distrito de Esna, Luxor Governorate, Egito, ao longo de duas estações de crescimento sequencial de milho (2021 a 2022). Três parâmetros de insetos foram utilizados, isto é, massas de ovos, número de larvas e porcentagem de plantas de milho danificadas. Também foram estimados os efeitos de certas condições climáticas e idades das plantas de milho na atividade sazonal de S. frugiperda e na porcentagem de plantas danificadas. A população de S. frugiperda começou a atacar as plantas de milho a partir da terceira semana de junho até a colheita em todas as estações. S. frugiperda apresentou dois picos sazonais de atividade como o número de massas de ovos e três picos em relação à densidade populacional larval/estação. Seu percentual de dano aumentou semanalmente a partir do aumento da idade da planta. A média das massas de ovos de S. frugiperda foi de 2,83 ± 0,40 e 2,96 ± 0,45 massa/10 plantas de milho em 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Enquanto, as populações larvais médias gerais foram de 13,41 ± 0,52 e 13,03 ± 0,46 larvas/10 plantas, durante as duas estações de crescimento, respectivamente. As porcentagens de danos às plantas de milho atingiram 68,54 ± 2,71 e 60,42 ± 2,92% em 2021 e 2022, respectivamente. Os efeitos combinados das condições climáticas e da idade das plantas de milho foram altamente significativos nas massas de ovos, densidade populacional de larvas e porcentagem de danos, e variaram de uma estação para outra. A temperatura média diária máxima foi a variável mais efetiva sobre as massas de ovos e a população larval. A idade da planta de milho influenciou visivelmente o percentual de dano causado pelas larvas no campo durante os dois anos de estudo. A propagação dramática da LFM e os danos consequentes (que apareceram em diferentes países da América, África e Ásia) significam que devem ser utilizadas diferentes abordagens de gestão para os pequenos e grandes produtores, a partir de tecnologias disponíveis para os pequenos agricultores eliminarem os danos causados pelas pragas sem acesso para chegar a um nível de dano econômico. Essas informações podem auxiliar o tomador de decisão no planejamento do programa MIP de S. frugiperda para plantas de milho e o seu monitoramento.
Subject(s)
Spodoptera , Agricultural Pests , Zea mays/parasitologyABSTRACT
We studied the Ngaio flat mite, Brevipalpus ferraguti Ochoa & Beard, on Myoporum laetum (Scrophulariaceae), a common introduced plant used as hedgerows in gardens and green areas of the Mediterranean, where the mite causes considerable damage. We first describe the damage, and then the patterns of mite seasonal abundance and spatial distribution. Finally, we address the development of the female insemination system at the population level. Damage occurs on both sides of the leaves, starting with a uniform stippling and bronzing and ending in the leaves drying out and extensive defoliation that coincides with summer. Mite population peaked between June and August, maintained moderate levels in autumn and winter and reached its lowest density in early spring. Active motile immatures and eggs were present throughout the year. Females and motile immature forms were more abundant on the abaxial (lower) leaf surface, but eggs were deposited on both surfaces indistinctly, suggesting that females actively move to the adaxial (upper) surface in summer to oviposit. All the developmental stages were aggregated on the leaves throughout the year regardless of their population density. Our study suggests that a binomial or presence-absence sampling, examining only the number of females on the abaxial surface, can accurately estimate the total mite density levels. Only 23.5% of females possessed a fully developed spermatheca, whereas in 76.5% of the cases the seminal receptacle was not present or not developed. Females with a complete spermatheca were less abundant in summer. Average temperatures and host plant species affected the occurrence of this reproductive structure.
Subject(s)
Mites , Animals , Insemination , Plant Leaves , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
This study was conducted to monitor the population dynamics of six major insect pests at the NMSU Agricultural Science Center at Farmington (ASC-Farmington) and within an adjacent commercial farm (Navajo Agricultural Products Industry, NAPI) for more effective and efficient pest management during the 2013-2019 period. Specific pheromone traps, sticky and net traps were used to collects moths of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli), and western bean cutworm (Striacosta albicosta). These insects generally appear in early June and their population decreases toward the end of August/early September with different peak times and magnitudes during July and August. Bactericera cockerelli was not substantially present in the commercial farm due to intensive insecticide application. Overall, all six insect species were present at ASC-Farmington, with relative abundance, in percent of the total collected moths by all traps, varying from 6.5 to 19% for Trichoplusia ni, 16 to 29.2% for Spodoptera exigua, 1.5 to 20.6% for Striacosta albicosta, 10 to 25% for Helicoverpa zea, 18.5 to 25.6% for Spodoptera frugiperda and 8.5 to 26.9% for Bactericera cockerelli. In NAPI's commercial field, while the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli was not recorded, Trichoplusia ni and Spodoptera exigua showed decreasing rates that varied from 27.5 to 4.2% and from 49.3 to 7.8%, respectively. Striacosta albicosta, Helicoverpa zea and Spodoptera exigua showed increasing rates varying from 2.9 to 28%, from 7.8 to 25.3% and from 10.9 to 52%, respectively. The results of this study could serve as a guideline for sustainable management strategies for each of the six species for production profitability.
ABSTRACT
The impact of wind farms on birds is one of the least studied themes in Brazil, which contrasts with the importance of this new source of renewable energy. The present study aimed to characterize the composition and ecological dynamics of species of resident and migratory birds present in the area of Wind farm of the Pedra do Sal, in Parnaíba, state of Piauí. The study was developed through thirty-three samples distributed in two complete seasonal cycles (September 2011 to August 2013), by the method of point counts disposed at the base of each wind turbine. We recorded 6,843 contacts of birds belonging to 67 species in 22 families and 13 orders, and the species with the highest number of contacts was the Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818. The predominant trophic categories were the insectivorous birds (18 species) followed by birds that feed on aquatic invertebrates (17 species). The majority of birds recorded is from aquatic environments. During the development of this study, no collisions between birds and wind turbines were recorded.(AU)
O impacto dos parques eólicos sobre as aves é um dos temas menos estudados no Brasil, o que contrasta com a importância dessa nova fonte de energia renovável. O presente estudo buscou caracterizar a composição e dinâmica ecológica das espécies de aves residentes e migratórias presentes na área da Usina Eólica da Pedra do Sal, em Parnaíba, Estado do Piauí. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de trinta e três amostragens distribuídas em dois ciclos sazonais completos (setembro de 2011 a agosto de 2013), através do método do ponto de escuta, dispostos na base de cada um dos aerogeradores. Foram registrados 6.843 contatos de aves pertencentes a 67 espécies distribuídas em 22 famílias e 13 ordens, e a espécie com maior número de contatos foi a batuíra-de-coleira (Charadrius collaris). As categorias tróficas predominantes foram as das aves insetívoras, representadas por 18 espécies, seguidas pelas aves que se alimentam de invertebrados aquáticos (17 espécies). A maioria das aves registradas é de ambiente aquático. Durante o desenvolvimento desse estudo não foram registradas colisões entre as aves e os aerogeradores.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Birds , Animal Migration , Energy-Generating Resources , Wind Energy , EcosystemABSTRACT
The impact of wind farms on birds is one of the least studied themes in Brazil, which contrasts with the importance of this new source of renewable energy. The present study aimed to characterize the composition and ecological dynamics of species of resident and migratory birds present in the area of Wind farm of the Pedra do Sal, in Parnaíba, state of Piauí. The study was developed through thirty-three samples distributed in two complete seasonal cycles (September 2011 to August 2013), by the method of point counts disposed at the base of each wind turbine. We recorded 6,843 contacts of birds belonging to 67 species in 22 families and 13 orders, and the species with the highest number of contacts was the Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818. The predominant trophic categories were the insectivorous birds (18 species) followed by birds that feed on aquatic invertebrates (17 species). The majority of birds recorded is from aquatic environments. During the development of this study, no collisions between birds and wind turbines were recorded.
O impacto dos parques eólicos sobre as aves é um dos temas menos estudados no Brasil, o que contrasta com a importância dessa nova fonte de energia renovável. O presente estudo buscou caracterizar a composição e dinâmica ecológica das espécies de aves residentes e migratórias presentes na área da Usina Eólica da Pedra do Sal, em Parnaíba, Estado do Piauí. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de trinta e três amostragens distribuídas em dois ciclos sazonais completos (setembro de 2011 a agosto de 2013), através do método do ponto de escuta, dispostos na base de cada um dos aerogeradores. Foram registrados 6.843 contatos de aves pertencentes a 67 espécies distribuídas em 22 famílias e 13 ordens, e a espécie com maior número de contatos foi a batuíra-de-coleira (Charadrius collaris). As categorias tróficas predominantes foram as das aves insetívoras, representadas por 18 espécies, seguidas pelas aves que se alimentam de invertebrados aquáticos (17 espécies). A maioria das aves registradas é de ambiente aquático. Durante o desenvolvimento desse estudo não foram registradas colisões entre as aves e os aerogeradores.
Subject(s)
Animals , Birds , Wind Energy , Energy-Generating Resources , Animal Migration , EcosystemABSTRACT
Investigators have reported that birds from temperate regions are more detectable during their breeding seasons, which should be used to adequately survey avifaunas. In the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, the rainiest months of the year are usually associated with a peak in the reproduction of birds. To test the hypothesis that birds are equally detectable throughout the year, I conducted transect counts of birds in a predominantly open Cerrado landscape in São Paulo during 2005 and 2006. There was no significant difference in the number of species or individuals between breeding (rainy) and nonbreeding (dry) seasons; 24% of the species with > 50 contacts was likely to be recorded more often in a particular season. Unlike temperate regions, where vocal behavior plays an important role in detections of birds during and after reproductive seasons, my results suggest that Cerrado birds may be evenly detected throughout the year.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Climate , Reproduction , Reproductive Behavior , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Birds/classificationABSTRACT
Investigators have reported that birds from temperate regions are more detectable during their breeding seasons, which should be used to adequately survey avifaunas. In the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, the rainiest months of the year are usually associated with a peak in the reproduction of birds. To test the hypothesis that birds are equally detectable throughout the year, I conducted transect counts of birds in a predominantly open Cerrado landscape in São Paulo during 2005 and 2006. There was no significant difference in the number of species or individuals between breeding (rainy) and nonbreeding (dry) seasons; 24% of the species with > 50 contacts was likely to be recorded more often in a particular season. Unlike temperate regions, where vocal behavior plays an important role in detections of birds during and after reproductive seasons, my results suggest that Cerrado birds may be evenly detected throughout the year.
Subject(s)
Animals , Climate , Reproductive Behavior , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Reproduction , Birds/classificationABSTRACT
The biology and ecology of the date palm mite O. afrasiaticus have been studied through regular inspection in Tunisian oases and laboratory observations. Results indicate that the start date of fruit infestation varied between years and by date palm variety. Start dates ranged from the first week to the third week of July. The period spent by the mite on fruits varied from one variety to another; lasting 8 weeks on the Deglet Noor variety, 2 to 5 weeks on Alig, 2 to 4 weeks on Kentichi dates, and 2 to 4 weeks on Bessr fruits. The Deglet Noor variety was the most susceptible to O. afrasiaticus. Mite populations on the pinnae remained low from May through December. During autumn and spring, O. afrasiaticus was found on sorghum leaves in the orchard ground-cover. A life table study in the laboratory at 27°C on six host plants (fruits of date palms varieties Deglet Noor, Alig, Kentichi, Bessr, and Deglet Noor pinnae and sorghum leaves) showed that the life cycle of O. afrasiaticus differed among host plants with average values ranging between 13 on Alig fruits and 10.9 days on sorghum leaves. Relatively high fecundity was found on sorghum leaves (2 eggs/female/day) during 5.2 oviposition days, while low fecundity values occurred on Deglet Noor pinnae and Alig fruits with 0.7 eggs/female/day during 5.4 days. Average longevity of O. afrasiaticus females ranged from 13.4 to 7.5 days on Deglet Noor fruits and sorghum leaves, respectively. Intrinsic rate of increase (r m) was highest on sorghum leaves (0.171) and Deglet Noor fruits (0.166), and lowest on Alig fruits (0.103). Greater knowledge of life history traits and seasonal abundance of this species is needed in order to design appropriate control strategies.
A biologia e ecologia do ácaro da tamareira O. afrasiaticus foram estudadas através de inspeções regulares em oásis Tunisianos e observações em laboratório. Os resultados indicam que a data inicial da infestação dos frutos variou entre os anos e pelo tipo de variedade das tamareiras. Datas iniciais variaram entre a primeira e a terceira semana de julho. O período passado pelo ácaro nos frutos variou de acordo com o tipo de tamareira, sendo de 8 semanas na variedade "Deglet Noor", de 2 a 5 semanas na "Alig", 2 a 4 semanas nas tâmaras "Kentichi", e 2 a 4 semanas nos frutos "Bessr". A variedade "Deglet Noor" foi a mais sensível ao O. afrasiaticus. As Populações de ácaros nas pinhas permaneceram baixas de maio a dezembro. Durante o outono e na primavera, O. afrasiaticus foi encontrado em folhas de sorgo no solo dos pomares. Um estudo tabelado com o ciclo de vida em laboratório, a 27°C, em seis plantas hospedeiras (tâmaras das variedades "Deglet Noor", "Alig", "Kentichi", "Bessr", as pinhas de "Deglet Noor" e folhas de sorgo) mostrou que o ciclo de vida de O. afrasiaticus variou entre as diferentes plantas hospedeiras com valores médios de 13 dias nos frutos Alig e 10,9 dias em folhas de sorgo. Uma fecundidade relativamente alta foi observada em folhas de sorgo (2 ovos/fêmea/dia) durante 5,2 dias de ovipostura, enquanto valores mais baixos de fecundidade foram observados nas pinhas "Deglet Noor" e frutos "Alig" com 0,7 ovos/fêmea/dia durante 5,4 dias. A longevidade média das fêmeas de O. afrasiaticus variou entre 13,4 a 7,5 dias nos frutos "Deglet Noor" e folhas de sorgo, respectivamente. A taxa intrínseca de aumento (r m) foi mais alta em folhas de sorgo (0,171) e frutos "Deglet Noor" (0,166), e mais baixos nos frutos "Alig" (0,103). Um maior conhecimento da história de vida e abundância sazonal desta espécie é necessário para que estratégias apropriadas de controle possam ser elaboradas.
ABSTRACT
The biology and ecology of the date palm mite O. afrasiaticus have been studied through regular inspection in Tunisian oases and laboratory observations. Results indicate that the start date of fruit infestation varied between years and by date palm variety. Start dates ranged from the first week to the third week of July. The period spent by the mite on fruits varied from one variety to another; lasting 8 weeks on the Deglet Noor variety, 2 to 5 weeks on Alig, 2 to 4 weeks on Kentichi dates, and 2 to 4 weeks on Bessr fruits. The Deglet Noor variety was the most susceptible to O. afrasiaticus. Mite populations on the pinnae remained low from May through December. During autumn and spring, O. afrasiaticus was found on sorghum leaves in the orchard ground-cover. A life table study in the laboratory at 27°C on six host plants (fruits of date palms varieties Deglet Noor, Alig, Kentichi, Bessr, and Deglet Noor pinnae and sorghum leaves) showed that the life cycle of O. afrasiaticus differed among host plants with average values ranging between 13 on Alig fruits and 10.9 days on sorghum leaves. Relatively high fecundity was found on sorghum leaves (2 eggs/female/day) during 5.2 oviposition days, while low fecundity values occurred on Deglet Noor pinnae and Alig fruits with 0.7 eggs/female/day during 5.4 days. Average longevity of O. afrasiaticus females ranged from 13.4 to 7.5 days on Deglet Noor fruits and sorghum leaves, respectively. Intrinsic rate of increase (r m) was highest on sorghum leaves (0.171) and Deglet Noor fruits (0.166), and lowest on Alig fruits (0.103). Greater knowledge of life history traits and seasonal abundance of this species is needed in order to design appropriate control strategies.
A biologia e ecologia do ácaro da tamareira O. afrasiaticus foram estudadas através de inspeções regulares em oásis Tunisianos e observações em laboratório. Os resultados indicam que a data inicial da infestação dos frutos variou entre os anos e pelo tipo de variedade das tamareiras. Datas iniciais variaram entre a primeira e a terceira semana de julho. O período passado pelo ácaro nos frutos variou de acordo com o tipo de tamareira, sendo de 8 semanas na variedade "Deglet Noor", de 2 a 5 semanas na "Alig", 2 a 4 semanas nas tâmaras "Kentichi", e 2 a 4 semanas nos frutos "Bessr". A variedade "Deglet Noor" foi a mais sensível ao O. afrasiaticus. As Populações de ácaros nas pinhas permaneceram baixas de maio a dezembro. Durante o outono e na primavera, O. afrasiaticus foi encontrado em folhas de sorgo no solo dos pomares. Um estudo tabelado com o ciclo de vida em laboratório, a 27°C, em seis plantas hospedeiras (tâmaras das variedades "Deglet Noor", "Alig", "Kentichi", "Bessr", as pinhas de "Deglet Noor" e folhas de sorgo) mostrou que o ciclo de vida de O. afrasiaticus variou entre as diferentes plantas hospedeiras com valores médios de 13 dias nos frutos Alig e 10,9 dias em folhas de sorgo. Uma fecundidade relativamente alta foi observada em folhas de sorgo (2 ovos/fêmea/dia) durante 5,2 dias de ovipostura, enquanto valores mais baixos de fecundidade foram observados nas pinhas "Deglet Noor" e frutos "Alig" com 0,7 ovos/fêmea/dia durante 5,4 dias. A longevidade média das fêmeas de O. afrasiaticus variou entre 13,4 a 7,5 dias nos frutos "Deglet Noor" e folhas de sorgo, respectivamente. A taxa intrínseca de aumento (r m) foi mais alta em folhas de sorgo (0,171) e frutos "Deglet Noor" (0,166), e mais baixos nos frutos "Alig" (0,103). Um maior conhecimento da história de vida e abundância sazonal desta espécie é necessário para que estratégias apropriadas de controle possam ser elaboradas.
ABSTRACT
The bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were studied for two successive years (January 1996-December 1997) at 12 collecting stations representing six sectors of the province of Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. The predominant species was Phlebotomus bergeroti (41.7 percent), followed by lesser numbers of Phlebotomus sergenti (11 percent), Phlebotomus arabicus (10.6 percent), Sergentomyia tiberiadis (10.5 percent), Phlebotomus papatasi (10.2 percent), Sergentomyia antennata (9.6 percent), Phlebotomus alexandri (3 percent), Phlebotomus orientalis (2.3 percent) and Sergentomyia clydei (1.1 percent). The distribution of the collected species including species that are elsewhere known to act as vectors of human cutaneous leishmaniasis were distributed across different altitudes in Al-Baha. P. bergeroti, P. papatasi and P. arabicus were more abundant indoors; however, P. sergenti was more abundant outdoors. Sand fly populations exhibited three patterns of seasonal abundance in terms of their monthly activity. P. bergeroti, P. sergenti and P. arabicus were found to be naturally infected with Leishmania-like flagellates at an infection rate of 0.2 percent.
Subject(s)
Animals , Insect Vectors , Psychodidae , Ecology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission , Population Density , Saudi Arabia , SeasonsABSTRACT
Temporal changes of flesh flies abundance were simultaneously recorded at monthly intervals during a year in a woodland and in a grassland at the "Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur" (RECS), Buenos Aires city, Argentina. Samples were taken at monthly intervals (February 2004-January 2005). Hourly captures of adult flies (10:00 am - 04:00 pm) were taken each sampling date with a hand net. Temperature was recorded at each hourly capture. The baits used were 200 g of rotten cow liver and 200 g of fresh dog faeces. Records of abundance included only species whose abundance was ≥30 individuals accumulated during the whole sampling period. Considering overall abundance, a non-parametric Chi-square test was used to estimate deviations of an expected habitat and bait preference ratios of 1:1. The same criterion was applied to include species in a contingency table to describe their seasonality. The final matrix included four species whose associations to seasons were analyzed by using a Correspondence Analysis. To normalize the data, a log 10(n+1) transformation was applied prior to the analysis of correlation. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to examine the relationship between flesh-fly abundance with temperature and habitat preference. The entire sample accumulated 1 305 individuals and 18 species. The flies were more abundant in the grassland than in the woodland. Microcerella muehni, Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis, O. varia and Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua exhibited the higher relative abundance, representing the remaining species less than 8 % of the entire sample. Most of the recorded species showed preference for faces as bait. Concerning the dominant species, all of them but M. muehni, a suggestively termophobic species, prevailed in late spring-summer. The observed species arrangement at both sites indicates low species diversity and equitability and high information per individual in the average. The referred community traits would indicate the possible effects of environmental disturbance due to the proximity of study sites to dense urban settlements. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1287-1294. Epub 2008 September 30.
Variaciones numéricas de especies de Sarcophagidae (Diptera) se registraron durante un año a intervalos mensuales (febrero 2004-enero 2005), en un pastizal y un bosque de la "Reserva Ecológica Costanera Sur" (RECS) de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se realizaron capturas horarias (10:00 am - 04:00 pm) en cada fecha de muestreo. La muestra de todo el año acumuló 1 305 individuos y 18 especies. Estos dípteros fueron más abundantes en el pastizal que en el bosque. Las especies más numerosas fueron: Microcerella muehni, Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis,O. varia y Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua, en tanto que las restantes representaron menos de 8 % del total. La mayoría de las especies mostraron preferencia por las heces como cebo. Las especies dominantes, con excepción de la especie termofóbica M. muehni, prevalecieron en la primavera tardía y en el verano. La alta dominancia específica observada podría ser indicativa del desorden ecológico provocado por la influencia de asentamientos urbanos adyacentes a los sitios de muestreo.
Subject(s)
Animals , Diptera/classification , Ecosystem , Fresh Water , Argentina , Diptera/physiology , Poaceae , Population Density , SeasonsABSTRACT
The purpose of this work was to determine the diversity and population fluctuations of calliphorid flies in the Biological Reserve of Tinguá (ReBio-Tinguá), Nova Iguaçu, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and to correlate their occurrence with the environmental variables of temperature, rainfall and relative air humidity. Specimens of Diptera were collected monthly between June 2002 and January 2005 using four traps placed at four points along a trail and exposed for 48 hours. The traps were baited with sardines and the trapped insects were stored in 70% alcohol. It was collected 8,528 calliphorids, thirteen species were identified among the blowflies including Laneela nigripes Guimarães 1977, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), C. albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), C. putoria (Wiedemann, 1830), Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Devoidy, 1830), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani, 1850), H. segmentaria (Fabricius, 1805), Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann,1819), L. cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830), Paralucilia pseudolyrcea (Mello, 1969), Mesembrinella sp. and Eumesembrinella pauciseta (Aldrich, 1922). No significant correlation was found between the abundance of blowflies and the temperature and relative air humidity. Only C. megacephala and C. albiceps showed a positive and significant correlation with rainfall. An analysis of grouping by month (UPGMA) revealed no seasonal difference in the composition of the community, indicating that the community of calliphorid flies is probably more influenced by the ecological niches occupied by each species than by the seasons of the year.
O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a flutuação populacional de califorídeos da Reserva Biológica do Tinguá (ReBio-Tinguá), Nova Iguaçu, RJ e correlacionar sua ocorrência com as variáveis ambientais de temperatura, precipitação e umidade relativa do ar. Os dípteros foram coletados mensalmente entre junho de 2002 e janeiro de 2005 utilizando quatro armadilhas instaladas em quatro pontos de uma trilha e expostas por 48 horas. Como atrativo utilizou-se sardinha e os insetos capturados foram conservados em álcool 70%. Foram coletados 8.528 califorídeos; entre estes, foram identificados treze espécies incluindo Laneela nigripes Guimarães 1977, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), C. albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), C. putoria (Wiedemann, 1830), Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Devoidy, 1830), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani, 1850), H. segmentaria (Fabricius, 1805), Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann,1819), L. cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830), Paralucilia pseudolyrcea (Mello, 1969), Mesembrinella sp. and Eumesembrinella pauciseta (Aldrich, 1922). Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a abundância dos califorídeos e a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Somente C. megacephala e C. albiceps apresentaram correlação positiva e significativa com a precipitação. A análise de agrupamento dos meses (UPGMA) mostrou que não houve diferença na composição da comunidade em relação à sazonalidade, indicando que a comunidade de califorídeos é provavelmente mais influenciada pelos nichos ecológicos ocupados por cada uma das espécies do que pelas estações do ano.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this work was to determine the diversity and population fluctuations of calliphorid flies in the Biological Reserve of Tinguá (ReBio-Tinguá), Nova Iguaçu, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and to correlate their occurrence with the environmental variables of temperature, rainfall and relative air humidity. Specimens of Diptera were collected monthly between June 2002 and January 2005 using four traps placed at four points along a trail and exposed for 48 hours. The traps were baited with sardines and the trapped insects were stored in 70% alcohol. It was collected 8,528 calliphorids, thirteen species were identified among the blowflies including Laneela nigripes Guimarães 1977, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), C. albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), C. putoria (Wiedemann, 1830), Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Devoidy, 1830), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani, 1850), H. segmentaria (Fabricius, 1805), Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann,1819), L. cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830), Paralucilia pseudolyrcea (Mello, 1969), Mesembrinella sp. and Eumesembrinella pauciseta (Aldrich, 1922). No significant correlation was found between the abundance of blowflies and the temperature and relative air humidity. Only C. megacephala and C. albiceps showed a positive and significant correlation with rainfall. An analysis of grouping by month (UPGMA) revealed no seasonal difference in the composition of the community, indicating that the community of calliphorid flies is probably more influenced by the ecological niches occupied by each species than by the seasons of the year.
O presente trabalho objetivou determinar a flutuação populacional de califorídeos da Reserva Biológica do Tinguá (ReBio-Tinguá), Nova Iguaçu, RJ e correlacionar sua ocorrência com as variáveis ambientais de temperatura, precipitação e umidade relativa do ar. Os dípteros foram coletados mensalmente entre junho de 2002 e janeiro de 2005 utilizando quatro armadilhas instaladas em quatro pontos de uma trilha e expostas por 48 horas. Como atrativo utilizou-se sardinha e os insetos capturados foram conservados em álcool 70%. Foram coletados 8.528 califorídeos; entre estes, foram identificados treze espécies incluindo Laneela nigripes Guimarães 1977, Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794), C. albiceps (Wiedemann, 1819), C. putoria (Wiedemann, 1830), Chloroprocta idioidea (Robineau-Devoidy, 1830), Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius, 1775), Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani, 1850), H. segmentaria (Fabricius, 1805), Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann,1819), L. cuprina (Wiedemann, 1830), Paralucilia pseudolyrcea (Mello, 1969), Mesembrinella sp. and Eumesembrinella pauciseta (Aldrich, 1922). Não foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a abundância dos califorídeos e a temperatura e umidade relativa do ar. Somente C. megacephala e C. albiceps apresentaram correlação positiva e significativa com a precipitação. A análise de agrupamento dos meses (UPGMA) mostrou que não houve diferença na composição da comunidade em relação à sazonalidade, indicando que a comunidade de califorídeos é provavelmente mais influenciada pelos nichos ecológicos ocupados por cada uma das espécies do que pelas estações do ano.
ABSTRACT
Elachistocleis ovalis é uma espécie de taxonomia controversa e de distribuição ampla na América do Sul. Apresentamos informações sobre dimorfismo sexual, sítio de vocalização, uso do ambiente e abundância sazonal de E. cf. ovalis em um ambiente de Cerrado preservado no Estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas principalmente com armadilhas de interceptação e queda, instaladas em três fisionomias: campo sujo, campo cerrado e borda de mata de galeria. Foi verificado dimorfismo sexual, com fêmeas maiores do que os machos, semelhante ao documentado para outras populações e espécies congenéricas. O sítio de vocalização dos machos também foi semelhante ao registrado para outras populações e espécies do gênero. O uso do hábitat foi diferenciado na população estudada, com maior abundância em borda de mata de galeria. A população apresentou padrão marcante de atividade sazonal, no qual a abundância de indivíduos foi maior nas estações chuvosas, de modo semelhante a diversas espécies de anuros de Cerrado. A abundância foi relacionada com a umidade relativa do ar e temperatura máxima, duas variáveis cuja influência sobre a atividade dos anuros já foi documentada. Não foi observada variação anual nos padrões de abundância da população entre os dois anos de estudo.
Elachistocleis ovalis is a species presenting taxonomical problems and wide distribution throughout South America. We provide information on sexual dimorphism, calling site, habitat use and seasonal abundance of E. cf. ovalis in a preserved Cerrado area in São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Sampling was carried out primarily with pitfall traps. Traps were placed in areas characterized by three different physiognomies: campo sujo, campo cerrado, and gallery forest edge. We found sexual dimorphism, with females being larger than males. Similar dimorphism has already been documented for other populations and congeneric species. The calling site of males was also in agreement with the literature on other populations and species. Habitat use was different among the three environments, with higher abundance in gallery forest edges. This population showed a clear pattern of seasonal activity, in which abundance was higher during rainy seasons, as well as other Cerrrado anuran species. Abundance was related to relative air humidity and maximum temperature, two variables whose influence on anurans has already been documented. We found no variation in the abundance patterns of the population between the two years in which samples were carried out.
Subject(s)
Anatomy , Anura/anatomy & histology , Anura/classification , Anura/growth & development , Anura/genetics , Anura/injuries , Ecosystem/analysisABSTRACT
This research was developed during three years (1991/94), under field conditions, in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil to study the seasonal abundance of Dione juno juno, to evaluate sampling methods and the resistance of Passiflora spp. genotypes. Twelve genotypes were used among species and hybrids. The surveys were conducted at two- week intervals, estimating the number of larvae, the number of leaves and the number of leaves attacked in 0.25 m2, and also in 1.5 linear meters. The results showed that the occurrence of D. juno juno was higher during the winter, with populational peak in July, followed by spring and summer, with another peak in December. The sampling of number of leaves attacked by D. juno juno/0.25 m2 and percentage of leaves attacked/0.25 m2 were the most suitable criteria for genotype evaluation. The genotypes P. alata, P. setacea, P. coccinea, P. nitida, P. alata2 x P. macrocarpa were not attacked and the P. edulis x P. setacea was lightly attacked, while P. cincinnata, P. edulis, P. edulis x P. alata, P. edulis x P. giberti and P. caerulea were the most infested.
A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por um período de três anos (1991/94), em condições de campo, em Jaboticabal, SP, objetivando-se verificar a época do ano de maior ocorrência de Dione juno juno, avaliar métodos de amostragem e a resistência de genótipos de maracujazeiro (Passiflora spp.) ao seu ataque. Utilizaram-se doze genótipos entre espécies e híbridos. Os levantamentos foram realizados quinzenalmente, anotando-se o número de lagartas, o número total de folhas e o número de folhas atacadas por 0,25 m2 , e também em 1,5 m linear de espaldeira. Os resultados mostraram que a ocorrência de D. juno juno foi maior no inverno, com pico populacional em julho, seguindo-se da primavera e o verão, com pico em dezembro. As amostragens do número de folhas atacadas por D. juno juno/0,25 m2 e porcentagem de folhas atacadas pelas lagartas/0,25 m2 foram mais adequadas para a avaliação da infestação de genótipos de maracujazeiro pela praga; os genótipos P. alata, P. setacea, P. coccinea, P. nitida, P. alata2 x P. macrocarpa não foram atacados pela praga e o P. edulis x P. setacea foi muito pouco atacado, enquanto P. cincinnata, P. edulis, P. edulis x P. alata, P. edulis x P. giberti e P. caerulea foram os mais infestados.
ABSTRACT
This research was developed during three years (1991/94), under field conditions, in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil to study the seasonal abundance of Dione juno juno, to evaluate sampling methods and the resistance of Passiflora spp. genotypes. Twelve genotypes were used among species and hybrids. The surveys were conducted at two- week intervals, estimating the number of larvae, the number of leaves and the number of leaves attacked in 0.25 m2, and also in 1.5 linear meters. The results showed that the occurrence of D. juno juno was higher during the winter, with populational peak in July, followed by spring and summer, with another peak in December. The sampling of number of leaves attacked by D. juno juno/0.25 m2 and percentage of leaves attacked/0.25 m2 were the most suitable criteria for genotype evaluation. The genotypes P. alata, P. setacea, P. coccinea, P. nitida, P. alata2 x P. macrocarpa were not attacked and the P. edulis x P. setacea was lightly attacked, while P. cincinnata, P. edulis, P. edulis x P. alata, P. edulis x P. giberti and P. caerulea were the most infested.
A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por um período de três anos (1991/94), em condições de campo, em Jaboticabal, SP, objetivando-se verificar a época do ano de maior ocorrência de Dione juno juno, avaliar métodos de amostragem e a resistência de genótipos de maracujazeiro (Passiflora spp.) ao seu ataque. Utilizaram-se doze genótipos entre espécies e híbridos. Os levantamentos foram realizados quinzenalmente, anotando-se o número de lagartas, o número total de folhas e o número de folhas atacadas por 0,25 m2 , e também em 1,5 m linear de espaldeira. Os resultados mostraram que a ocorrência de D. juno juno foi maior no inverno, com pico populacional em julho, seguindo-se da primavera e o verão, com pico em dezembro. As amostragens do número de folhas atacadas por D. juno juno/0,25 m2 e porcentagem de folhas atacadas pelas lagartas/0,25 m2 foram mais adequadas para a avaliação da infestação de genótipos de maracujazeiro pela praga; os genótipos P. alata, P. setacea, P. coccinea, P. nitida, P. alata2 x P. macrocarpa não foram atacados pela praga e o P. edulis x P. setacea foi muito pouco atacado, enquanto P. cincinnata, P. edulis, P. edulis x P. alata, P. edulis x P. giberti e P. caerulea foram os mais infestados.