The Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) questionnaire: psychometric qualities of the parenting scale in two large Brazilian birth cohorts.

Objective: Analyse the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the PAFAS (Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales) parenting scale, using data from two large Brazilian birth cohorts. Methods: The original PAFAS parenting scale, which consists of 18 items (parental inconsistency 5 items, coercive parenting 5 items, positive encouragement 3 items, and parent-child relationship 5 items) was applied in two Brazilian birth cohorts in Pelotas (ages 4 [n = 4010] and 6-7 [n = 3867]) and Rio Grande (age 3 [n = 992]). Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and internal consistency assessed, as well as construct validity in relation to maternal depression measured on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Results: The model with a structure of 4 subscales showed that the global scale of parenting on the PAFAS had a good fit, but certain items did not fit well on sub-scales and were removed (2 items from parental inconsistency, 1 from coercive parenting, and 1 from positive encouragement). The original form of the parent-child relationship sub-scale was maintained. Considering the total PAFAS parenting score, we found that mothers with maternal depression had a higher likelihood of more problematic parental practices than mothers without depression. Conclusions: A revised 14-item PAFAS parenting scale has good psychometric properties and we encourage its use in Brazilian populations.

Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change in pelvis and lower limb coordination during running assessed with modified vector coding.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability of Modified Vector Coding in assessing the coordination and coordination variability of the lower limbs and pelvis during running and to determine the Minimal Detectable Change (MDC). Twenty-five healthy runners participated in a biomechanical analysis of treadmill running using a motion capture system. Modified vector coding was applied to assess the three-dimensional coordination among various pelvis and lower limb segmental couplings. Reliability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), MDC, and Bland-Altman analysis to ascertain measurement consistency, agreement, and the smallest clinically meaningful change that exceeds measurement error. The test-retest reliability for 33 of 42 segmental couplings analyzed was good to excellent, with ICC values ranging from 0.613 to 0.928 (p <0.05), which substantiates the robustness of modified vector coding in running biomechanics. However, nine couplings, particularly femur-tibia in the sagittal plane during midstance and foot in the frontal plane-tibia in the transverse plane during late stance, exhibited poor to moderate reliability. These findings underscore the need for cautious interpretation due to significant proportional bias (p <0.05). SEM and MDC provided insights into the precision and minimal clinically significant changes for each coupling. The findings confirm the reliability of modified vector coding for biomechanical analysis in running, with most couplings demonstrating consistent high reliability. Nevertheless, specific couplings should be interpreted with caution due to potential measurement errors. The application of MDC highlights the precision of modified vector coding in biomechanical analyses and emphasizes the importance of careful interpretation to improve clinical and research outcomes in running-related injuries.

Reliability of dynamic and isometric upper muscle strength testing in breast cancer survivors.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, and its treatment usually involves a combination of many medical procedures, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. One of the detrimental effects on physical function is reduced upper limb muscle strength. This study aimed to evaluate upper body strength intra-day and inter-day (test-retest) reliability using the handgrip strength test (HGS) and the bilateral isometric bench press (BIBP) and the test-retest reliability of the one repetition maximum on the bench press (BP-1RM) in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Thirty-two (52.94 ± 8.99 yrs) BCS participated in this study. The muscle strength tests were performed in two different moments, three to seven days apart. Intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used to assess the reliability. Standard error of measurement (SEM), typical error of measurement (TEM), and minimally detectable change (MDC) analyses were performed. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the agreement between test-retest. We found a reliability that can be described as "high" to "very high" (ICC ≥ 0.88; CV ≤ 10%) for intra-day and test-retest. SEM% and MDC% were lower than 5% and 11%, respectively, for all intra-day testing. SEM% and TEM% ranged from 3% to 11%, and MDC% ranged from 9% to 23% in the test-retest reliability. The agreement demonstrated a systematic bias ranging from 2.3% to 6.0% for all testing, and a lower systematic bias may be presented in the non-treated side assessed by HGS and BIBP. HGS, BIBP, and BP-1RM assessments are reliable for measuring upper-body muscle strength in BCS.

A comprehensive assessment of quality management methods in the SMESH study.

BACKGROUND: This paper aims to instigate discussion and publication of methodologies applied to enhance quality management through comprehensive scientific reports. It provides a detailed description of the design, implementation, and results of the quality control program employed in the SMESH study. METHODS: Cross-sectional, multicenter, national study designed to assess the prevalence of human papillomavirus in sex workers and in men who have sex with men (MSM). Respondent-driven sampling recruitment was used. An online system was developed for the study and checkpoints were defined for data entry. The system checked the quality of biological samples and performed a retest with part of the sample. RESULTS: A total of 1.598 participants (442 sex workers and 1.156 MSM) were included. Fifty-four health professionals were trained for face-to-face data collection. The retest showed Kappa values ranging between 0.3030 and 0.7663. CONCLUSION: The retest data were mostly classified as indicating a strong association. The data generated by the checkpoints showed the successful implementation of the quality control program.

Addressing recall bias in (post-)conflict data collection and analysis: lessons from a large-scale health survey in Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Much applied research on the consequences of conflicts for health suffers from data limitations, particularly the absence of longitudinal data spanning pre-, during- and post-conflict periods for affected individuals. Such limitations often hinder reliable measurement of the causal effects of conflict and their pathways, hampering also the design of effective post-conflict health policies. Researchers have sought to overcome these data limitations by conducting ex-post surveys, asking participants to recall their health and living standards before (or during) conflict. These questions may introduce important analytical biases due to recall error and misreporting. METHODS: We investigate how to implement ex-post health surveys that collect recall data, for conflict-affected populations, which is reliable for empirical analysis via standard quantitative methods. We propose two complementary strategies based on methods developed in the psychology and psychometric literatures-the Flashbulb and test-retest approaches-to identify and address recall bias in ex-post health survey data. We apply these strategies to the case study of a large-scale health survey which we implemented in Colombia in the post-peace agreement period, but that included recall questions referring to the conflict period. RESULTS: We demonstrate how adapted versions of the Flashbulb and test-retest strategies can be used to test for recall bias in (post-)conflict survey responses. We also show how these test strategies can be incorporated into post-conflict health surveys in their design phase, accompanied by further ex-ante mitigation strategies for recall bias, to increase the reliability of survey data analysis-including by identifying the survey modules, and sub-populations, for which empirical analysis is likely to yield more reliable causal inference about the health consequences of conflict. CONCLUSIONS: Our study makes a novel contribution to the field of applied health research in humanitarian settings, by providing practical methodological guidance for the implementation of data collection efforts in humanitarian contexts where recall information, collected from primary surveys, is required to allow assessments of changes in health and wellbeing. Key lessons include the importance of embedding appropriate strategies to test and address recall bias into the design of any relevant data collection tools in post-conflict or humanitarian contexts.

Intra- and inter-rater reliability for the measurement of the cross-sectional area of ankle tendons assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: The cross-sectional area (CSA) records make an essential measurement for determining the mechanical properties of tendons, such as stress and strength. However, there is no consensus regarding the best method to record the CSA from different tendons. PURPOSE: To determine intra- and inter-rater reliability for CSA measures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the following tendons: tibialis anterior; tibialis posterior; fibularis longus and brevis; and Achilles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We designed an observational study with repeated measures taken from a convenience sample of 20 participants diagnosed with acute or chronic ankle sprain. Two independent raters took three separate records from the CSA of ankle tendon images of each MRI slice. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA) defined the quality (associations) and magnitude (differences), respectively, of intra- and inter-rater reliability on the measures plotted by the Bland-Altman method. RESULTS: Data showed very high intra- and inter-rater correlations for measures taken from all tendons analyzed (ICC 0.952-0.999). It also revealed an excellent agreement between raters (0.12%-2.3%), with bias no higher than 2 mm2 and LoA in the range of 4.4-7.9 mm2. The differences between repeated measures recorded from the thinnest tendons (fibularis longus and brevis) revealed the lowest bias and narrowest 95% LoA. CONCLUSION: Reliability for the CSA of ankle tendons measured from MRI taken by independent rates was very high, with the smallest differences between raters observed when the thinnest tendon was analyzed.

Niveles de sedentarismo en población universitaria colombiana a través del cuestionario SIT-Q-7d-S / Levels of sedentary lifestyle in Colombian university population through the SIT-Q-7d-S questionnaire

Introducción. El sedentarismo es un problema de salud pública, al ser factor de riesgo para ocho de las diez primeras causas de muerte en el mundo. Evaluar los niveles de sedentarismo con instrumentos óptimos se vuelve imprescindible para su correcto diagnóstico e intervención. Objetivo. Evaluar los niveles de sedentarismo en población universitaria colombia-na a través del cuestionario Sit Q7d-S y determinar su nivel de confiabilidad. Metodología. Se condujo un estudio cuantitativo, con aplicación tipo test re-test, con una muestra de 304 personas, con un error máximo de 5% y con 95% de con-fianza. La muestra estuvo conformada por 103 hombres (33,9%) y 201 mujeres (66,1%), estudiantes de una universidad colombiana con sede en cuatro ciudades diferentes (Cali, Neiva, Popayán y Medellín). Resultados. La población evaluada es sedentaria. Tienen comportamientos que indican que pasan más de dos horas de tiempo en posiciones sedentes, aumentado el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Se obtuvo un alfa de Cron-bach 0,64 para todos los ítems del cuestionario SIT-Q-7d-S, demostrando valores moderadamente aceptables para el uso del cuestionario. Conclusión. El cuestionario SIT-Q-7d-S es un instrumento con una fiabilidad de regular a moderada para evaluar niveles de sedentarismo en población universitaria. Así mismo, se evidencia que los niveles de inactividad en la población colombiana universitaria indican que es una población sedentaria, lo que se relaciona con que pasan más de dos horas de tiempo en pantalla y pasan entre una, dos o más de tres horas sentados realizando su ocupación

Introduction. Sedentary lifestyle is a public health problem, as it is a risk factor for eight of the ten leading causes of death in the world. Assessing sedentary lifestyle levels with optimal instruments becomes essential for its correct diagnosis and intervention.Aim. To evaluate the levels of sedentary lifestyle in the Colombian university pop-ulation through the Sit Q7d-S questionnaire and to determine its level of reliability.Methodology. A quantitative study was conducted, using a test re-test type applica-tion, with a sample of 304 people with a 5% maximum error and 95% confidence. The sample size included 103 men (33.9%) and 201 women (66.1%), who are stu-dents at a Colombian university located in four different cities (Cali, Neiva, Popayan, and Medellin).Results. The evaluated population is sedentary, as they have behaviors that indicate they spend more than two hours of time in seated positions, increasing the risk of suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases. A Cronbach's alpha of 0.64 was obtained for all the items of the SIT-Q-7d-S questionnaire, showing moderately ac-ceptable values for the use of the questionnaire.Conclusion. The SIT-Q-7d-S questionnaire is an instrument with low to moderate reliability to assess levels of sedentary lifestyle in the university population. Likewise, it is evident that the levels of inactivity in the Colombian university population indi-cate that it is a sedentary population. This is related to the fact that they spend more than two hours on screen time and spend between one, two or more than three hours doing their job in a sitting position

Nuevas pruebas de validez y confiabilidad de la escala reducida del Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ-8D) en una muestra de mujeres mexicanas / New evidence about reliability and validity of the short version of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ-8D) in a Sample of Mexican Women

Resumen: Antecedentes: El Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha utilizado ampliamente en población clínica y general destacando su carácter unidimensional para la medida de la insatisfacción corporal. Diversas investigaciones han generado hasta 10 versiones cortas basadas en reducciones del BSQ-34. Sin embargo, hasta el momento ninguna de ellas ha sido sometida a pruebas de confiabilidad y validez en muestras independientes. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura interna del BSQ-8D y su relación con los tres factores del Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-26, por sus siglas en inglés), así como la fiabilidad obtenida con un diseño de consistencia interna y otro de estabilidad temporal en una muestra de mujeres universitarias. Método: Participaron 492 mujeres universitarias quienes contestaron el BSQ-8D y el EAT-26. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró la estructura unidimensional del BSQ-8D. La consistencia interna fue adecuada, con α =.91 y ω = .89, así como la confiabilidad test-retest con un CCI = .80. La correlación entre las puntuaciones obtenidas de esta versión del BSQ y el EAT-26 fue de .56 y con sus factores fue .58 para Dieta, .33 para Bulimia y Preocupación por la Comida y .26 para Control Oral. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos aportan evidencia empírica independiente que apoya la unidimensionalidad, la confiabilidad y la relación con las actitudes hacia la comida del BSQ-8D. Para fortalecer la solidez de esta versión del BSQ-8D hace falta recolectar datos en muestra clínica y en muestras de varones con y sin trastornos alimentarios y de la ingestión de alimentos.

Abstract: Background: The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) has been widely used in the clinical and general population, highlighting its unidimensional nature. Research evidence has generated 10 short versions based on reductions of the BSQ-34. Hitherto, short versions have not been applied to analyze validity and reliability with independent samples. Aim: To analyze the internal structure of the BSQ-8D and its relationship with the three factors of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (AET-26), as well as the reliability obtained with a design of internal consistency and another of temporal stability in a sample of university women. Methods: Participants were 492 undergraduate women who completed the BSQ-8D and the EAT-26. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one factor structure of the BSQ-8D. The internal consistency was adequate, α = .91 and ω = .89, as well as the test-retest reliability ICC = .80. Correlation between this BSQ-8D version and those obtained in the EAT-26 was = .56 besides the correlations with its factors .58 for Dieting, .33 for Bulimia and Food Concerns, and .26 for Oral Control. Conclusions: These findings added independent evidence about the unidimensionality of the instrument. To strengthen the robustness of this version of the BSQ-8D it is necessary to collect data in clinical and men sample with and without feeding and eating disorders.

Reactive strength index-modified: reliability, between group comparison, and relationship between its associated variables.

To investigate and compare the reliability of reactive strength index-modified (RSImod) and its associated variables (jump height [JH] and [time to take-off]) 20 combat fighters and 18 physically active men participated in this study. They visited the laboratory three times; firstly, for jump familiarization and two sessions for test-retest (2-7 days apart). For both groups, the between-day changes in performance were trivial to small (≤ 1.1%). The coefficient of variation (CV) comparisons (i.e. CV ratio) demonstrated that combat athletes had a lower test-retest variation for RSImod (0.87) and JH (0.80) than non-athletes. Combat athletes demonstrated a greater JH than physically active men (0.43 vs 0.37; p = 0.03, g = 0.73), but small and non-significant differences were observed for RSImod (0.60 vs 0.55; p = 0.24, g = 0.38) and TTT (0.70 vs 0.72; p = 0.32, g = 0.33). RSImod was more positively correlated with JH (r = 0.75-0.87; p < 0.001) than negatively correlated with TTT (r = 0.45-0.54; p < 0.001). This study suggests that RSImod is a reliable variable obtained during CMJ testing in combat athletes and physically active men, with scores being slightly better for combat athletes. In terms of performance, combat athletes jumped higher than physically active men, but no differences in RSImod or TTT were observed. Lastly, RSImod was more strongly related to JH than TTT, and this was more evident in athletes than nonathletes. This indicates that the combat athletes were able to better utilize their (equal) time spent jumping (higher), possibly via greater utilization of the stretch shortening cycle, faster or more optimal motor unit recruitment, or an array of other factors.

Geração de itens e validação de conteúdo de domínios e de itens para o indivíduo com osteoartrite do joelho: um estudo de método misto / Item generation and content validation of domains with item pool for the individual with knee osteoarthritis: a mixed-method study

INTRODUÇÃO: Existem várias escalas para avaliar as percepções subjetivas e os componentes individuais em indivíduos com osteoartrite (OA) de joelho. Até o momento, não há escalas disponíveis conhecidas para medir o equilíbrio combinado entre mobilidade, AVD e QV em OA de joelho com base na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). OBJETIVO: Gerar itens e domínios relacionados aos problemas enfrentados pelos indivíduos com OA de joelhos e validar o conteúdo por especialistas. MÉTODOS: Os domínios e itens foram gerados através de pesquisa bibliográfica extensa (ELS) para extrair itens relacionados a equilíbrio, mobilidade, ADL e QV em indivíduos com OA em joelhos baseados na CIF e através de entrevista aprofundada direta (EAD) em 13 pessoas com OA de joelhos e três especialistas. A validação de conteúdo dos domínios e itens gerados foi validada por 10 especialistas por meio da pesquisa Delphi online. O índice mínimo de validação de conteúdo em nível de item (I-CVI) de 0,80 foi considerado para validar os itens identificados e o índice de validação de conteúdo em nível de escala geral (S-CVI) de 0,90 foi fixado para validar os itens gerados para uso no processo de desenvolvimento da escala. RESULTADOS: Os 117 itens gerados por EAD na ELS foram inicialmente agrupados em 18 domínios. A validação de conteúdo pelo método Delphi resultou em uma diminuição para 56 itens agrupados em 14 domínios com SCVI de 0, 93. CONCLUSÃO: O conjunto abrangente de itens de deficiência, limitação de atividade e restrição de participação para indivíduos com OA de joelhos nos domínios propostos foi desenvolvido e o conteúdo validado. Esses itens são recomendados para uso no desenvolvimento de uma nova escala abrangente de índice de osteoartrite do joelho (CKOAI).

INTRODUCTION: There are several scales to evaluate subjective perceptions and individual components in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (IKOA). Till date, no scale is available to measure the combined balance, mobility, ADL and QoL in IKOA based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to generate items and domains related to problems faced by IKOA and to validate the content by experts. METHODS: The domains and items were generated through extensive literature search (ELS) to extract items related to symptoms, balance, mobility, ADL and QoL in IKOA based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and through in-depth direct interview (IDDI) from 13 IKOA and three experts. The content validation of domains and items generated were validated by 10 experts through online Delphi survey. Minimum itemlevel content validation index (I-CVI) of 0.80 was considered to validate the identified items and the overall scale-level content validation index (S-CVI) of 0.90 was fixed to validate the generated items to use in scale development process. RESULTS: 117 items generated by IDDI and ELS were grouped under 18 domains initially. Content validation by Delphi method resulted in reduction with 56 item pool being grouped under the 14 domains with SCVI is 0.93. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive impairment, activity limitation and participation restriction item pool for IKOA under the proposed domains, have been developed and content validated. These items are recommended for their use in development of new comprehensive knee osteoarthritis index scale (CKOAI).

Cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and assessment of the measurement properties of the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to adapt the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID) into Brazilian Portuguese (QUID-Br) and evaluate its measurement properties, given as reliability, validity, and responsiveness in women with urinary incontinence. STUDY DESIGN: It was a methodological study which enrolled 168 women (mean age = 55.1, standard deviation = 17.9 years old). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation were done and subsequently analysis of the measurement properties of QUID-Br were tested: structural validity (by exploratory and confirmatory factory analysis) internal consistency (Cronbach's α) construct validity (Pearson Correlation), and test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient). RESULTS: The QUID-Br two-factor was confirmed showing two domains with three items each: stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and urge urinary incontinence (UUI). Furthermore, QUID-Br showed acceptable internal consistency for both scales (Cronbach's α > 0.70), reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.85 for SUI and 0.87 for UUI)] with 95 % confidence interval (CI) and construct validity - with all the hypothesis raised a priori being confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present investigation showed that the QUID-Br is a valid, reliable, and consistent instrument to be administered to Brazilian women and its use is recommended in clinical practice and research.

Integration of Spatial Information Increases Reproducibility in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

As functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is developed as a neuroimaging technique and becomes an option to study a variety of populations and tasks, the reproducibility of the fNIRS signal is still subject of debate. By performing test-retest protocols over different functional tasks, several studies agree that the fNIRS signal is reproducible over group analysis, but the inter-subject and within-subject reproducibility is poor. The high variability at the first statistical level is often attributed to global systemic physiology. In the present work, we revisited the reproducibility of the fNIRS signal during a finger-tapping task across multiple sessions on the same and different days. We expanded on previous studies by hypothesizing that the lack of spatial information of the optodes contributes to the low reproducibility in fNIRS, and we incorporated a real-time neuronavigation protocol to provide accurate cortical localization of the optodes. Our proposed approach was validated in 10 healthy volunteers, and our results suggest that the addition of neuronavigation can increase the within-subject reproducibility of the fNIRS data, particularly in the region of interest. Unlike traditional approaches to positioning the optodes, in which low intra-subject reproducibility has been found, we were able to obtain consistent and robust activation of the contralateral primary motor cortex at the intra-subject level using a neuronavigation protocol. Overall, our findings support the hypothesis that at least part of the variability in fNIRS cannot be only attributed to global systemic physiology. The use of neuronavigation to guide probe positioning, as proposed in this work, has impacts to longitudinal protocols performed with fNIRS.

Clinical validity and intrarater and test-retest reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 - Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV).

AIM: The Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM is one of the most used diagnostic instruments in clinical research worldwide. The current Clinician Version of the instrument (SCID-5-CV) has not yet been assessed in respect to its psychometric qualities. We aimed to assess the clinical validity and different reliability indicators (interrater test-retest, joint interview, face-to-face vs telephone application) of the SCID-5-CV in a large sample of 180 non-prototypical and psychiatric patients based on interviews conducted by raters with different levels of clinical experience. METHODS: The SCID-5-CV was administered face-to-face and by telephone by 12 psychiatrists/psychologists who took turns as raters and observers. Clinical diagnoses were established according to DSM-5 criteria and the longitudinal, expert, all data (LEAD) procedure. We calculated the percentage of agreement, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and the level of agreement (kappa) for diagnostic categories and specific diagnoses. RESULTS: The percentage of positive agreement between the interview and clinical diagnoses ranged between 73% and 97% and the diagnostic sensitivity/specificity were >0.70. In the joint interview, the levels of positive agreement were high (>75%) and kappa levels were >0.70 for most diagnoses. The values were less expressive, but still adequate, for interrater test-retest interviews. CONCLUSION: The SCID-5-CV presented excellent reliability and high specificity as assessed with different methods. The clinical validity of the instrument was also confirmed, which supports its use in daily clinical practice. We highlight the adequacy of the instrument to be used via telephone and the need for careful use by professionals with little experience in psychiatric clinical practice.

Test-retest reproducibility of a multi-atlas automated segmentation tool on multimodality brain MRI.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing use of large sample sizes for population and personalized medicine requires high-throughput tools for imaging processing that can handle large amounts of data with diverse image modalities, perform a biologically meaningful information reduction, and result in comprehensive quantification. Exploring the reproducibility of these tools reveals the specific strengths and weaknesses that heavily influence the interpretation of results, contributing to transparence in science. METHODS: We tested-retested the reproducibility of MRICloud, a free automated method for whole-brain, multimodal MRI segmentation and quantification, on two public, independent datasets of healthy adults. RESULTS: The reproducibility was extremely high for T1-volumetric analysis, high for diffusion tensor images (DTI) (however, regionally variable), and low for resting-state fMRI. CONCLUSION: In general, the reproducibility of the different modalities was slightly superior to that of widely used software. This analysis serves as a normative reference for planning samples and for the interpretation of structure-based MRI studies.

Psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of a Brazilian version of the PCL-5 (complete and abbreviated versions).

Background: With the release of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL) has been updated to meet the revisions of the diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, the diagnostic utility and reliability of a Brazilian version of the new Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) have not been investigated yet. Objective: To investigate the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and diagnostic utility of the complete version (21-item) and two abbreviated (8-item and 4-item) versions of the Brazilian PCL-5. Methods: A total of 85 individuals with a history of exposure to at least one traumatic event underwent a diagnostic interview using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) and completed the Brazilian version of the PCL-5. Moreover, participants were invited to complete the checklist for a second time 10-30 days after the first assessment. Results: Both the complete and abbreviated versions of the Brazilian PCL-5 showed good internal consistency (complete PCL-5, α = .96; 8-item, α = .93; 4-item, α = .85) and test-retest reliability (complete PCL-5, ICC .87 [95% CI, 0.65-0.95]; 8-item, ICC .84 [95% CI, 0.60-0.94]; 4-item, ICC .84 [95% CI, 0.58-0.94]). Diagnostic utility analyses using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) revealed that a cutoff point of 36 presented the higher overall efficiency for predicting a PTSD diagnosis Overall Efficiency (OE, .80) and corresponded to Youden's index J (.65). For the 8-item version, a cutoff point of 13 corresponded to Youden's index J (.61), while scores of 21 or more were associated with the highest OE (.78). For the 4-item PCL-5, scores > 7 presented the highest OE (.77) and corresponded to Youden's index J (.59). Conclusions: Overall, the findings provide relevant evidence regarding the high reliability and diagnostic utility of this Brazilian version of the PCL-5.

Antecedentes: con la publicación de la quinta edición del Manual de Diagnóstico y Estadístico para los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5), el Cuestionario para el Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (PCL) se ha actualizado para cumplir con las revisiones de los criterios de diagnósticos del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT). Sin embargo, la utilidad diagnóstica y la confiabilidad de una versión brasileña del nuevo cuestionario de trastorno de estrés postraumático (PCL-5) aún no se ha investigado.Objetivo: investigar la consistencia interna, la confiabilidad test-retest y la utilidad diagnóstica de la versión completa (21 ítems) y dos versiones abreviadas (8 y 4 ítems) del PCL-5 brasileño.Métodos: Un total de 85 individuos con antecedentes de exposición, al menos, a un evento traumático se sometieron a una entrevista diagnóstica utilizando la entrevista clínica estructurada para el DSM-5 (SCID-5-CV) y completaron la versión brasileña del PCL-5. Además, los participantes fueron invitados a completar el cuestionario por segunda vez entre 10 y 30 días después de la primera evaluación.Resultados: Tanto la versión completa como las abreviadas de la PCL-5 brasileña mostraron una buena consistencia interna (PCL-5 completa, α = .96; 8 ítem, α = .93; 4-item, α = .85) y confiabilidad test-retest (PCL-5 completa, ICC .87 [IC 95%, .65 - .95]; 8 ítems, ICC .84 [IC 95%, 0.60 - 0.94]; 4 ítems, ICC .84 [IC 95%, 0.58] - 0,94]). Los análisis de utilidad diagnóstica que utilizaron el SCID-5-CV revelaron que un punto de corte de 36 presentó la mayor eficiencia general para predecir un diagnóstico de TEPT (OE, .80) y correspondió al índice J de Youden (.65). Para la versión de 8 ítems, un punto de corte de 13 correspondió al índice J de Youden (.61), mientras que las puntuaciones de 21 o más se asociaron con el OE más alto (.78). Para el PCL-5 de 4 ítems, los puntajes> 7 presentaron el OE más alto (.77) y correspondieron al índice J de Youden (.59).Conclusiones: En conjunto, los hallazgos proporcionan evidencia relevante con respecto a la alta confiabilidad y utilidad diagnóstica de esta versión brasileña del PCL-5.

Reliability of Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses During Incremental Shuttle Walk Test in Adult Subjects With Asthma.

BACKGROUND: The incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) has been widely used to assess exercise capacity of subjects with COPD. However, to date, no studies have assessed its reliability in the asthmatic population. This study aimed to assess the test-retest reliability of ISWT for the distance walked (ISWD) and cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses in adult subjects with asthma. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Thirty-four subjects of both genders, 18-45 y old, with a diagnosis of controlled asthma, were recruited from March 2012 to December 2015. The subjects performed 3 ISWTs on different days, with a minimum interval of 48 h and a maximum of 1 week between the second and third ISWT. For the reliability analysis, the values of the second and third ISWTs were used, eliminating the influence of any learning effect from the first test. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficients were > 0.75 (P < .001) for ISWD (m), speed (km/h),oxygen uptake (V̇O2 ), ventilatory equivalent carbon dioxide (V̇E/V̇CO2 ), and minute ventilation (V̇E) at the ISWT peak. The Bland-Altman plot presented a mean error close to zero, and measurement distribution was within acceptable limits of variation. CONCLUSION: The ISWT presented excellent reliability for the ISWD and metabolic responses. The cardiorespiratory responses in the ISWTs presented good reliability. We concluded that the ISWT was reliable for young adult subjects with controlled asthma.

Reliabitily study (test-retest) of the Scale for Conception of Disability (SCD) / Estudo de confiabilidade (teste-reteste) da Escala Concepções de Deficiência (ECD) / Estudio de confiabilidad (test-retest) de la Escala Concepciones de Discapacidad (ECD)

This article describes the reliability of the test-retest of the Scale for Conception of Disability (SCD), which comprehends four dimensions ­ biological, social, metaphysical and historical cultural ­ through the analysis of its temporal stability. In this study, a sample of 52 students from a public university of the State of São Paulo completed the same instrument with 30-day-interval between one another. For rating the stability, the Pearson correlation coefficient was used. In terms of total sample, the results of the SCD, as a whole, presented a correlation of strong magnitude (r=0,77) between test and retest. According to the results, the reliability of the scale was considered appropriate, recommending its use in studies that aim to find out how social groups conceive the disability, understanding that such conception guides the attitudes of society towards people in this condition.

Este artigo traça uma síntese sobre concepções de deficiência circulantes nos discursos sociais e descreve a confiabilidade testereteste da Escala Concepções de Deficiência (EDC), que abrange quatro dimensões ­ biológica, social, metafísica e histórico cultural ­, pela análise de sua estabilidade temporal. No estudo, uma amostra de 52 estudantes de uma universidade pública do Estado de São Paulo preencheu o mesmo instrumento, em duas oportunidades, com intervalo de trinta dias. Como medida de estabilidade, foi usado o teste de correlação de Pearson. Em termos da amostra total, os resultados da ECD, em sua totalidade, apresentaram correlação de magnitude forte (r=0,77) entre o teste e o reteste. De acordo com os resultados, a confiabilidade da escala foi considerada adequada, indicando sua utilização em estudos que procurem conhecer como grupos sociais concebem a deficiência, entendendo que tal concepção norteia as atitudes da sociedade diante das pessoas que se encontram nessa condição.

Este artículo describe el estudio de confiabilidad test-retest de la Escala de Concepciones de Discapacidad (ECD) que presenta cuatro dimensiones ­ biológica, social, metafísica e histórica cultural ­ por medio del análisis de su estabilidad temporal. En este estudio fue utilizada una muestra de 52 estudiantes de una universidad pública del estado de San Pablo, que completaron el mismo instrumento con un intervalo de 30 días entre ellos. Para clasificar la estabilidad temporal fue utilizado el coheficiente de correlación de Pearson. Sobre la muestra total, el resultado de la ECD presentó correlación de magnitud fuerte (.77) entre el test y el retest. De acuerdo con los resultados, la confiabilidad de la escala fue considerada adecuada, recomendando su utilización en estudios que quieran descubrir como los grupos sociales entienden la discapacidad, siendo que esa concepción nortea las actitudes de la sociedad en relación a las personas con esas condiciones.

Impact of heart rate on reproducibility of heart rate variability analysis in the supine and standing positions in healthy men

OBJECTIVE: The reliability of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is not yet fully understood, especially considering different body positions and the mathematical influence of heart rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of HRV in supine and standing positions, with and without mathematical adjustment of HRV by the average R-R interval (iRR). METHODS: We evaluated 37 young males (23.1±4 years; 25.1±3 kg/m2). A 5-min segment of the iRR was collected in the supine and standing positions on three occasions separated by 48-hour intervals. Absolute and relative reliability of temporal and spectral indices were assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. RESULTS: We did not observe differences in HRV indices in the three occasions in the supine or standing position (p>0.05). Moderate to good reproducibility was observed for temporal and spectral indices of HRV in the supine position (ICC: 0.65-0.89; CV: 0.9-19.8). In the orthostatic position, low to good reproducibility was observed (ICC: 0.35-0.89; CV: 1.1-34.8), with higher ICCs for temporal indices. After mathematical adjustment, only a small modification in HRV reliability was observed in both positions. CONCLUSIONS: In young adult males, the mathematical adjustment of HRV by the average iRR led to a nonsignificant effect on HRV reliability. Additionally, HRV reliability is dependent on body position and the index analyzed. Promising measures in both supine and standing positions include r-MSSD and the HF band (parasympathetic indices).

Validity and reliability of the Neurobehavioral Evaluation of Infant Development (VANEDELA). Screening Instrument from one to 24 months in primary health care in Mexico / Validez y confiabilidad del instrumento de tamizaje Valoración Neuroconductual del Desarrollo del Lactante (VANEDELA) de uno a 24 meses en el primer nivel de atención en México

Abstract: Introduction: Early identification of developmental delays or disabilities in children is a challenge and a global concern. In Mexico, the prevalence of childhood disability is 6%, and it is estimated that 25% of the unattended delays will have consequences on their potential. VANEDELA is a rapid screening test to detect and prevent developmental disorders in primary health care. Objective: To determine the external validity and test-retest reliability of the behavioral (DB) and reflex (DR) developmental formats of the VANEDELA screening test, compared with the diagnostic test of Gesell's Developmental Schedule Test. Method: Descriptive, transversal, and prospective study in 379 infants aged one to 24 months attending the Neurodevelopment Monitoring Laboratory / INP and the ISSSTE Tlalpan Family Medicine Clinic from 2011 to 2014. Measurements: A set of four aspects was evaluated including validity by external criteria: sensitivity, specificity, positive-negative predictive criteria, and test-retest reliability. Results: In the DB format, we found a 79% - 89% sensitivity (S) and a 83% - 95% specificity (Sp). In the DR format, a 18% - 35% sensitivity and a 81% - 96% specificity were found. Using both DB-DR formats, we found a 82% - 89% sensitivity and 72% to 91% specificity, and a test-retest reliability .62-1. Discussion and conclusion: The VANEDELA increased its validity parameters with respect to the previous assessment with adequate stability. The DB formats and the DB-DR combination of VANEDELA have an adequate validity based on external criteria, making them suitable for use in primary health care.

Resumen: Introducción: La identificación temprana de retrasos o discapacidades del desarrollo en los niños es un reto y una preocupación mundial. En México, la prevalencia de discapacidad infantil es del 6% y se estima que un 25% de los retrasos no atendidos tendrán consecuencias en su potencial alcanzado. El VANEDELA es una prueba de tamizaje rápido para detectar y prevenir alteraciones del desarrollo en el primer nivel de atención. Objetivo: Determinar la validez (criterio externo) y confiabilidad (test-retest) de los formatos de conductas (CD) y reacciones del desarrollo (RD) de la prueba de tamizaje VANEDELA, contrastado con la Prueba Diagnóstica de Desarrollo de Gesell. Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo en 379 lactantes de uno a 24 meses que asistieron al Laboratorio de Seguimiento del Neurodesarrollo del INP y la Clínica de Medicina Familiar Tlalpan del ISSSTE de 2011 a 2012. Mediciones: Validez por criterio externo, sensibilidad y especificidad, validez predictiva positiva y negativa; confiabilidad test-retest (intervalo de siete días). Resultados: En el formato CD, se encontró sensibilidad (S) de 79% a 89% y especificidad (E) de 83% a 95%. Utilizando ambos formatos CD-RD, se encontraron una sensibilidad de 82% a 89% y una especificidad de 72% a 91%. Test-retest .62-1. Discusión y conclusión: El VANEDELA aumentó sus parámetros de validez con respecto a la valoración anterior, estabilidad adecuada. Los formatos CD y la combinación CD-RD del VANEDELA poseen una adecuada validez por criterio externo y estabilidad test-retest, para ser utilizada en el primer nivel de atención.

Reproducibility of inspiratory muscle endurance testing using PowerBreathe for COPD patients.

BACKGROUND: Assessing the strength and endurance of respiratory muscles is fundamental for characterizing respiratory muscle dysfunction. Although a variety of tests are used to evaluate respiratory muscle endurance, not all of them are applicable in clinical practice. Assessments can be made using a practical device called PowerBreathe®, but its reproducibility has not been tested in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. AIM: To verify the reproducibility of the inspiratory muscle endurance test using a manometer and PowerBreathe® in COPD patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was used. In total, 19 moderate-severe COPD patients, male and female, aged 50 to 80 years took part in the research. This evaluation consisted of 2 tests: an incremental test and a constant one held on the same day and repeated after 48 hr. The incremental test started with 10-cm H2 O, adding 10-cm H2 O every 2 min and taking 1 min of rest before increasing the load. The highest load that could be sustained for at least 1 min was considered the sustained maximum inspiratory pressure (SMIP) value. The constant test was performed at an intensity of 80% of the SMIP and the maximum time limit was 30 min. RESULTS: In the incremental test, there was a significant increase in the SMIP compared to the test-retest (61 ± 24/64.7 ± 23.8; p = .015); the value of the relative reproducibility was 0.96, the standard error of the absolute measurement was 4.7 (95% confidence interval 9.2), and the minimum detectable difference was 10.9. In the Bland-Altman analysis, the mean error was 4.2 (confidence interval -7.6 to 16.1). The constant test was not reproducible. CONCLUSION: It was observed that the incremental test was reproducible to evaluate inspiratory muscle endurance in COPD patients. Furthermore, 2 tests needed to be carried out due to the learning effect.