Microbial signature profiles of Penaeus vannamei larvae in low-survival hatchery tanks affected by vibriosis.

Vibriosis is caused by some pathogenic Vibrio and produces significant mortality in Pacific white shrimp Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei larvae in commercial hatcheries. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging vibriosis affecting shrimp-producing countries worldwide. Zoea 2 syndrome is another type of vibriosis that affects the early stages of P. vannamei larvae. Although the pathogenesis of AHPND and zoea 2 syndrome is well known, there is scarce information about microbial composition and biomarkers of P.vannamei larvae affected by AHPND, and there is no study of the microbiome of larvae affected by zoea 2 syndrome. In this work, we characterized the microbiome of P. vannamei larvae collected from 12 commercial hatchery tanks by high-throughput sequencing. Seven tanks were affected by AHPND, and five tanks were affected by zoea 2 syndrome. Subsequently, all samples were selected for sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the16S rRNA gene. Similarity analysis using the beta diversity index revealed significant differences in the larval bacterial communities between disease conditions, particularly when Vibrio was analyzed. Linear discriminant analysis with effect size determined specific microbial signatures for AHPND and zoea 2 syndrome. Sneathiella, Cyclobacterium, Haliea, Lewinella, among other genera, were abundant in AHPND-affected larvae. Meanwhile, Vibrio, Spongiimonas, Meridianimaribacter, Tenacibaculum, among other genera, were significantly abundant in larvae affected by zoea 2 syndrome. The bacterial network at the phylum level for larvae collected from tanks affected by AHPND showed greater complexity and connectivity than in samples collected from tanks affected by zoea 2 syndrome. The bacterial connections inter Vibrio genera were higher in larvae from tanks affected by zoea 2 syndrome, also presenting other connections between the genera Vibrio and Catenococcus. The identification of specific biomarkers found in this study could be useful for understanding the microbial dynamics during different types of vibriosis.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) disturbs the intestinal microbiota of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) reared in biofloc and clear seawater.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is one of the most virulent pathogens afflicting shrimp farming. Understanding its influence on shrimp intestinal microbiota is paramount for the advancement of aquaculture, since gut dysbiosis can negatively impact shrimp development, physiology, and immunological response. Thereupon, the data presented herein assesses the influence of WSSV infection and different rearing systems on the intestinal microbiota of Penaeus vannamei. Our study aimed to describe and correlate the composition of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) gut microbiota, when reared in biofloc and clear seawater, before and (48 h) after WSSV experimental infection. Shrimp were kept in two different systems (biofloc and clear seawater) and experimentally infected with WSSV. Intestine and water samples were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, before and after viral infection. We observed (i) WSSV induced higher mortality among shrimp reared in biofloc; (ii) WSSV led to a loss of intestinal microbiota heterogeneity, at the genus level, in shrimp kept in clear seawater; (iii) there was a prevalence of Cetobacterium and Bacillus in the intestine of shrimp from both systems; (iv) WSSV did not cause significant changes in intestinal microbiota diversity or richness; (v) regardless of the type of system and time of infection, intestinal microbiota was dissimilar to that of the surrounding water, despite being influenced by the type of system. Therefore, WSSV infection leads to punctual dysbiotic changes in shrimp microbiota, although the virus is sufficiently virulent to cause high mortalities even in well-managed systems, such as a balanced experimental biofloc system. KEY POINTS: • WSSV infection leads to a perturbed gut microbiota in shrimp. • WSSV infection greater impacts microbiota of shrimp reared in CSW than those in BFT. • WSSV infection caused higher mortality levels in shrimp reared in BFT than in CSW. • Rearing system influences shrimp gut microbiota composition. Graphical abstract.

Effect of microbial immunostimulants on WSSV infection percentage and the expression of immune-related genes in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Efecto de los inmunoestimulantes microbianos en el porcentaje de infección con WSSV y la expresión de genes relacionados con el sistema inmune del camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Efeito de imunoestimulantes microbianos sobre a porcentagem de infecção por WSSV e a expressão de genes relacionados ao sistema imune em camarões brancos (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Abstract Background: The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes high mortalities in aquaculture. The use of immunostimulants increases animal resistance. Objective: To evaluate the WSSV infection percentage and the immunostimulant effect of lactic acid bacteria and yeast (MI= microbial immunostimulants) on WSSV infected Litopenaeus vannamei. Methods: A bioassay was performed for 33 d, with treatments in triplicate. The MI was added to the feed at 8.5 mg/kg feed and offered to shrimp (9.9 ± 3.1 g) daily, every 2 days, or every 3 days. Shrimp were infected with WSSV at 9 and 19 days. The expression of four immune system-related genes was studied using qRT-PCR. Results: No significant differences were observed in growth and survival among treatments. At the end of the bioassay, WSSV infection percentage (low viral load) decreased 8.3 and 25% in treatments III and IV as compared to the control group. Treatments with MI showed significant differences in the relative expression of LvToll, transglutaminase, and prophenoloxidase genes when MI was offered daily as compared to the control group. The MI did not regulate the expression of the superoxide dismutase gene. The WSSV infection percentage decreased when feed with MI was offered every 3 d. Conclusion: The MI decrease WSSV infection percentage in L. vannamei infected with low viral load when it is offered every three days. The MI up-regulates LvToll, Tgase, and proPO genes when it is offered daily. Further research is needed regarding prophylactic treatment with microbial immunostimulants against WSSV in commercial shrimp farms.

Resumen Antecedentes: El virus del síndrome de la mancha blanca (WSSV) ocasiona alta mortalidad en acuacultura. El empleo de inmunoestimulantes incrementa la resistencia de los animales. Objetivo: Evaluar el porcentaje de infección de WSSV y el efecto inmunoestimulante de bacterias ácido lácticas y levadura (MI= inmunoestimulantes microbianos) en Litopenaeus vannamei infectado con WSSV. Métodos: Se realizó un bioensayo durante 33 días con tratamientos por triplicado. Se agregó MI al alimento (8,5 mg/kg de alimento), suministrandolo al camarón (9,9 ± 3,1 g) diariamente, cada 2, o cada 3 días. Los camarones se infectaron con WSSV a los 9 y 19 días. Se estudió la expresión de cuatro genes relacionados con el sistema inmune utilizando qRT-PCR. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en el crecimiento y la sobrevivencia entre los tratamientos. Al final del bioensayo, el porcentaje de infección de WSSV (baja carga viral) disminuyó un 8,3 y un 25% en los tratamientos III y IV en comparación con el grupo control. Los tratamientos con MI mostraron diferencias significativas en la expresión relativa de los genes LvToll, transglutaminasa, y profenoloxidasa cuando se suministró MI diariamente en comparación con el grupo control. Los MI no regularon la expresión del gen de la superóxido dismutasa. El porcentaje de infección de WSSV disminuyó cuando el alimento con MI se aplicó cada 3 d. Conclusiones: Los MI disminuyen el porcentaje de infección de WSSV en L. vannamei infectado con baja carga viral cuando se aplican cada tres días. Además, los MI causan una sobre-expresión de los genes LvToll, Tgase y proPO cuando se administran diariamente. Se necesita más investigación sobre los inmunoestimulantes microbianos como tratamiento profiláctico contra WSSV en granjas comerciales de camarón.

Resumo Antecedentes: O vírus da mancha branca (WSSV) causa alta mortalidade na aqüicultura e o uso de imunoestimulantes aumenta a resistência em animais. Objetivo: Este trabalho avaliou a prevalência do WSSV e o efeito imunoestimulante de bactérias ácido lácticas e levadura (MI= inmunoestimulantes microbianos) em Litopenaeus vannamei infectado con WSSV. Métodos: Se realizou um bioensayo durante 33 dias com tratamientos por triplicado. Se agregou MI al alimento (8,5 mg/kg feed) e se o fornecimento de camarão (9,9 ± 3,1 g) diariamente, cada 2 e cada 3 d. Los camarones foram infectados com WSSV a los 9 y 19 d. Se estudió a expressão de quatro genes relacionados com o sistema imune, use qRT-PCR. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas no crescimento e na supervisão entre os tratamientos. Al final del bioensayo, a prevalência do WSSV diminuiu um 8.3 e não 25% nos tratamentos III e IV em comparação com o grupo de controle. Os tratamentos com MI mostraram diferenças significativas na expressão relativa dos genes. LvToll, transglutaminasa e prophenoloxidase quando se administraron em diários de MI em comparação com o controle de grupo. Los MI não regularam a expressão do genótipo da superóxido dismutasa. A prevalência do WSSV diminuiu quando o alimento com MI se aplicó cada 3 d. Conclusões: Los IM diminuir a prevalência de WSSV em L. vannamei infectado com baixa carga viral quando aplicável a cada três dias. Além disso, os IM causaram uma sobre-expressão dos genes LvToll, Tgase e proPO quando se administran diariamente. Há mais informações sobre imunoestimulantes microbianos como tratamento profiláctico contra WSSV en granjas comerciales de camarón.

Acute toxicity of nitrate in Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles at low salinity levels / Toxicidade aguda do nitrato em juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei em baixa salinidade

Different technologies have been developed to improve the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity, mainly in super-intensive systems like recirculation and BFT (Biofloc Technology System) systems. However, there is an accumulation of toxic nitrogenous compounds to the shrimps such as nitrate, that at high concentrations and depending on the salinity of the culture water can be lethal. Acute toxicity tests allow to analyze the relationship between the compound and other abiotic or biotic variables. The aim of this research was to determine the acute toxicity and safety level of nitrate (N-NO3 -) for juveniles of L. vannamei at salinities of 5 and 10g.L-1. For salinity of 5g.L-1, a control and 5 treatments were tested, with nitrate concentrations of 100, 500, 1500, 2500 and 3500mg.L-1.For salinity of 10mg.L-1, a 4500mg.L-1nitrate concentration was added. Juveniles were exposed to concentrations during 24, 48, 72, 96 hours in static system. The Mean Lethal Concentration (LCC50) was calculated and the recommended safety level for L. vannamei cultivation is 60.05 and 127.61mg.L-1 of nitrate for salinities 5 and 10g.L-1, respectively.(AU)

Diferentes tecnologias foram desenvolvidas para melhorar o desempenho do Litopenaeus vannamei em baixa salinidade, principalmente em sistemas super intensivos como sistema de recirculação e BFT (Biofloc Technology System). No entanto, há um acúmulo de compostos nitrogenados tóxicos aos camarões, como o nitrato, que em altas concentrações e dependendo da salinidade da água pode ser letal. Os testes de toxicidade aguda permitem analisar a relação entre o composto e outras variáveis ​​abióticas ou bióticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a toxicidade aguda e o nível de segurança do nitrato (N-NO3 -) em juvenis de L. vannamei nas salinidades de 5 e 10g.L-1. Para a salinidade de 5g.L-1, um controle e cinco tratamentos foram testados, com concentrações de nitrato 100, 500, 1500, 2500 e 3500mg.L-1. Para salinidade de 10mg.L-1, foi adicionada uma concentração de nitrato de 4500mg.L-1. Os juvenis foram expostos às concentrações durante 24, 48, 72, 96 horas em sistema estático. A Concentração Letal Média (CL50) foi calculada e o nível de segurança recomendado para o cultivo de L. vannamei é de 60,05 e 127,61mg.L-1 de nitrato para salinidadesde 5 e 10g.L-1, respectivamente.(AU)

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk-2) from the White shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Molecular characterization and tissue-specific expression during hypoxia and reoxygenation.

The cell cycle comprises a series of steps necessary for cell growth until cell division. The participation of proteins responsible for cell cycle regulation, known as cyclin dependent kinases or Cdks, is necessary for cycle progression. Cyclin dependent kinase 2 (Cdk-2) is one of the most studied Cdks. This kinase regulates the passage through the G1/S phase and is involved in DNA replication in the S phase. Cdks have been extensively studied in mammals, but there is little information about these proteins in crustaceans. In the present work, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of Cdk-2 from the white shrimp (Cdk-2) and its expression during hypoxia and reoxygenation are reported. Cdk-2 is a highly conserved protein and contains the serine/threonine catalytic domain, an ATP binding site and the PSTAIRE sequence. The predicted Cdk-2 structure showed the two-lobed structure characteristic of kinases. Expression of Cdk-2 was detected in hepatopancreas, gills and muscle, with hepatopancreas having the highest expression during normoxic conditions. Cdk-2 expression was significantly induced after hypoxia for 24 h in muscle cells, but in hypoxia exposure for 24 followed by 1 h of reoxygenation, the expression levels returned to the levels found in normoxic conditions, suggesting induction of cell cycle progression in muscular cells during hypoxia. No significant changes in expression of Cdk-2 were detected in these conditions in hepatopancreas and gills.

Lysobacter penaei sp. nov., isolated from intestinal content of a Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei).

The polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize a novel bacteria strain, designated SG-8T, which was isolated from intestinal content of a Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-gliding rods. Growth occurred at 10-45 °C (optimum, 20-30 °C), pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, 6.0-7.0) and in 0-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-4.0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SG-8T showed the highest sequence similarity to Lysobacter maris KMU-14T (98.6 %). On phylogenetic trees, strain SG-8T formed a stable cluster with Lysobacter maris KMU-14T, Lysobacter alkalisoli SJ-36T, Lysobacter spongiae 119BY6-57T and Lysobacter aestuarii S2-CT. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain SG-8T and the four reference type strains listed above were 83.3, 82.3, 83.5, 83.3% and 22.8, 22.7, 22.7, 22.9 %, respectively. The major fatty acids (>5 %) were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0), iso-C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c), iso-C17 : 0, iso-C11 : 0 3OH and iso-C11 : 0. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the only respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was 68.8 mol%. Based on the results of genomic, phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain SG-8T represents a novel species of the genus Lysobacter, for which the name Lysobacter penaei sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SG-8T (=GDMCC 1.1817T=KACC 21942T).

Acute toxicity of nitrate in Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles at low salinity levels / Toxicidade aguda do nitrato em juvenis de Litopenaeus vannamei em baixa salinidade

ABSTRACT: Different technologies have been developed to improve the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in low salinity, mainly in super-intensive systems like recirculation and BFT (Biofloc Technology System) systems. However, there is an accumulation of toxic nitrogenous compounds to the shrimps such as nitrate, that at high concentrations and depending on the salinity of the culture water can be lethal. Acute toxicity tests allow to analyze the relationship between the compound and other abiotic or biotic variables. The aim of this research was to determine the acute toxicity and safety level of nitrate (N-NO3 -) for juveniles of L. vannamei at salinities of 5 and 10g.L-1. For salinity of 5g.L-1, a control and 5 treatments were tested, with nitrate concentrations of 100, 500, 1500, 2500 and 3500mg.L-1.For salinity of 10mg.L-1, a 4500mg.L-1nitrate concentration was added. Juveniles were exposed to concentrations during 24, 48, 72, 96 hours in static system. The Mean Lethal Concentration (LCC50) was calculated and the recommended safety level for L. vannamei cultivation is 60.05 and 127.61mg.L-1 of nitrate for salinities 5 and 10g.L-1, respectively.

RESUMO: Diferentes tecnologias foram desenvolvidas para melhorar o desempenho do Litopenaeus vannamei em baixa salinidade, principalmente em sistemas super intensivos como sistema de recirculação e BFT (Biofloc Technology System). No entanto, há um acúmulo de compostos nitrogenados tóxicos aos camarões, como o nitrato, que em altas concentrações e dependendo da salinidade da água pode ser letal. Os testes de toxicidade aguda permitem analisar a relação entre o composto e outras variáveis ​​abióticas ou bióticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a toxicidade aguda e o nível de segurança do nitrato (N-NO3 -) em juvenis de L. vannamei nas salinidades de 5 e 10g.L-1. Para a salinidade de 5g.L-1, um controle e cinco tratamentos foram testados, com concentrações de nitrato 100, 500, 1500, 2500 e 3500mg.L-1. Para salinidade de 10mg.L-1, foi adicionada uma concentração de nitrato de 4500mg.L-1. Os juvenis foram expostos às concentrações durante 24, 48, 72, 96 horas em sistema estático. A Concentração Letal Média (CL50) foi calculada e o nível de segurança recomendado para o cultivo de L. vannamei é de 60,05 e 127,61mg.L-1 de nitrato para salinidadesde 5 e 10g.L-1, respectivamente.

Replacing fish meal by mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Farinha de peixe com larvas do bicho-da farinha (Tenebrio molitor) no desempenho de crescimento e respostas imunológicas do camarão branco (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing FM with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp. In addition, the toxicity of such replacement to white shrimp was measured. Mealworm was incorporated to partially or totally replace fish meal in diets for white shrimp. Experimental groups of shrimp with an average initial body weight of 2.39 ± 0.49 g were fed each of 4 isonitrogeneous diets formulated to include 0, 25, 50 and 100% (control, MW25, MW50 and MW100 respectively) of mealworm substituted for fish meal. After eight weeks of feeding trials, shrimp fed diets MW25, MW50 and MW100 had higher live weight gain (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08, and 10.36 ± 1.57, respectively), higher specific growth rate (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, and 2.61 ± 0.07, respectively), and better feed conversion ratio (2.89 ± 0.08, 2.69 ± 0.09, and 2.72 ± 0.19, respectively) compared to those of shrimp fed control diet. Survival rate was 98% in all treatments. No toxicity was found in post-mortem pathophysiologic examinations. The levels of immune markers such as beta -glucan binding protein, prophenoloxidase and crustin associated with shrimp’s cellular and humoral immunity were found to be higher in 25 and 50% mealworm replacement groups. These results clearly indicated that replacement of fish meal with 50% mealworm for shrimp diet was optimal in promoting the growth performance of shrimp without any adverse effect.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito da substituição do FM por larva de farinha (Tenebrio molitor) sobre o desempenho de crescimento e respostas imunológicas do camarão branco. Além disso, a toxicidade dessa substituição ao camarão branco foi medida. As larvas foram inseridas para substituir parcialmente ou totalmente a farinha de peixe em dietas do camarão branco. Grupos experimentais de camarão com a média de peso inicial de 2.39 ± 0.49g, foram alimentados com quatro dietas isonitrogênicas elaboradas para incluir 0, 25, 50 e 100% (control, MW25, MW50 e MW100 respectivamente) de larvas substituído por farinha de peixe. Após oito semanas de experiencia, os camarões alimentados pelas dietas MW25, MW50 e MW100 tiveram um maior ganho de peso (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08 e 10.36 ± 1.57, respectivamente), e uma taxa de crescimento especifico mais alta (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, e2.61 ± 0.07 respectivamente), comparados a aqueles que tiveram a dieta de controle. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 98% em todos os tratamentos. Nenhuma toxina foi encontrada após a morte, nas quais foram feitos exames fisiopatológicos. Os níveis de marcadores imunológicos como as ligações de proteína betaglucanos, prophenoloxidase, crustinas associadas à imunidade celular e humoral do camarão, foram encontrados maiores que 25 e 50% dos grupos substituídos pelas larvas. Esses resultados indicaram que a troca da farinha de peixe com 50% de larvas para a dieta dos camarões foi ideal para promover o desempenho de crescimento do camarão sem qualquer efeito adverso.

Use of a mixture of vegetal (Jatropha curcas) and animal (fish silage) byproducts as protein source in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets

This study evaluated growth responses of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by testing different combinations of Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JCK) and tilapia waste silage (FS) as dietary protein sources under laboratory and pond conditions. A reference diet (RD) based on fish meal was elaborated to contain 35% crude protein and 434 kcal/g; then, five isoproteic and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated from RD with different FS/JCK proportions as follows: 75%FS/0%JCK; 56.25%FS/13.25%JCK; 26.5%FS/30.89%JCK; 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK; and 0%FS/53%JCK. For the laboratory trial, shrimp (2.90 g) were stocked at 10 m2 in an indoor recirculating system during 90 days. There were differences among the growth parameters of diets. Mean weight gain fluctuated from 6.71±0.61 g observed for the shrimp fed the 75%FS/ 0%JCK diet, to 9.70±0.61 g for the group fed the RD. The RD and 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK diet obtained the highest mean final weight (above 12 g), weight gain (above 9 g), and specific growth rate values (above 1.6%/day). Average final survival was 90.97%. The RD and 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK diets were used for the pond trial. Shrimp (0.49 g) were stocked at 10 m2 within 1-m3 cages into the pond for 35 days. Weight gain (3.47 g) and survival (93.33%) of shrimps were similar between the diets. Quadratic equations with the laboratory data indicated that the maximum responses for growth parameters correspond to FS and JKC inclusion levels in the range of 27.83 to 29.00%, and 32.25 to 33.64%, respectively. A combination of 18.75% FS/39.75%JCK meals as protein source is a potential alternative to effectively substitute FM in practical diets for L. vannamei at the studied ages under both laboratory and pond conditions.(AU)

Replacing fish meal by mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) / Farinha de peixe com larvas do bicho-da farinha (Tenebrio molitor) no desempenho de crescimento e respostas imunológicas do camarão branco (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing FM with mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) on the growth performance and immunologic responses of white shrimp. In addition, the toxicity of such replacement to white shrimp was measured. Mealworm was incorporated to partially or totally replace fish meal in diets for white shrimp. Experimental groups of shrimp with an average initial body weight of 2.39 ± 0.49 g were fed each of 4 isonitrogeneous diets formulated to include 0, 25, 50 and 100% (control, MW25, MW50 and MW100 respectively) of mealworm substituted for fish meal. After eight weeks of feeding trials, shrimp fed diets MW25, MW50 and MW100 had higher live weight gain (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08, and 10.36 ± 1.57, respectively), higher specific growth rate (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, and 2.61 ± 0.07, respectively), and better feed conversion ratio (2.89 ± 0.08, 2.69 ± 0.09, and 2.72 ± 0.19, respectively) compared to those of shrimp fed control diet. Survival rate was 98% in all treatments. No toxicity was found in post-mortem pathophysiologic examinations. The levels of immune markers such as beta -glucan binding protein, prophenoloxidase and crustin associated with shrimps cellular and humoral immunity were found to be higher in 25 and 50% mealworm replacement groups. These results clearly indicated that replacement of fish meal with 50% mealworm for shrimp diet was optimal in promoting the growth performance of shrimp without any adverse effect.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito da substituição do FM por larva de farinha (Tenebrio molitor) sobre o desempenho de crescimento e respostas imunológicas do camarão branco. Além disso, a toxicidade dessa substituição ao camarão branco foi medida. As larvas foram inseridas para substituir parcialmente ou totalmente a farinha de peixe em dietas do camarão branco. Grupos experimentais de camarão com a média de peso inicial de 2.39 ± 0.49g, foram alimentados com quatro dietas isonitrogênicas elaboradas para incluir 0, 25, 50 e 100% (control, MW25, MW50 e MW100 respectivamente) de larvas substituído por farinha de peixe. Após oito semanas de experiencia, os camarões alimentados pelas dietas MW25, MW50 e MW100 tiveram um maior ganho de peso (10.05 ± 3.06, 11.41 ± 2.08 e 10.36 ± 1.57, respectivamente), e uma taxa de crescimento especifico mais alta (2.56 ± 0.11, 2.79 ± 0.09, e2.61 ± 0.07 respectivamente), comparados a aqueles que tiveram a dieta de controle. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 98% em todos os tratamentos. Nenhuma toxina foi encontrada após a morte, nas quais foram feitos exames fisiopatológicos. Os níveis de marcadores imunológicos como as ligações de proteína betaglucanos, prophenoloxidase, crustinas associadas à imunidade celular e humoral do camarão, foram encontrados maiores que 25 e 50% dos grupos substituídos pelas larvas. Esses resultados indicaram que a troca da farinha de peixe com 50% de larvas para a dieta dos camarões foi ideal para promover o desempenho de crescimento do camarão sem qualquer efeito adverso.(AU)

Effects of dietary replacement of fishmeal by mealworm meal on muscle quality of farmed shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

This study investigated the muscle quality of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed on a diet containing different proportions of mealworm meal (MW) (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) as a substitute for fishmeal, which is the normal diet used in shrimp commercial production. The proximate composition, fatty acid profile, colour and texture of the shrimps were evaluated. Moisture, protein, and ash content of shrimp muscle were not significantly altered when fishmeal was replaced by MW (p>0.05). However, the replacement resulted in a linear increase in lipid content (p<0.05). The fatty acid composition of the experimental diets directly mirrored the fatty acid composition of shrimp muscle. The absence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in MW composition resulted in a linear decrease in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids in shrimp muscle with increasing levels of MW in the diet. The n-3/n-6 ratio ranged from 0.50 to 0.67. Colour and firmness were unchanged between the treatments. Although the use of MW as a fishmeal substitute in L. vannamei diets has affected the lipid and fatty acid composition of shrimp muscle, from a human nutritional perspective, the lipid content of the shrimps is considered low and the n-3/n-6 ratio remained within the human dietary requirements. Therefore the use of a mealworm diet for shrimp production is a viable alternative to increasingly expensive fishmeal based diets.

Evaluation of medicinal plants and colloidal silver efficiency against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei cultured at low salinity.

In shrimp aquaculture, reduction in the use of synthetic antibiotics is a priority due to the high incidence of resistant bacteria (Vibrio) in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. An increasing number of studies show bactericidal activity of natural treatments in aquaculture. The effectiveness of neem (Azadirachta indica) and oregano (Lippia berlandieri) aqueous extracts and colloidal silver against V. parahaemolyticus were evaluated in low salinity shrimp culture. Results show that aqueous extracts of oregano and neem each present a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 62.50 mg ml-1 and inhibitory halos of 12.0 to 19.0 mm. Colloidal silver gave a MIC of 2 mg ml-1, and the inhibitory halos were found to be between 11.8 and 18.8 mm, depending on treatment concentrations. An in vivo challenge test was conducted on white shrimp postlarvae cultured at low salinity (5 practical salinity units, PSU), and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in survival was demonstrated in the presence of the aqueous extracts (oregano 64%, neem 76% and colloidal silver 90%), when compared to the control (0%) in the challenge test. However, no significant differences were observed between treatments, suggesting that they all act as alternative bactericidal source agents against V. parahaemolyticus infections for L. vannamei postlarvae when cultured at 5 PSU.

Monoculture and polyculture of shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti and mullet Mugil curema in bioflocos system and clear water / Monocultivo e policultivo do camarão Litopenaeus schmitti e do parati Mugil curema em sistema de bioflocos e água clara

The aim of this study was to evaluate the monoculture and polyculture of white srimp Litopenaeus schmitti and mullet Mugil curema in bioflocs system and clear water. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement (4x2) with four cultures systems (shrimps and fish) and two culture medium (clear water and bioflocs), with four replications: (M50/0) - monoculture  L. schmitti density 50 m- 2; (P50/5) polyculture  L. schmitti  and M. curema density  50 m-2 and  5 m-2, respectively;  (P50/10) polyculture   L. schmitti and M. curema density 50 m -2 and 10 m-2 respectively; (M0/10) - monoculture M. curema density 10 m-2. The polyculture of L. schmitti with mullet affected zootechnical performance of shrimp, however, L. schmitti juveniles showed better performance, for all analyzed indexes, when cultured in the bioflocs. The mullet  in monoculture and polyculture with lower stocking density (5m-2) showed better final weight , weight gain and specific growth rate  than mullet in polyculture with higher density (10m-2) and better performance  when cultured in clear water. The bioflocs contributed significantly to shrimp juvenile growth, however fish did not present the same performance in bioflocs system.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o monocultivo e policultivo do camarão branco Litopenaeus schmitti e do parati Mugil curema em sistema de bioflocos e água clara. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4x2) com quatro sistemas de cultivo (estocagens de camarões e peixes) e dois meios de cultivo (água clara e bioflocos), com quatro repetições: (M50/0) - monocultivo de L. schmitti na densidade de 50 m-2; (P50/5) - policultivo de L. schmitti e M. curema na densidade de 50 m-2 e 5 m-2, respectivamente; (P50/10) - policultivo de L. schmitti e M. curema na densidade de 50 m-2  e 10 m-2,  respectivamente; (M0/10) - monocultivo de M. curema na densidade de 10 m-2. O policultivo de L. schmitti com o parati prejudicou o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões, no entanto, juvenis de L. schmitti apresentaram melhor desempenho, para todos os índices analisados, quando cultivados em meio ao bioflocos. Os paratis em monocultivo e policultivo na menor densidade de estocagem (5m-2) apresentaram peso final, ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico superiores do que os paratis em policultivo na maior densidade (10m-2) e melhor desempenho quando cultivados em  água clara. Os bioflocos contribuíram para o crescimento dos juvenis de camarão, no entanto os peixes não apresentaram o mesmo desempenho em sistema de bioflocos.(AU)

Monoculture and polyculture of shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti and mullet Mugil curema in bioflocos system and clear water / Monocultivo e policultivo do camarão Litopenaeus schmitti e do parati Mugil curema em sistema de bioflocos e água clara

The aim of this study was to evaluate the monoculture and polyculture of white srimp Litopenaeus schmitti and mullet Mugil curema in bioflocs system and clear water. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement (4x2) with four cultures systems (shrimps and fish) and two culture medium (clear water and bioflocs), with four replications: (M50/0) - monoculture  L. schmitti density 50 m- 2; (P50/5) polyculture  L. schmitti  and M. curema density  50 m-2 and  5 m-2, respectively;  (P50/10) polyculture   L. schmitti and M. curema density 50 m -2 and 10 m-2 respectively; (M0/10) - monoculture M. curema density 10 m-2. The polyculture of L. schmitti with mullet affected zootechnical performance of shrimp, however, L. schmitti juveniles showed better performance, for all analyzed indexes, when cultured in the bioflocs. The mullet  in monoculture and polyculture with lower stocking density (5m-2) showed better final weight , weight gain and specific growth rate  than mullet in polyculture with higher density (10m-2) and better performance  when cultured in clear water. The bioflocs contributed significantly to shrimp juvenile growth, however fish did not present the same performance in bioflocs system.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o monocultivo e policultivo do camarão branco Litopenaeus schmitti e do parati Mugil curema em sistema de bioflocos e água clara. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado em esquema fatorial (4x2) com quatro sistemas de cultivo (estocagens de camarões e peixes) e dois meios de cultivo (água clara e bioflocos), com quatro repetições: (M50/0) - monocultivo de L. schmitti na densidade de 50 m-2; (P50/5) - policultivo de L. schmitti e M. curema na densidade de 50 m-2 e 5 m-2, respectivamente; (P50/10) - policultivo de L. schmitti e M. curema na densidade de 50 m-2  e 10 m-2,  respectivamente; (M0/10) - monocultivo de M. curema na densidade de 10 m-2. O policultivo de L. schmitti com o parati prejudicou o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões, no entanto, juvenis de L. schmitti apresentaram melhor desempenho, para todos os índices analisados, quando cultivados em meio ao bioflocos. Os paratis em monocultivo e policultivo na menor densidade de estocagem (5m-2) apresentaram peso final, ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico superiores do que os paratis em policultivo na maior densidade (10m-2) e melhor desempenho quando cultivados em  água clara. Os bioflocos contribuíram para o crescimento dos juvenis de camarão, no entanto os peixes não apresentaram o mesmo desempenho em sistema de bioflocos.

The exotic species Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) occurrence in Cananeia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida Lagoon Estuary Complex / A ocorrência da espécie exótica Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) no complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia, Iguape e Ilha Comprida

Exotic species are an exponential problem throughout the world, being one of the main causes of alterations both of the environment and of biodiversity. The introduction of exotic species is typically linked to activities of socioeconomic relevance. The consequences of such invasions have ecological, economic and sanitary components, and these components sometimes operate synergistically. The present study records the presence of Litopenaeus vannamei in several areas of Cananéia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida estuary. A total of 109 samples taken with a gerival net were examined to evaluate the presence of L. vannamei as a bycatch of fishing activities seeking Farfantepenaeus paulensis, F. brasiliensis and Litopenaeus schmitti, between March 2005 and December 2013. Sixty-four individuals of L. vannamei were captured the size and weight of the smallest and the largest specimens of which were, respectively: 1.68 and 6.30 cm and 26.70 and 31.78 g. The data give no indication that L. vannamei is proliferating in the region to the point of being considered an invasive species nor that it is causing economic problems.

As espécies exóticas constituem hoje em um problema exponencial de escala global e um dos principais fatores de modificações do meio ambiente e da biodiversidade de uma região. A introdução de espécies exóticas encontra-se tipicamente vinculada às atividades de interesse sócio-econômico. As invasões têm consequências ecológicas, econômicas e sanitárias, atuando, às vezes, de modo sinergético. O presente trabalho registra a ocorrência de Litopenaeus vannamei em várias áreas do estuário de Cananeia, Iguape e Ilha Comprida. Para avaliar a ocorrência do L. vannamei junto à pesca de Farfantepenaeus paulensis, F. brasiliensis e Litopenaeus schmitti foram realizadas 109 amostragens com rede gerival, de março de 2005 a dezembro de 2013. Foram capturados 64 exemplares de L. vannamei com tamanhos e pesos médios da menor para maior espécime capturada de 1,68 para 6,30 cm e 26,70 para 31,78 g, respectivamente. Os dados não indicam que L. vannamei está proliferando na região, a ponto de ser considerado uma espécie invasora e causando problemas econômicos.

The exotic species Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) occurrence in Cananeia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida Lagoon Estuary Complex / A ocorrência da espécie exótica Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) no complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia, Iguape e Ilha Comprida

Exotic species are an exponential problem throughout the world, being one of the main causes of alterations both of the environment and of biodiversity. The introduction of exotic species is typically linked to activities of socioeconomic relevance. The consequences of such invasions have ecological, economic and sanitary components, and these components sometimes operate synergistically. The present study records the presence of Litopenaeus vannamei in several areas of Cananéia, Iguape and Ilha Comprida estuary. A total of 109 samples taken with a gerival net were examined to evaluate the presence of L. vannamei as a bycatch of fishing activities seeking Farfantepenaeus paulensis, F. brasiliensis and Litopenaeus schmitti, between March 2005 and December 2013. Sixty-four individuals of L. vannamei were captured the size and weight of the smallest and the largest specimens of which were, respectively: 1.68 and 6.30 cm and 26.70 and 31.78 g. The data give no indication that L. vannamei is proliferating in the region to the point of being considered an invasive species nor that it is causing economic problems.(AU)

As espécies exóticas constituem hoje em um problema exponencial de escala global e um dos principais fatores de modificações do meio ambiente e da biodiversidade de uma região. A introdução de espécies exóticas encontra-se tipicamente vinculada às atividades de interesse sócio-econômico. As invasões têm consequências ecológicas, econômicas e sanitárias, atuando, às vezes, de modo sinergético. O presente trabalho registra a ocorrência de Litopenaeus vannamei em várias áreas do estuário de Cananeia, Iguape e Ilha Comprida. Para avaliar a ocorrência do L. vannamei junto à pesca de Farfantepenaeus paulensis, F. brasiliensis e Litopenaeus schmitti foram realizadas 109 amostragens com rede gerival, de março de 2005 a dezembro de 2013. Foram capturados 64 exemplares de L. vannamei com tamanhos e pesos médios da menor para maior espécime capturada de 1,68 para 6,30 cm e 26,70 para 31,78 g, respectivamente. Os dados não indicam que L. vannamei está proliferando na região, a ponto de ser considerado uma espécie invasora e causando problemas econômicos.(AU)

Effect of the diet traditional and non-traditional on the respiration and excretion in larvae of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei / Efecto de la dieta tradicional y no tradicional en la respiración y excreción de larvas de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei

Objective. It was studied the respiration and ammoniacal excretion of zoeas and mysis of Litopenaeus vannamei fed with the diet used traditionally (of microalgae and nauplios of Artemia) and another alternative (not traditional) of microalgae with rotifers. Materials and methods. After four hours the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion in BOD bottles with 60 larvae (closed respirometers) was estimated. The concentrations of O2 and NH4+ were measured with an electrode polarográfico in the first case and with the indophenol blue technique for the second. Results. In zoea, oxygen consumption increased with development and showed statistical differences (p=0.023). In mysis, the oxygen consumption were significance in the traditional diet, whereas no differences were alternative (p=0.003). In both stages for the ammoniacal excretion increased development stage and there were detected statistical difference (p<0.001), although to the diets were not noticed significant differences. Conclusions. A higher energy absorption for zoea (I, II y III) what mysis (I, II y III) larvae was obtained, this is likely an interaction between rates of respiration and excretion caused by variations in the efficiency of absorption by the larvae. The weights obtained in both larvae were not supplied with differences between diets.

Objetivo. Se analizó la respiración (O2) y excreción amoniacal (NH4+) en larvas zoea y mysis de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei, alimentadas con las dietas tradicionales (microalgas y nauplios de Artemia) y no tradicionales (microalgas y rotíferos). Materiales y métodos. A las cuatro horas de experimentación se estimó el consumo de oxígeno y la excreción de amonio en botellas BOD con 60 larvas (respirómetros cerrados). La concentración de O2 se midió con un electrodo polarográfico y la NH4+ se determinó con la técnica de azul de Indofenol. Resultados. En zoea, el consumo de oxígeno incrementó con el desarrollo y se presentaron diferencias estadísticas (p=0.023). En mysis, los consumos de oxígeno presentaron una significancia entre la dieta tradicional, mientras en la alternativa no se obtuvieron diferencias (p=0.003). La excreción en ambos estadios larvales aumentó con la fase y se detectaron diferencias estadísticas (p<0.001), aunque no se registraron diferencias significativas en las larvas respecto a las dietas suministradas. Conclusiones. Se obtuvo una absorción de energía superior para las zoea (I, II y III) que mysis (I, II y III), esto probablemente a una interacción entre las tasas de respiración y de excreción provocada por variaciones en la eficiencia de absorción de las larvas. Los pesos obtenidos en ambas larvas no resultaron con diferencias entre las dietas suministradas.

Criação do camarão Litopenaeus schmitti com diferentes salinidades e níveis de proteina na dieta em sistema de bioflocos / Farming of shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti with different salinities and dietary protein levels in bioflocs system

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of protein levels in the diet, water quality, bioflocs composition and shrimp development of Litopenaeus schmitti reared in different salinities using bioflocs technology (BFT). Juveniles L. schmitii (2.43 ± 0.35 g) were kept in tanks with 400 L (40 shrimps m-²) in three salinities (19, 26 and 33) and fed two commercial diets (30 and 40% crude protein) during a period of 35 days. Among the water quality parameters monitored, concentrations of nitrite were affected by the interaction of factors protein levels in the diet and salinity and by salinity alone (P 0.05). The shrimps development was affected by factors, salinity and protein level of the diet alone (P 0.05). As for dietary protein, the protein efficiency indicated that shrimps used better this nutrient, when they were fed the diet containing 30% protein content (2.23 ± 0.31) compared to 40% (1.87 ± 0.16) (P 0.05). With respect to salinity, the survival of shrimps presented higher value in the superior salinity (P 0.05). Therefore, results showed that themicrobiological composition of bioflocs was affected by factors evaluated and the farming of shrimp L. schmitti with the bioflocs technology, in any one of salinities used, can be performed withsupply the diet with the lowest tested level of protein to obtain better productive performance of the specie.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de níveis de proteína na dieta sobre a qualidade de água, composição dos bioflocos e o desempenho zootécnico do camarão Litopenaeus schmitti criado em diferentes salinidades utilizando a tecnologia de bioflocos. Juvenis de L. schmitii (2,43 ± 0,35 g) foram mantidos em tanques com 400 L (40 camarões m-²) em três salinidades (19, 26 e 33) e alimentados com duas dietas comerciais (30 e 40% de proteína bruta), durante um período de 35 dias. Entre os parâmetros de qualidade de água monitorados, as concentrações de nitrito foram afetadas pela interação dos fatores salinidade e nível proteico da dieta, e pela salinidade, isoladamente (P 0,05). O desempenho zootécnico dos camarões foi afetado apenas pelos fatores, salinidade e proteína da dieta, isoladamente (P 0,05). Quanto à proteína da dieta, a eficiência proteica indicou que os camarões utilizaram melhor este nutriente quando foram alimentados com a ração contendo teor proteico de 30% (2,23 ± 0,31) em relação a de 40% (1,87 ± 0,16) (P 0,05). Com relação à salinidade, a sobrevivência dos camarões apresentou valor mais elevado na maior salinidade (P 0,05). Contudo, os resultados demonstram que a composição microbiológica dosbioflocos foi afetada pelos fatores avaliados e a criação de L. schmitti com a tecnologia de bioflocos, em qualquer uma das salinidades utilizadas, pode ser realizada com o fornecimento de dieta com o menor nível proteico, para obtenção de melhor desempenho produtivo da espécie.(AU)

Criação do camarão Litopenaeus schmitti com diferentes salinidades e níveis de proteina na dieta em sistema de bioflocos / Farming of shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti with different salinities and dietary protein levels in bioflocs system

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of protein levels in the diet, water quality, bioflocs composition and shrimp development of Litopenaeus schmitti reared in different salinities using bioflocs technology (BFT). Juveniles L. schmitii (2.43 ± 0.35 g) were kept in tanks with 400 L (40 shrimps m-²) in three salinities (19, 26 and 33) and fed two commercial diets (30 and 40% crude protein) during a period of 35 days. Among the water quality parameters monitored, concentrations of nitrite were affected by the interaction of factors protein levels in the diet and salinity and by salinity alone (P 0.05). The shrimps development was affected by factors, salinity and protein level of the diet alone (P 0.05). As for dietary protein, the protein efficiency indicated that shrimps used better this nutrient, when they were fed the diet containing 30% protein content (2.23 ± 0.31) compared to 40% (1.87 ± 0.16) (P 0.05). With respect to salinity, the survival of shrimps presented higher value in the superior salinity (P 0.05). Therefore, results showed that themicrobiological composition of bioflocs was affected by factors evaluated and the farming of shrimp L. schmitti with the bioflocs technology, in any one of salinities used, can be performed withsupply the diet with the lowest tested level of protein to obtain better productive performance of the specie.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito de níveis de proteína na dieta sobre a qualidade de água, composição dos bioflocos e o desempenho zootécnico do camarão Litopenaeus schmitti criado em diferentes salinidades utilizando a tecnologia de bioflocos. Juvenis de L. schmitii (2,43 ± 0,35 g) foram mantidos em tanques com 400 L (40 camarões m-²) em três salinidades (19, 26 e 33) e alimentados com duas dietas comerciais (30 e 40% de proteína bruta), durante um período de 35 dias. Entre os parâmetros de qualidade de água monitorados, as concentrações de nitrito foram afetadas pela interação dos fatores salinidade e nível proteico da dieta, e pela salinidade, isoladamente (P 0,05). O desempenho zootécnico dos camarões foi afetado apenas pelos fatores, salinidade e proteína da dieta, isoladamente (P 0,05). Quanto à proteína da dieta, a eficiência proteica indicou que os camarões utilizaram melhor este nutriente quando foram alimentados com a ração contendo teor proteico de 30% (2,23 ± 0,31) em relação a de 40% (1,87 ± 0,16) (P 0,05). Com relação à salinidade, a sobrevivência dos camarões apresentou valor mais elevado na maior salinidade (P 0,05). Contudo, os resultados demonstram que a composição microbiológica dosbioflocos foi afetada pelos fatores avaliados e a criação de L. schmitti com a tecnologia de bioflocos, em qualquer uma das salinidades utilizadas, pode ser realizada com o fornecimento de dieta com o menor nível proteico, para obtenção de melhor desempenho produtivo da espécie.

Efecto combinado de temperatura y salinidad en el consumo de oxígeno en postlarvas de camarón blanco Litopenaeu vannamei / Combined effect of temperature and salinity on oxygen consumption on white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae / Efeito combinado de temperatura e salinidade no consumo de oxigênio de póslarvas de camarao branco Litopenaeus vannamei

El objetivo fue analizar el efecto combinado de temperatura y salinidad sobre el consumo de oxígeno en postlarvas (PL12) de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei. Se realizaron cinco experimentos en combinación de temperatura (15, 20, 25, 30 y 35 °C) y salinidad (5, 15, 25, 35 y45 ups). Por cada temperatura se utilizaron en total 125 botellas DBO de 300 mL, de las cuales, 100 correspondieron a los tratamientos (temperatura x salinidad) con 20 postlarvas cada una, 20 botellas a los blancos (sin postlarvas) y las 5 restantes como iniciales. Las botellas se mantuvieron en agua recirculando con temperatura controlada dentro de cinco tinas de fibra de vidrio (124X60X19 cm). Se realizaron cuatro lecturas del consumo de oxígeno para un tiempo transcurrido de 1, 2, 4 y 8 h. Ala primera hora, se obtuvieron 35 lecturas del consumo (25 tratamientos [con postlarvas], 5 blancos y 5 iniciales). A las 2 h, correspondieron a 30 botellas (25 con postlarvas y 5 blancos), e igualmente a las 4 y 8 h. Se obtuvo los mayores consumos de oxígeno a una mayor temperatura y salinidad, aunque, los máximos fueron 14.36 (35 °C, 25 ups) y 13.52 (30 °C, 45 ups) µg L-1 h-1 PL y el mínimo en 0.07 (20 °C, 5 ups) µg L-1 h-1 PL. La temperatura, salinidad y su interacción fueron significativas (P<0.05) sobre el consumo de oxígeno. Los mejores consumos de oxígeno en las postlarvas de L. vannamei fueron en temperatura de 25 a 30 °C y salinidad entre 15 y 25 ups.

The aim was evaluated the combined effect of temperature and salinity on consumption oxygen in postlarvae (PL12) white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. There were realized five experiments in combination of temperature (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ºC) and salinity (5, 15, 25, 35 y 45 psu). There were used for each experiment 125 bottles DBO of 300 mL, of which, 100 corresponded to the treatments (temperature x salinity) with 20 postlarvae, 20 to the whites (without postlarvae) and 5 were considered to be initial. The bottles were kept in water re-circulating with temperature controlled inside of five reservoir of glass fiber. There were realized four readings of the consumption of oxygen for a time of 1, 2, 4 and 8 h. In the first hour, there were obtained 35 readings of the consumption (25 treatments [with postlarvae], 5 whites and 5 initials). At 2 h, corresponded to 30 bottles (25 with postlarvae and 5 whites), and equally at after 4 y 8 h. The high consumption oxygen were obtained to a highest salinity and temperature, though the maximum was 14.36 (35 °C, 25 psu) and 13.52 (30 °C, 45 psu) µg L-1 h-1 PL and the minim in 0.07 (20 °C, 5 psu) µg L-1 h-1 PL. The oxygen consumption were significantly (P<0.05) affected by temperature, salinity and interaction of both factors. Whereas at 25 and 30 °C and 15 and 25 psu, showed the best oxygen consumption.

O objetivo foi analisar o efeito combinado de temperatura e salinidade sobre o consumo de oxigênio em póslarvas (PL12) de camarão branco Litopenaeus vannamei. Realizaram-se cinco experimentos em combinação de temperatura (15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC) e salinidade (5, 15, 25, 35 e 45 ups). Para cada experimento foram utilizadas, no total, 125 garrafas de DBO de 300 mL, das quais 100 corresponderam aos tratamentos (temperatura x salinidade), com 20 pós-larvas cada uma, 20 garrafas como controle (sem pós-larvas) e as 5 restantes, como iniciais. As garrafas mantiveram-se em água recirculando com temperatura controlada dentro de cinco tinas de fibra de vidro (124X60X19 cm). Realizaram-se quatro leituras do consumo de oxigênio para um tempo decorrido de 1, 2, 4 e 8 h. À primeira hora, obtiveram-se 35 leituras do consumo (25 para os tratamentos [com póslarvas], 5 brancos e 5 iniciais). Às 2 h, as leituras corresponderam a 30 garrafas (25 com pós-larvas e 5 brancos), e igualmente às 4 e 8 h. Os maiores consumos de oxigênio foram obtidos na maior temperatura e salinidade, sendo que os máximos foram 14,36 (35 °C, 25 ups) e 13,52 (30 °C, 45 ups) µg L-1 h-1 PL e o mínimo 0,07 (20 °C, 5 ups) µg L-1 h-1 PL. A temperatura,salinidade e sua interação foram significativas (P<0.05) sobre o consumo de oxigênio. Os melhores consumos de oxigênio nas pós-larvas de L. vannamei foram a temperaturas de 25 e 30 °C e salinidadde 15 e 25 ups.