Association of increased abdominal adiposity at birth with altered ventral caudate microstructure.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal adiposity is associated with a higher risk of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in later life. It is however unknown if central food intake regulating networks in the ventral striatum are altered with in-utero abdominal growth, indexed by neonatal adiposity in our current study. We aim to examine the relationship between striatal microstructure and abdominal adipose tissue compartments (AATCs) in Asian neonates from the Growing Up in Singapore Toward healthy Outcomes mother-offspring cohort. STUDY DESIGN: About 109 neonates were included in this study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed for the brain and abdominal regions between 5 to 17 days of life. Diffusion-weighted imaging of the brain was performed for the derivation of caudate and putamen fractional anisotropy (FA). Abdominal imaging was performed to quantify AATCs namely superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue (sSAT), deep subcutaneous adipose tissue (dSAT), and internal adipose tissue (IAT). Absolute and percentage adipose tissue of total abdominal volume (TAV) were calculated. RESULTS: We showed that AATCs at birth were significantly associated with increased FA in bilateral ventral caudate heads which are part of the ventral striatum (sSAT: ßleft = 0.56, p < 0.001; ßright = 0.65, p < 0.001, dSAT: ßleft = 0.43, p < 0.001; ßright = 0.52, p < 0.001, IAT: ßleft = 0.30, p = 0.005; ßright = 0.32, p = 0.002) in neonates with low birth weights adjusted for gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides preliminary evidence of a potential relationship between neonatal adiposity and in-utero programming of the ventral striatum, a brain structure that governs feeding behavior.

Polygenic risk for neuropsychiatric disease and vulnerability to abnormal deep grey matter development.

Neuropsychiatric disease has polygenic determinants but is often precipitated by environmental pressures, including adverse perinatal events. However, the way in which genetic vulnerability and early-life adversity interact remains obscure. We hypothesised that the extreme environmental stress of prematurity would promote neuroanatomic abnormality in individuals genetically vulnerable to psychiatric disorders. In 194 unrelated infants (104 males, 90 females), born before 33 weeks of gestation (mean gestational age 29.7 weeks), we combined Magnetic Resonance Imaging with a polygenic risk score (PRS) for five psychiatric pathologies to test the prediction that: deep grey matter abnormalities frequently seen in preterm infants are associated with increased polygenic risk for psychiatric illness. The variance explained by the PRS in the relative volumes of four deep grey matter structures (caudate nucleus, thalamus, subthalamic nucleus and lentiform nucleus) was estimated using linear regression both for the full, mixed ancestral, cohort and a subsample of European infants. Psychiatric PRS was negatively associated with lentiform volume in the full cohort (ß = -0.24, p = 8 × 10-4) and a European subsample (ß = -0.24, p = 8 × 10-3). Genetic variants associated with neuropsychiatric disease increase vulnerability to abnormal lentiform development after perinatal stress and are associated with neuroanatomic changes in the perinatal period.

Aportaciones de la resonancia magnética estructural al esclarecimiento de la neurobiología del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: hacia la identificación de un fenotipo neuroanatómico / Structural magnetic resonance imaging findings as and aid to explain the neurobiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Towards the identification of a neuroantomical phenotype

Introducción. El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno psiquiátrico altamente prevalente en la infancia. Desde principios de los años noventa, la resonancia magnética estructural (RMe) se ha empleado en el estudio de la neurobiología del TDAH. Objetivos. Resumir y analizar los principales hallazgos comunicados en los estudios por RMe en el TDAH. Desarrollo. Se realizó una búsqueda en Medline de artículos científicos aparecidos entre los años 1990 y 2006, ambos inclusive, en los que se examina la neuroanatomía del TDAH por RMe. Las regiones de interés más profusamente exploradas han sido los lóbulos frontales y los núcleos caudados, los loci neuroanatómicos de las principales teorías neuropsicológicas del TDAH en los años noventa. En los lóbulos frontales, el hallazgo positivo más replicado es la disminución volumétrica de la región prefrontal derecha (cinco estudios). El hallazgo negativo más frecuente (cinco estudios) es la normalidad volumétrica del lóbulo frontal izquierdo. El volumen del núcleo caudado derecho parece disminuido en casi todos los estudios (cuatro de cinco) con muestras superiores a 30. De las regiones de interés no integrantes de los circuitos frontoestriados, el volumen cerebral total (disminuido en 9 de 17 estudios) y variables morfométricas del cuerpo calloso y del cerebelo acumulan los principales hallazgos positivos. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos apoyan la implicación frontoestriatal derecha en la neurobiología del TDAH. La heterogeneidad intrínseca del TDAH, así como factores artefactuales muestrales y metodológicos, serían la principal explicación de las discrepancias (AU)

Introduction. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent mental disorder in childhood. From the nineties, structural MRI has been used in the study of the neurobiological bases of ADHD. Aims. To summarize and to analyze the main findings reported in the structural MRI studies of ADHD. Development. A Medline search of MRI studies examining ADHD neuroanatomy from 1990 until 2006 was conducted. Most of the reviewed articles carried out morphometric analysis of selected regions of interest. The more thoroughly examined regions of interest were the frontal lobes and the caudate nuclei. The most replicated positive finding was the decreased volume of the right prefrontal region (5 studies). The most replicated negative finding (5 studies) was the normal volume of the left prefrontal region. The right caudate nucleus was reported to be diminished in almost all the studies (4 out of 5) with a sample size equal or greater than 30. Among the regions of interest not pertaining to the fronto-striatal circuits, the total brain volume (9 out of 17) and morphometric variables associated to corpus callosum and cerebellum encompass most of the positive findings. Conclusion. These findings support the nvolvement of the right fronto-striatal circuit in the neurobiology of ADHD. The diminished right caudate nucleus volume could be a fenotypical trait of pediatric ADHD. The intrinsic heterogeneity of ADHD and methodological issues are the main factors accounting for the observed discrepancies. (AU)

Differential abnormalities of the head and body of the caudate nucleus in attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.

The aim of the study is to present a new method for the segmentation of the caudate nucleus and use it to compare the caudate heads and bodies of an attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) group with those of a control group. We used a 1.5-T system to acquire magnetic resonance brain scans from 39 children with ADHD, as defined by DSM-IV TR, and 39 age, handedness and IQ matched controls. The new method for caudate head and body segmentation was applied to obtain semi-automatic volumes and asymmetric patterns. Bilateral volumetric measures of the head, body, and head-body of the caudate nuclei were compared within groups and between ADHD and control groups. Although the group factor was not significant, there were first and second order interactions. The analysis of simple effects showed that the right body and right head+body of the ADHD group was significantly smaller than in the control group, although the ADHD right caudate head was bigger. No ADHD within-group caudate differences were found. Controls showed a significantly larger left caudate head and a significantly bigger caudate right body and right head+body. Our new method for segmenting the caudate nucleus detected differential abnormalities of the right caudate head and body in the ADHD group, explaining previous heterogeneous findings in the literature.

Mega corpus callosum and caudate nuclei with bilateral hippocampal malformation.

A thick corpus callosum is an extremely rare condition with a limited number of reports in the literature. We report an unusual case of a thick corpus callosum and hypertrophic caudate nuclei with abnormal bilateral hippocampal development in a 15-year-old female who had mental and motor retardation.

Basal ganglia shape abnormalities in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients.

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities of basal ganglia structure in schizophrenia have been attributed to the effects of antipsychotic drugs. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that abnormalities of basal ganglia structure are intrinsic features of schizophrenia by assessing basal ganglia volume and shape in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia subjects. METHOD: The study involved 25 pairs of schizophrenia subjects and their unaffected siblings and 40 pairs of healthy control subjects and their siblings. Large-deformation, high-dimensional brain mapping was used to obtain surface representations of the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus. Surfaces were derived from transformations of anatomic templates, and shapes were analyzed using reduced-dimensional measures of surface variability (i.e., principal components and canonical analysis). Canonical functions were derived using schizophrenia and control groups and were then used to compare shapes in the sibling groups. To visualize shape differences, maps of the estimated surface displacement between groups were created. RESULTS: In the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, the degree of shape abnormality observed in the siblings of the schizophrenia subjects was intermediate between the schizophrenia and control subjects. In the schizophrenia subjects, significant correlations were observed between measures of caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus structure and the selected measures of lifetime psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Attenuated abnormalities of basal ganglia structure are present in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia subjects. This finding implies that basal ganglia structural abnormalities observed in subjects with schizophrenia are at least in part an intrinsic feature of the illness.

Asymmetry of basal ganglia in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatry disorder with several key symptoms, such as inattentiveness, impulsivity and hyperactivity. Neuropsychiatry studies have implicated the frontostriatal circuit in the pathological physiology of the disorder. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined the basal ganglia in 13 ADHD patients and eight unaffected comparison children. The volume of caudate, putamen and globus pallidus was measured. In the ADHD patients, we detected an increased left > right asymmetry of the basal ganglia. This reversal of asymmetry in the globus pallidus and caudate nucleus were statistically significant. These finding provide further evidence of morphological brain abnormalities in ADHD.

Shape deformity of the corpus striatum in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Volumetric changes of striatal structures based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been inconsistent in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) due to methodological limitations. The purpose of this study was to investigate shape deformities of the corpus striatum in patients with OCD. We performed 3-D shape deformation analysis of the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus in 36 patients with OCD and 36 healthy normal subjects. Shape analysis showed deformity of the striatal structures, especially the caudate nucleus. Outward deformities in the superior, anterior portion of the bilateral caudate were observed in patients with OCD. In addition, an outward deformity in the inferior, lateral portion of the left putamen was also detected. These results suggest that patients with OCD have shape deformities of the corpus striatum, especially the caudate nucleus, compared with healthy normal subjects, and that shape analysis may provide an important complement to volumetric MRI studies in investigating the pathophysiology of OCD.

The neuroradiological findings of children with developmental language disorder.

PURPOSE: To investigate the general characteristics of glucose metabolism distribution and the functional deficit in the brain of children with developmental language delay (DLD), we compared functional neuroradiological studies such as positron emission tomography (PET) of a patient group of DLD children and a control group of attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen DLD children and 10 ADHD children under 10 years of age were recruited and divided into separate groups consisting of children less than 5 years of age or between 5 and 10 years of age. The PET findings of 4 DLD children and 6 control children whose ages ranged from 5 to 10 years were compared by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) analysis. RESULTS: All of the DLD children revealed grossly normal findings in brain MRIs, however, 87.5% of them showed grossly abnormal findings in their PET studies. Abnormal findings were most frequent in the thalamus. The patient group showed significantly decreased glucose metabolism in both frontal, temporal and right parietal areas (p < 0.005) and significantly increased metabolism in both occipital areas (p < 0.05) as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that DLD children may show abnormal findings on functional neuroradiological studies, even though structural neuroradiological studies such as a brain MRI do not show any abnormal findings. Frequent abnormal findings on functional neuroradiological studies of DLD children, especially in the subcortical area, suggests that further research with quantitative assessments of functional neuroradiological studies recruiting more DLD children and age-matched normal controls could be helpful for understanding the pathophysiology of DLD and other disorders confined to the developmental disorder spectrum.

Basal ganglia volumes in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after short-term treatment with either a typical or an atypical antipsychotic drug.

The present study examined basal ganglia volumes in drug-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients before and after treatment with either a specific typical or atypical antipsychotic compound. Sixteen antipsychotic drug-naive and three minimally medicated first-episode schizophrenic patients and 19 matched controls participated. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with either low doses of the typical antipsychotic drug, zuclopenthixol, or the atypical compound, risperidone. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained in patients before and after 12 weeks of exposure to medication and in controls at baseline. Caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and putamen volumes were measured. Compared with controls, absolute volumes of interest (VOIs) were smaller in patients at baseline and increased after treatment. However, with controls for age, gender and whole brain or intracranial volume, the only significant difference between patients and controls was a Hemisphere x Group interaction for the caudate nucleus at baseline, with controls having larger left than right caudate nuclei and patients having marginally larger right than left caudate volumes. Within patients, the two medication groups did not differ significantly with respect to volume changes after 3 months of low dose treatment in any of the VOIs. Nevertheless, when medication groups were examined separately, a significant volume increase in the putamen was evidenced in the risperidone group. The altered asymmetry in caudate volume in patients suggests intrinsic basal ganglia pathology in schizophrenia, most likely of neurodevelopmental origin.

Validity of large-deformation high dimensional brain mapping of the basal ganglia in adults with Tourette syndrome.

The basal ganglia and thalamus may play a critical role for behavioral inhibition mediated by prefrontal, parietal, temporal, and cingulate cortices. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop with projections from frontal cortex to striatum, then to globus pallidus or to substantia nigra pars reticulata, to thalamus and back to cortex, provides the anatomical substrate for this function. In-vivo neuroimaging studies have reported reduced volumes in the thalamus and basal ganglia in individuals with Tourette Syndrome (TS) when compared with healthy controls. However, patterns of neuroanatomical shape that may be associated with these volume differences have not yet been consistently characterized. Tools are being developed at a rapid pace within the emerging field of computational anatomy that allow for the precise analysis of neuroanatomical shape derived from magnetic resonance (MR) images, and give us the ability to characterize subtle abnormalities of brain structures that were previously undetectable. In this study, T1-weighted MR scans were collected in 15 neuroleptic-naïve adults with TS or chronic motor tics and 15 healthy, tic-free adult subjects matched for age, gender and handedness. We demonstrated the validity and reliability of large-deformation high dimensional brain mapping (HDBM-LD) as a tool to characterize the basal ganglia (caudate, globus pallidus and putamen) and thalamus. We found no significant volume or shape differences in any of the structures in this small sample of subjects.

The Neuroradiological Findings of Children with Developmental Language Disorder

PURPOSE: To investigate the general characteristics of glucose metabolism distribution and the functional deficit in the brain of children with developmental language delay (DLD), we compared functional neuroradiological studies such as positron emission tomography (PET) of a patient group of DLD children and a control group of attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen DLD children and 10 ADHD children under 10 years of age were recruited and divided into separate groups consisting of children less than 5 years of age or between 5 and 10 years of age. The PET findings of 4 DLD children and 6 control children whose ages ranged from 5 to 10 years were compared by Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) analysis. RESULTS: All of the DLD children revealed grossly normal findings in brain MRIs, however, 87.5% of them showed grossly abnormal findings in their PET studies. Abnormal findings were most frequent in the thalamus. The patient group showed significantly decreased glucose metabolism in both frontal, temporal and right parietal areas (p < 0.005) and significantly increased metabolism in both occipital areas (p < 0.05) as compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that DLD children may show abnormal findings on functional neuroradiological studies, even though structural neuroradiological studies such as a brain MRI do not show any abnormal findings. Frequent abnormal findings on functional neuroradiological studies of DLD children, especially in the subcortical area, suggests that further research with quantitative assessments of functional neuroradiological studies recruiting more DLD children and age-matched normal controls could be helpful for understanding the pathophysiology of DLD and other disorders confined to the developmental disorder spectrum.

Caudate volumes in childhood predict symptom severity in adults with Tourette syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Most children with Tourette syndrome (TS) experience a marked decline in the severity of tic symptoms during adolescence. Currently no clinical measures can predict whose tic symptoms will persist into adulthood. Previous cross-sectional imaging studies have identified reduced caudate nucleus volumes in subjects with TS. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether caudate nucleus volumes in childhood can predict the severity of tic or obsessive-compulsive symptoms at follow-up in early adulthood. METHODS: In a prospective longitudinal study, clinical status and basal ganglia volumes of 43 children with TS were measured on high-resolution magnetic resonance images before age 14 years. Follow-up clinical assessments were conducted after age 16 years, an average of 7.5 years later. Linear regression and Tobit regression analyses were used to assess the association of basal ganglia volumes measured in childhood with the severity of tic and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms at the time of childhood MRI and at follow-up in early adulthood. RESULTS: Volumes of the caudate nucleus correlated significantly and inversely with the severity of tic and OCD symptoms in early adulthood. Caudate volumes did not correlate with the severity of symptoms at the time of the MRI scan. CONCLUSIONS: Caudate volumes in children with Tourette syndrome predict the severity of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in early adulthood. This study provides compelling evidence that morphologic disturbances of the caudate nucleus within cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits are central to the persistence of both tics and obsessive-compulsive symptoms into adulthood.

Volume increases in striatum associated with positive symptom reduction in schizophrenia: a preliminary observation.

Eleven drug-free patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia who were in a period of psychotic exacerbation were treated with antipsychotics for 4 weeks. To evaluate treatment-associated changes in the basal ganglia and in psychotic symptomatology, the patients were studied with magnetic resonance imaging and with the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms. Serial assessments of striatal volumes and psychotic symptoms were performed at baseline and at 4 weeks of treatment; dual assessments of striatal volumes were also performed in 11 untreated normal controls. Patients and controls did not differ in striatal volumes at baseline, but the patients demonstrated a significant posttreatment increase in striatal tissues (caudate-putamen). An increase in left striatum was not associated with drug treatment itself, but with a reduction of positive symptoms.

Developmental abnormalities in striatum in young bipolar patients: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVES: Anatomical abnormalities in the basal ganglia of adult mood disorder patients have been reported. To investigate whether these abnormalities are present early in illness course, we compared the volume of striatal structures in young bipolar patients and healthy controls. METHODS: Brain magnetic resonance images of 15 children and adolescents who met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorders and 21 healthy controls were obtained. Measurements were performed manually, by trained evaluators, who were blind to subjects' diagnosis. The volumes of caudate and putamen were compared in patients and controls. RESULTS: The volumes of striatal structures were not significantly different in patients and controls (ANCOVA, p > 0.05). However, we found a significant inverse relationship between age and the volumes of left caudate (r = -0.72, p < 0.01), right caudate (r = -0.66, p = 0.02) and left putamen (r = -0.71, p = 0.01) in bipolar patients, not present in healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Abnormalities in striatal development may be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.

A manual and automated MRI study of anterior cingulate and orbito-frontal cortices, and caudate nucleus in obsessive-compulsive disorder: comparison with healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia.

Functional imaging and neuropsychological data suggest that interconnected brain structures including the orbito-frontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and caudate nucleus (CN) are involved in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but structural imaging studies investigating these regions have yielded inconclusive results. This may be due to inconsistencies in the identification of anatomical boundaries and methodologies utilised (i.e. automated vs. manual tracing). This magnetic resonance imaging study used manual tracing to measure volumes of selected brain regions (OFC, ACC and CN) in OCD patients and compared them with samples of healthy (HC) and psychiatric (schizophrenia; SCZ) controls (n=18 in each group). Concurrently, automated voxel-based analysis was also used to detect subtle differences in cerebral grey and white matter. For the OCD vs. HC comparison, there were no significant volumetric differences detected using the manual or the automated method (although the latter revealed a deficit in the subcortical white matter of the right temporal region). A direct comparison of the two patient groups showed no significant differences using the manual method. However, a moderate effect size was detected for OFC grey matter (reduced in SCZ), which was supported by findings of reduced OFC volume in the automated analysis. Automated analyses also showed reduced volumes in the dorsal (white matter) and ventral ACC (grey and white matter), as well as the left posterior cingulate (grey and white matter) in SCZ. The findings suggest that in contrast to findings in SCZ, there are very few (if any) gross structural anomalies in OCD.

MRI-based morphometric of typical and atypical brain development.

The neuroinformatics landscape in which human brain morphometry occurs has advanced dramatically over the past few years. Rapid advancement in image acquisition methods, image analysis tools and interpretation of morphometric results make the study of in vivo anatomic analysis both challenging and rewarding. This has revolutionized our expectations for current and future diagnostic and investigative work with the developing brain. This paper will briefly cover the methods of morphometric analysis available for neuroanatomic analysis, and tour some sample results from a prototype retrospective database of neuroanatomic volumetric information. From these observations, issues regarding the anatomic variability of developmental maturation of neuroanatomic structures in both typically and atypically developing populations can be discussed.

Neuroimaging communality between schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder: a putative basis for schizo-obsessive disorder?

Four major brain regions have been repeatedly implicated in the pathophysiology of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in in vivo neuroimaging studies: the caudate nucleus, the orbitofrontal cortex, the anterior cingulate gyrus and the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus. The present review describes the neuroimaging studies on schizophrenia, pertaining to these brain regions. Our working hypothesis is that such common brain regions, if dysfunctional in schizophrenic patients, would be candidates for a neural network subserving the newly emerging syndrome of schizo-obsessive disorder. Findings, though, are controversial. We conclude that further studies, aimed at specific monitoring of these brain regions, in patients suffering from the schizo-obsessive syndrome are warranted.

Unilateral absence of the basal ganglia plus epilepsy without motor symptoms.

A patient with absence of the basal ganglia and refractory epilepsy without impairment of pyramidal or extrapyramidal motor function is reported. Imaging findings suggest a vascular insult as etiology. Preserved motor function could be explained by neuronal plasticity involving contralateral corticostriatal and pallidothalamic connections and points to a lesion received in early pregnancy.