Salud comunitaria. Innovando en la formación de residentes de medicina familiar y comunitaria / Community health. Innovating in the training of family and community medicine residents

Objetivo: Conocer las opiniones de los agentes implicados en la formación de residentes de medicina familiar y comunitaria para mejorar el proceso formativo del «Proyecto de Apoyo a la Revitalización de la Atención Primaria; Activos para la Salud Comunitaria» (PARAC) teniendo en cuenta su adecuación, contextualización y las metodologías utilizadas.Método: Estudio cualitativo interpretativo-explicativo de orientación fenomenológica, multinivel y multicéntrico, en el que se analiza la opinión de las personas participantes. Entre 2018 y 2020 se realizaron 12 grupos focales y 24 entrevistas semiestructuradas, participando 67 profesionales pertenecientes a seis distritos sanitarios de Andalucía, que estuvieron implicados/as en el proceso formativo PARAC.Resultados: Las personas participantes consideran necesario ampliar la formación en salud comunitaria de los/las residentes. Para ello, creen necesario realizar cambios en el plan formativo de la especialidad, otorgando mayor protagonismo a la atención primaria de salud que a las rotaciones hospitalarias. Valoran positivamente las metodologías utilizadas en el proceso formativo PARAC, que consideran «novedosas», y la elección de docentes jóvenes que sirvan como referentes. Para que sus intervenciones en el territorio se realicen con calidad y seguridad para la población, piden que se garanticen unos tiempos y unos espacios específicos para la salud comunitaria, así como una adecuada supervisión que ayude a asegurar la coherencia y la continuidad de sus intervenciones.Conclusiones: La formación en salud comunitaria de los/las residentes de medicina familiar y comunitaria requiere un esfuerzo pedagógico, didáctico y curricular que los/las prepare para el trabajo con la comunidad, así como la garantía de unas condiciones organizativas que permitan este trabajo.(AU)

Objective: To know the opinions of the agents involved in the training of family and community medicine residents in order to improve the training process of the «Project to Support the Revitalization of Primary Care; Assets for Community Health» (PARAC) taking into account its adequacy, contextualization and the methodologies used.Method: Qualitative interpretative-explanatory study of phenomenological orientation, multilevel and multicenter, in which the opinion of the participants is analyzed. Between 2018 and 2020, 12 focus groups and 24 semi-structured interviews were carried out, with the participation of sixty-seven professionals from six health districts of Andalusia (Spain), who were involved in the PARAC training process.Results: The participants consider it necessary to broaden training in community health for residents. To this end, they consider it necessary to make changes in the training plan of the specialty, giving more importance to primary health care than to hospital rotations. They value positively the methodologies used in the PARAC training process, which they consider «novel», and the choice of young teachers to serve as references. In order for their interventions in the territory to be carried out with quality and safety for the population, they ask that specific times and spaces be guaranteed for community health, as well as adequate supervision to help ensure the coherence and continuity of their interventions.Conclusions: Training in community health for family and community medicine residents requires a pedagogical, didactic and curricular effort that prepares them for work with the community, as well as the guarantee of organizational conditions that allow this work.(AU)

La soledad como determinante de salud en las personas mayores de 60 años en un entorno semirrural / Loneliness as a determinant of health in people over 60 in a semi-rural environment

La soledad es un fenómeno emergente relacionado con la pérdida funcional de las capacidades básicas (ABVD), el riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades y el aumento de la morbimortalidad. Objetivo principal: describir la prevalencia del sentimiento de soledad en las personas > 60 años de un entorno semirrural. Objetivos secundarios: estudiar la relación de la soledad con factores personales y uso de los servicios médicos. Estudio transversal en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria. Población de estudio: personas entre 60 y 85 años usuarias del Centre d'Atenció Primaria Palafrugell. La variable principal es la soledad medida con una escala validada en España (Escala De Jong y Gierveld de 11 ítems [DJGS-11]). Se pasó la escala a los usuarios del centro de salud mediante entrevista telefónica. Obtuvimos una muestra aleatoria de 149 pacientes estratificada por edad y sexo. El 54,4% de las personas estudiadas se sienten solas en Palafrugell. Existe más riesgo de probabilidad (RP) de sentirse solo entre las personas de 71-85 años que entre las de 60-70 años (p > 0,05; RP = 1,41), entre aquellos que tienen una mala percepción de la salud (p < 0,05; RP = 1,65), viven solos (p < 0,05, RP = 1,48) y no tienen carné de conducir (p < 0,05; RP = 1,48). Las personas solas visitan el doble las urgencias hospitalarias (p < 0,05; RP = 1,98). La soledad es un determinante de salud importante en la población anciana, ya que una de cada dos de estas personas experimenta soledad. Se han observado tendencias como la relación entre soledad y uso de los servicios sanitarios, pero son necesarios más estudios en esta dirección

Loneliness is an emergent social phenomenon related to a loss of basic activities of daily living (Barthel Index), increased risk of developing disease as well as morbidity and mortality rate. The main objective was to report the prevalence of loneliness in elderly people (> 60 years old) in a non-urban setting. The secondary objective was to study the relationship between personal factors and use of health services. We performed a transversal study in the scope of primary care. People aged 60 to 85 years old and users of the Primary Health Care Centre from Palafrugell were included. The De Jong and Gierveld 11-item scale was used to determine loneliness by phone interview. We obtained a random sample of 149 patients which was stratified by age and sex. The prevalence of loneliness in Palafrugell is 54,4%. There is a higher risk of feeling lonely in those people aged 71-85 years old compared to those aged 60-70 years old (p > 0,05; RP = 1,41), those who have a poor perception of one's own state of health (P < 0,05; RP = 1,65), those who live alone (p < 0,05; RP = 1,48) and do not have a driving licence (p < 0,05; RP = 1,48). Lonely people visit the casualty department twice as often (p < 0,05; RP = 1,98). Loneliness is a key health determinant in elderly people and one in two feels lonely. Trends such as the relationship between loneliness and use of health services are observed. However, further studies along these lines are needed

Medicina de familia, la invención colectiva / Family medicine, the collective invention

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Operational and Management Structure of the Jackson Heart Study Community Outreach Center.

The authors identified the key characteristics of the Jackson Heart Study Community Outreach Center as it worked to embed a sustainable, positive impact on the surrounding communities by engaging community partners to facilitate the mission of the Jackson Heart Study. This report provides an overview of the practice and infrastructure.

Advancements and achievements in the Brazilian Federal District public health: an essential contribution by family and community medicine. / Avanços e conquistas na saúde pública do DF, Brasil: uma contribuição essencial da medicina de família e comunidade.

The history of Primary Health Care (PHC) in the Federal District (DF) is as old as the history of the Federative Unit. The history of Family and Community Medicine (MFC), however, is relatively recent, both locally and nationally. This paper proposes to focus on the fundamental contribution of MFC to advances in Public Health in the Federal District, especially in the last 10 years, after the founding of the Family and Community Medicine Association of Brasília (ABMFC). In order to do so, the most relevant historical events and contexts related to Health Care, Management, Social Control and Medical Education - including Undergraduate course and Residency - were documented, which support this position, in parallel with the evolution of the specialty in the Federal District. Therefore, its organization was divided into four historical stages: until 2008, from 2008 to 2011, from 2011 to 2016, and from 2016 to 2018.

A história da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Distrito Federal (DF) é tão antiga quanto a história da unidade federativa. A história da especialidade Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC), porém, é relativamente recente, tanto em âmbito local como nacional. O presente artigo se propõe a focar na fundamental contribuição da MFC para os avanços na Saúde Pública do DF, sobretudo nos últimos 10 anos, após a fundação da Associação Brasiliense de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (ABMFC). Para tanto, foram rememorados os eventos e os contextos históricos mais relevantes, relacionados às áreas de Assistência à Saúde, Gestão, Controle Social e Ensino Médico ­ incluindo Graduação e Residência ­, que embasam essa posição, paralelamente à evolução da própria especialidade no DF. Sua organização foi, portanto, dividida em quatro etapas históricas: até 2008, de 2008 a 2011, de 2011 a 2016, e de 2016 até 2018.

Avanços e conquistas na saúde pública do DF, Brasil: uma contribuição essencial da medicina de família e comunidade / Advancements and achievements in the Brazilian Federal District public health: an essential contribution by family and community medicine

Resumo A história da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no Distrito Federal (DF) é tão antiga quanto a história da unidade federativa. A história da especialidade Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC), porém, é relativamente recente, tanto em âmbito local como nacional. O presente artigo se propõe a focar na fundamental contribuição da MFC para os avanços na Saúde Pública do DF, sobretudo nos últimos 10 anos, após a fundação da Associação Brasiliense de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (ABMFC). Para tanto, foram rememorados os eventos e os contextos históricos mais relevantes, relacionados às áreas de Assistência à Saúde, Gestão, Controle Social e Ensino Médico - incluindo Graduação e Residência -, que embasam essa posição, paralelamente à evolução da própria especialidade no DF. Sua organização foi, portanto, dividida em quatro etapas históricas: até 2008, de 2008 a 2011, de 2011 a 2016, e de 2016 até 2018.

Abstract The history of Primary Health Care (PHC) in the Federal District (DF) is as old as the history of the Federative Unit. The history of Family and Community Medicine (MFC), however, is relatively recent, both locally and nationally. This paper proposes to focus on the fundamental contribution of MFC to advances in Public Health in the Federal District, especially in the last 10 years, after the founding of the Family and Community Medicine Association of Brasília (ABMFC). In order to do so, the most relevant historical events and contexts related to Health Care, Management, Social Control and Medical Education - including Undergraduate course and Residency - were documented, which support this position, in parallel with the evolution of the specialty in the Federal District. Therefore, its organization was divided into four historical stages: until 2008, from 2008 to 2011, from 2011 to 2016, and from 2016 to 2018.

Profiling the best-performing community medicine distributors for mass drug administration: a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of treatment for schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminths in Uganda.

BACKGROUND: The most prevalent neglected tropical diseases are treated through blanket drug distribution that is reliant on lay community medicine distributors (CMDs). Yet, treatment rates achieved by CMDs vary widely and it is not known which CMDs treat the most people. METHODS: In Mayuge District, Uganda, we tracked 6779 individuals (aged 1+ years) in 1238 households across 31 villages. Routine, community-based mass drug administration (MDA) was implemented for schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminths. For each CMD, the percentage of eligible individuals treated (offered and ingested medicines) with at least one drug of praziquantel, albendazole, or ivermectin was examined. CMD attributes (more than 25) were measured, ranging from altruistic tendencies to socioeconomic characteristics to MDA-specific variables. The predictors of treatment rates achieved by CMDs were selected with least absolute shrinkage and selection operators and then analyzed in ordinary least squares regression with standard errors clustered by village. The influences of participant compliance and the ordering of drugs offered also were examined for the treatment rates achieved by CMDs. RESULTS: Overall, only 44.89% (3043/6779) of eligible individuals were treated with at least one drug. Treatment rates varied amongst CMDs from 0% to 84.25%. Treatment rate increases were associated (p value< 0.05) with CMDs who displayed altruistic biases towards their friends (13.88%), had friends who helped with MDA (8.43%), were male (11.96%), worked as fishermen/fishmongers (14.93%), and used protected drinking water sources (13.43%). Only 0.24% (16/6779) of all eligible individuals were noncompliant by refusing to ingest all offered drugs. Distributing praziquantel first was strongly, positively correlated (p value < 0.0001) with treatment rates for albendazole and ivermectin. CONCLUSIONS: These findings profile CMDs who treat the most people during routine MDA. Criteria currently used to select CMDs-community-wide meetings, educational attainment, age, years as a CMD, etc.-were uninformative. Participant noncompliance and the provision of praziquantel before albendazole and ivermectin did not negatively impact treatment rates achieved by CMDs. Engaging CMD friend groups with MDA, selecting CMDs who practise good preventative health behaviours, and including CMDs with high-risk occupations for endemic infections may improve MDA treatment rates. Evidence-based guidelines are needed to improve the monitoring, selection, and replacement of CMDs during MDA.

Competencies necessary for becoming a leader in the field of community medicine: a Japanese qualitative interview study.

OBJECTIVES: To clarify competencies for inclusion in our curriculum that focuses on developing leaders in community medicine. DESIGN: Qualitative interview study. SETTING: All six regions of Japan, including urban and rural areas. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen doctors (male: 18, female: 1) who play an important leadership role in their communities participated in semistructured interviews (mean age 48.3 years, range 34-59; mean years of clinical experience 23.1 years, range 9-31). METHOD: Semistructured interviews were held and transcripts were independently analysed and coded by the first two authors. The third and fourth authors discussed and agreed or disagreed with the results to give a consensus agreement. Doctors were recruited by maximum variation sampling until thematic saturation was achieved. RESULTS: Six themes emerged: (1)'Medical ability': includes psychological issues and difficult cases in addition to basic medical problems. High medical ability gives confidence to other medical professionals. (2)'Long term perspective': the ability to develop a long-term, comprehensive vision and to continuously work to achieve the vision. Cultivation of future generations of doctors is included. (3) 'Team building':the ability to drive forward programmes that include residents and local government workers, to elucidate a vision, to communicate and to accept other medical professionals. (4)'Ability to negotiate': the ability to negotiate with others to ensure that programmes and visions progress smoothly (5) 'Management ability': the ability to run a clinic, medical unit or medical association. (6) 'Enjoying oneself': doctors need to feel an attraction to community medicine, that it be fun and challenging for them. CONCLUSIONS: We found six competencies that are needed by leaders in the field of community medicine. The results of this study will contribute to designing a curriculum that develops such leaders.

Immersion medicine programme for secondary students.

BACKGROUND: Although the proportion of ethnicities representing under-represented minorities in medicine (URM) in the general population has significantly increased, URM enrolment in medical schools within the USA has remained stagnant in recent years. METHODS: This study sought to examine the effect of an immersion in community medicine (ICM) programme on secondary school students' desire to enter the field of medicine and serve their communities. The authors asked all 69 ICM alumni to complete a 14-question survey consisting of six demographic, four programme and four career questions, rated on a Likert scale of 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree), coupled with optional free-text questions. Data were analysed using GraphPad prism and nvivo software. RESULTS: A total of 61 students responded, representing a response rate of 88.4 per cent, with a majority of respondents (73.7%) from URM backgrounds. An overwhelming majority of students agreed (with a Likert rating of 4 or 5) that the ICM programme increased their interest in becoming a physician (n = 56, 91.8%). Students reported shadowing patient-student-physician interactions to be the most useful (n = 60, 98.4%), and indicated that they felt that they would be more likely to lead to serving the local community as part of their future careers (n = 52, 85.3%). Of the students that were eligible to apply to medical school (n = 13), a majority (n = 11, 84.6%) have applied to medical school. URM enrolment in medical schools within the USA has remained stagnant in recent years DISCUSSION: Use of a community medicine immersion programme may help encourage secondary students from URM backgrounds to gain the confidence to pursue a career in medicine and serve their communities. Further examination of these programmes may yield novel insights into recruiting URM students to medicine.

Grant writing: Moving from generating ideas to applying to grants that matter.

There is an extraordinary burden placed upon the healthcare system and people as a result of health disparities that exist within the United States. If there is going to be a concerted effort to develop innovative strategies to reduce health disparities, input from the community and behavioral scientists can and should be included in this approach and narrative. Grant writing provides one vehicle to express the narrative and to provide a means to fund research and programs within clinic-based and community settings. This paper describes a four-step inquiry process to guide healthcare professionals with varying degrees of clinical and scholarship interests through the grant writing process. They include: (1) Why write grants (motivations), (2) what is the area of focus? (Interests), (3) whom should be on the project? (partnerships), and (4) what needs to happen next to move the idea forward? (actions) The complexity of psychosocial issues means that behavioral science is well suited to develop both hypotheses-driven and phenomenological research to understand bio-psycho-social health issues. Grant writing does not need to be mysterious or daunting. It can provide a means to an end, not only to fund research but also as a means to an end of health disparities.

Detección de problemas geriátricos no conocidos en adultos mayores de Nuevo León / Detecting unknown geriatric problems in the elderly of Nuevo León

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Community Paramedicine Initiative: Transforming Paramedicine in British Columbia.

British Columbia's health care system is facing challenges related to rural access to care and an ever increasing demand for services. These variables are compounded by the anticipated needs of an aging population that can expect to live several of their golden years with a chronic illness. The introduction of community paramedicine in BC allows for a care delivery model that expands the role of qualified paramedics to include the delivery of prevention, health promotion and primary care services in the community. The implementation of the Community Paramedicine Initiative in rural and remote BC highlights a transformational approach to health care delivery empowered by a technology enabled perspective of community needs.

Unidades docentes de medicina de familia atrapadas en la red burocrática / Family medicine teaching units, trapped in the net of bureaucracy

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La salud comunitaria en los equipos de atención primaria: objetivo de dirección / Community health in primary health care teams: a management objective

OBJETIVO: Describir el proceso de desarrollo de la salud comunitaria (SC) en un territorio en que la dirección territorial de Atención Primaria decidió incluirla como línea estratégica en su hoja de ruta. DISEÑO: Investigación evaluativa mediante técnicas cualitativas, incluyendo análisis DAFO en SC, en 2 etapas (estudio bietápico). EMPLAZAMIENTO: Equipos de Atención Primaria del Instituto Catalán de la Salud en Barcelona. PARTICIPANTES Y CONTEXTO: El ámbito de estudio son los 24 EAP del Servicio de Atención Primaria Muntanya-Dreta de la ciudad de Barcelona, referentes de un total de 557.430 habitantes, con un total de 904 profesionales. MÉTODO: 1. a fase: constitución de un grupo de trabajo en SC; identificación de los proyectos comunitarios en el territorio con cuestionario ad hoc; análisis DAFO.2. a fase: a partir de las necesidades detectadas en la fase anterior se elaboró un plan de actividades formativas en SC: taller básico, taller avanzado y jornada de intercambio de experiencias en salud comunitaria. RESULTADOS: Ochenta profesionales de los equipos recibieron formación específica en los 4 talleres realizados, uno de ellos de nivel avanzado; se realizaron 2 jornadas de intercambio de experiencias en las que participaron 165 profesionales de los equipos del territorio y en las que se presentaron 22 experiencias locales. De los 24 EAP, 6 han efectuado diagnóstico comunitario en 2013. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque la SC está ciertamente desarrollada en determinadas áreas, dista todavía de tener un papel relevante en el modelo de atención. Su expansión va a depender del soporte directivo, la impronta comunitaria local y el propio EAP

OBJECTIVE: To describe the process of development of community health in a territory where the Primary Health Care board decided to include it in its roadmap as a strategic line. DESIGN: Evaluative research using qualitative techniques, including SWOT analysis on community health. Two-steps study. LOCATION: Primary care teams (PCT) of the Catalan Health Institute in Barcelona city. PARTICIPANTS AND/OR CONTEXT: The 24 PCT belonging to the Muntanya-Dreta Primary Care Service in Barcelona city, with 904 professionals serving 557,430 inhabitants. METHOD: Application of qualitative methodology using SWOT analysis in two steps (two-step study). Step 1: Setting up a core group consisting of local PCT professionals; collecting the community projects across the territory; SWOT analysis. Step 2: From the needs identified in the previous phase, a plan was developed, including a set of training activities in community health: basic, advanced, and a workshop to exchange experiences from the PCTs. RESULTS: A total of 80 team professionals received specific training in the 4 workshops held, one of them an advanced level. Two workshops were held to exchange experiences with 165 representatives from the local teams, and 22 PCTs presenting their practices. In 2013, 6 out of 24 PCTs have had a community diagnosis performed. CONCLUSIONS: Community health has achieved a good level of development in some areas, but this is not the general situation in the health care system. Its progression depends on the management support they have, the local community dynamics, and the scope of the Primary Health Care

Implementación de las Unidades Docentes Multiprofesionales de Atención Familiar y Comunitaria en Cataluña / Implementation of Multiprofessional Teaching Units of Family and Community Care in Catalonia

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Un modo de ayudar al «Sr. Minotauro» y a la «Sra. Ariadna» a salir del laberinto de la multimorbilidad: los «problemas maestros» / A way of helping «Mr. Minotaur» and «Ms. Ariadne» to exit from the multiple morbidity labyrinth: the «master problems»

La multimorbilidad parece «infinita» y así no es operativa para tomar decisiones útiles. Presentamos un nuevo concepto: los «problemas maestros», como método cualitativo para facilitar la salida de este laberinto. Para la enseñanza de este concepto se han usado metáforas basadas en el mundo del arte. Estos «problemas maestros» generalmente permanecen ocultos y solo pueden «desvelarse» entre los intersticios de la multimorbilidad, al fijarnos en los detalles del sistema que define el problema. Un problema con «energía» o «problema maestro» es complejo, múltiple y dramático o teatral -todas las cosas de la historia clínica nos hacen mirar hacia ese punto determinado-; es el que nos da un golpe en la boca del estómago, el que hace que nos lata más rápido el corazón, el que nos conmueve a muchos niveles, el que tiene una gran «densidad de emociones», elementos humanos, símbolos sociales, y nos abre soluciones en un paciente (AU)

Multiple morbidity seems to be 'infinite' and so is not easy to make useful decisions. A new concept is introduced: the 'master problems', as a qualitative method to facilitate the exit from this maze of multiple morbidity. Metaphors from the art world have been used to teach this concept. These 'master problems' generally remain hidden and can only 'unravel' between the interstices of multiple morbidity, when the details of the system that defines the problem are explained. A problem with 'energy' or a 'master problem' is complex, multiple and dramatic or theatrical -everything in the clinical history history make us look into that particular question-. It is what gives us a blow to the stomach, which causes our hearts to beat faster, that moves us on many levels, which has a high 'density of emotions', human elements, social symbols, and opens solutions in a patient (AU)

Cambridge community Optometry Glaucoma Scheme.

BACKGROUND: With a higher life expectancy, there is an increased demand for hospital glaucoma services in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: The Cambridge community Optometry Glaucoma Scheme (COGS) was initiated in 2010, where new referrals for suspected glaucoma are evaluated by community optometrists with a special interest in glaucoma, with virtual electronic review and validation by a consultant ophthalmologist with special interest in glaucoma. PARTICIPANTS: 1733 patients were evaluated by this scheme between 2010 and 2013. METHODS: Clinical assessment is performed by the optometrist at a remote site. Goldmann applanation tonometry, pachymetry, monoscopic colour optic disc photographs and automated Humphrey visual field testing are performed. A clinical decision is made as to whether a patient has glaucoma or is a suspect, and referred on or discharged as a false positive referral. The clinical findings, optic disc photographs and visual field test results are transmitted electronically for virtual review by a consultant ophthalmologist. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of false positive referrals from initial referral into the scheme. RESULTS: Of the patients, 46.6% were discharged at assessment and a further 5.7% were discharged following virtual review. Of the patients initially discharged, 2.8% were recalled following virtual review. Following assessment at the hospital, a further 10.5% were discharged after a single visit. CONCLUSIONS: The COGS community-based glaucoma screening programme is a safe and effective way of evaluating glaucoma referrals in the community and reducing false-positive referrals for glaucoma into the hospital system.