Comparison of 1-Repetition-Maximum Performance Across 3 Weightlifting Overhead Pressing Exercises and Sport Groups.

OBJECTIVE: To (1) compare the 1-repetition-maximum (1RM) performance between the push press, push jerk, and split jerk and (2) explore these differences between weightlifters, CrossFit athletes, and a mixed group of athletes. METHODS: Forty-six resistance-trained males (age 28.8 [6.4] y; height 180.0 [6.0] cm; body mass 84.1 [10.2] kg; weightlifting training experience 3.64 [3.14] y) participated in this study. The 1RM performance of the push press, push jerk, and split jerk was assessed during the same session in a sequential order (ie, combined 1RM assessment method). Thirty-six participants were retested to determine between-sessions reliability of the 1RM values. RESULTS: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) showed a high between-sessions reliability for the push press (ICC = .98; 95% CI, .95-.99), push jerk (ICC = .99; 95% CI, .98-1.00), and split jerk (ICC = .99; 95% CI, .98-1.00). There was a significant main effect of exercise (η2 = .101) and exercise × group interaction (η2 = .012) on 1RM performance (P < .001), whereas the main effect of group did not reach statistical significance (P = .175). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that the weightlifting overhead press derivatives affect 1RM performance. In addition, the interaction of exercise and sport group was caused by the higher differences in 1RM performance between exercises for weightlifters compared with CrossFit and a mixed group of athletes. Therefore, strength and conditioning professionals should be aware that the differences in 1RM performance between weightlifting overhead-press derivatives may be affected by sport group.

Recomendación de ejercicio físico en casa en periodo de pandemia de COVID-19 / Recommendation of physical exercise at home in a COVID-19 pandemic period

No disponible

Effect of strength training on body composition, strength and aerobic capacity of Brazilians adolescents’ handball players related with peak growth rate / Efecto del entrenamiento de la fuerza sobre la composición corporal, fuerza y capacidad aeróbica de los jugadores adolescentes de balonmano brasileños relacionados con el pico de crecimiento

Objective: During adolescence are expected significant increases in growth rate, strength and body proportions. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in strength, body composition and aerobic capacity after a strength training during different peak growth rate periods in adolescent handball players. Material and method: Twenty-five male adolescents’ handball players performed a strength-training program for 8 weeks. The body fat percentage was estimated by Slaughter equation, and the Peak Growth Rate (PGR) defined as: 1= before peak, 2= within peak; 3= after peak. The repetition maximal test (1RM) was performance for upper (bench press) and lower-body strength (leg press). Analyze of variance and post-hoc was computed to determine differences between PGR groups, strength and aerobic capacity. Results: No significant changes in body composition were found following after the strength-training program. Upper-body strength increased (Δ = 26.3%) in the PGR 1 significantly compared to PGR 3 (Δ = 13.4%) (p < 0.05). No significant changes were found between the PGR groups 1, 2 and 3 on aerobic capacity (Δ = 2.9%, 3.4% and 3.8%, respectively) and lower-body strength raise (Δ = 11.3%, 19.0% and 15.2%, respectively) after training program in all groups. Conclusions: Changes in body composition were observed between PGR. Aerobic capacity and strength do not differ between limbs at early and average PGR. Increased VO2max, upper and lower-body strength was found in late PGR group in handball players following 8 weeks of strength training

Objetivo: Durante la adolescencia se esperan aumentos significativos en la tasa de crecimiento, la fuerza y proporciones corporales. El propósito de este estudio fue examinar los cambios en la fuerza, la composición corporal y la capacidad aeróbica posteriores a un programa de entrenamiento de la fuerza durante diferentes períodos de la tasa de crecimiento pico en jugadores de balonmano adolescentes. Material y método: Veinticinco adolescentes, jugadores de balonmano masculinos, realizaron un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza durante 8 semanas. Se calculó el porcentaje de grasa corporal por la ecuación de Slaughter y la tasa de crecimiento pico (TCP) se definió como: 1 = pre-pico, 2= pico y 3 = post-pico. Se realizó la prueba de una repetición máxima (1RM) en los miembros superiores (press de banca) e inferiores (press de piernas). Se usaron pruebas de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y los respectivos post hoc para determinar las diferencias entre los grupos de TCP para las variables de fuerza y capacidad aeróbica. Resultados: No hubo cambios significativos en la composición corporal después del programa de entrenamiento. La fuerza en los miembros superiores aumentó (Δ% = 26.3) significativamente en el grupo de TCP1 en comparación con el grupo TCP3 (Δ% = 13,4) (p < 0,05). No hubo cambios significativos entre los grupos de TCP1, 2 y 3 en la capacidad aeróbica (Δ% = 2,9, 3,4 y 3,8, respectivamente) ni en la fuerza de las extremidades inferiores (Δ% = 11,3, 19,0 and 15,2, respectivamente) después del programa de entrenamiento. Conclusiones: No se encontraron cambios en la composición corporal y la capacidad aeróbica entre los grupos de TCP. La capacidad aeróbica y la fuerza en los miembros superiores e inferiores no fue diferente en los grupos de TCP. En el grupo de jugadores de balonmano TCP3 se encontraron aumentos en VO2máx y en la fuerza del tren inferior después de 8 semanas de entrenamiento de la fuerza

Comparison of muscle activity and tissue oxygenation during strength training protocols that differ by their organisation, rest interval between sets, and volume.

PURPOSE: The acute effects of a single training session on muscle activity and oxygenation were compared between a new strength training method (3/7 protocol) and a more classical method (4 × 6 and 8 × 6 protocols). METHOD: All protocols consisted of lifting and lowering a load (70 % 1RM) with the elbow-flexor muscles. The 3/7 protocol involved 5 sets of increasing number of repetitions during successive sets (from 3 to 7 repetitions), and brief rest interval between sets (15 s). The other two protocols consisted of either 4 or 8 sets of 6 repetitions with a rest interval between sets of 2.5 min. Surface electromyogram (EMG) of biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii, and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) of the two elbow flexors were recorded. RESULT: For all muscles, EMG increased similarly (50-60 %) during each set in the 4 × 6 and 8 × 6 protocols but gradually during the successive sets in the 3/7 protocol. At protocol completion, EMG reached greater value (p < 0.003) in the 3/7 protocol. TOI decreased during each set in all protocols but contrary to 4 × 6 and 8 × 6 protocols, it did not return to resting values between sets in the 3/7 protocol. The deficit in TOI per repetition was greater (p < 0.001) in the 3/7 (-142.5 ± 48.8 %) than 4 × 6 (-113.1 ± 48.8 %) and 8 × 6 (-105.9 ± 59.2 %) protocols for biceps brachii but not brachioradialis. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that brief rest interval between sets and incremental number of repetitions in successive sets induced greater muscle activity and metabolic changes compared with method of constant repetitions per set and longer rest interval.

Evolución de la práctica de la actividad física en los adolescentes españoles / Physical activity trends in spanish adolescents

Este estudio se propone conocer la evolución de la práctica de actividad física moderada-vigorosa y examinar si la tendencia se mantiene en función de factores sociodemográficos, como el sexo y la edad, así como de factores socioeconómicos y su influencia según la comunidad autónoma. La muestra está compuesta de adolescentes españoles de 11 a 18 años delas ediciones 2002 y 2006 del estudio Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC). Los principales resultados muestran que, a pesar de un cierto aumento en el nivel de actividad física en los cuatro años que distan entre ambas ediciones (especialmente en los adolescentes más pequeños), estos niveles se encuentran todavía lejos de las recomendaciones. Asimismo, los datos señalan como necesidades más urgentes promover un estilo de vida activo en los adolescentes de 13 años en adelante (especialmente en las chicas) y en los adolescentes de niveles socioeconómicos más bajos de determinadas comunidades autónomas (AU)

This study tries to find out the tendency of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and to assess whether the trends are maintained with regard to socio-demographic factors such as sex and age, and also socio-economic factors and how they vary depending on the region. The sample comprises Spanish adolescents aged between 11 and 18 years, from the 2002 and 2006 surveys of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. The main results reveal that, despite a certain increase in physical activity level in the four years span between both surveys (particularly in younger adolescents), these levels are still a long way from the recommendations. Likewise, data highlight, as immediate needs, the promotion of an active lifestyle among adolescents from 13 years onwards (particularly among the girls) and also among adolescents of lower socio-economic status in some regions (AU)

Efecto de 8 semanas de corriente TENS modificada y la corriente rusa, sobre la fuerza muscular y la composición corporal / Efeito de 8 semanas de corrente TENS modificada e corrente russa sobre a força e composição corporal / Effects of 8 weeks of modified TENS current and russian current, on muscle strength and body composition

Objetivo. Comparar el efecto de 2 métodos de electroestimulación en las siguientes variables: fuerza y antropometría. Método. Se realizó una investigación experimental, aleatoria y simple ciego. Se evaluó a 18 sujetos, distribuidos en: Grupo Corriente TENS Modificada (CTM: n = 6), Grupo Corriente Rusa (CR: n = 6) y Grupo Control (TC: n = 6, sometido a corriente TENS Convencional, considerada en la presente investigación como placebo). Resultados. Al cabo de 8 semanas, solo CTM incrementó la fuerza máxima (p < 0.035) y redujo el grosor del pliegue subcutáneo de la pierna derecha (p < 0.03). Conclusiones. La técnica de electroestimulación con corriente TENS Modificada es efectiva para el entrenamiento muscular (AU)

Objetivo. Comparar o efeito de 2 métodos de eletroestimulação nas seguintes variáveis: força e antropometria. Método. Um estudo experimental, randomizado, cego simples. Foram avaliados 18 indivíduos, distribuídos em: grupo de corrente TENS modificada (CTM: n = 6), grupo corrente russa (CR: n = 6) e grupo controle (TC: n = 6, submetido a corrente TENS convencional, considerada nesta investigação como placebo). Resultados. Após 8 semanas, CTM aumentou a força máxima (p < 0,035) e reduziu a espessura de pregas subcutâneas da coxa direita (p < 0,03). Conclusões. A técnica de eletroestimulação com corrente TENS modificada é eficaz para treinamento muscular (AU)

Objective. To compare the effect of two methods of electrostimulation on the following variables: strength and anthropometry. Method. An experimental, randomized, and simple blind investigation was performed. Eighteen subjects were evaluated distributed into a Modified TENS Current Group (CTM: n = 6), Russian Current Group (CR: n = 6), and a Control Group (TC: n = 6, submitted to traditional TENS current, considered as placebo in this research). Results. After 8 weeks, only CTM obtained an increase in maximal strength (p < 0.035), and a reduction in the subcutaneous fat thickness of the right thigh (p < 0.03). Conclusions. A Modified TENS Current is effective for muscular training (AU)

Workload and cortisol levels in helicopter combat pilots during simulated flights / Carga mental y niveles de cortisol en pilotos de helicóptero de combate en vuelos simulados / Carga de trabalho e níveis de cortisol em pilotos de helicópteros de combate durante voos simulados

Objective. Examine and compare the cortisol levels before and after a simulated flight related to workload in experienced helicopter combat pilots, searching for physiological levels of anxiety. Method. 15 volunteer Spanish Army helicopter combat pilots (36.83 ± 8.04 years) were studied before and after a simulated flight (eight new tasks). Salivary cortisol was measured by DRG salivary cortisol ELISA, and we studied workload using the NASA-TLX. Results. The differences in the mean values of cortisol level before (5.33 ± 1.55) and after the task at the flight simulator (4.47 ± 0.73) are statistically significant (t14 = 3.301; p = .005) with a high effect size (d = 0.75). Similar significant differences were also found (t14 = 3.301; p = .005) between the workload before (19.76 ± 10.54), and after the task (24.82 ± 10.42; medium effect size d = −0.48). No significant relationships were found between the cortisol levels and the workload. Conclusions. Cortisol levels in saliva and workload are the usual in stress situations, and change inversely: workload increases at the end of the task, whereas the cortisol levels decrease after the simulated flight. The somatic anxiety decreases as the task is done. In contrast, when the pilots are faced with new and demanding tasks, even if they fly this type of helicopter in different conditions, the workload increases toward the end of the task. From an applied point of view, these findings should impact the tactical, physical and mental training of such pilots (AU)

Objetivo. Examinar y comparar los niveles de cortisol antes y después de un vuelo simulado en relación con la carga de trabajo de pilotos de helicópteros con experiencia de combate, en busca de niveles fisiológicos de la ansiedad. Método. Se estudió a 15 pilotos de helicópteros voluntarios del Ejército Español (36.83 ± 8.04 años) antes y después de un vuelo simulado compuesto por 8 tareas nuevas. El cortisol salival se midió por DRG Cortisol ELISA y la carga de trabajo con el NASA-TLX. Resultados. Las diferencias entre los valores medios de nivel de cortisol antes (5.33 ± 1.55) y después de la tarea en el simulador de vuelo (4.47 ± 0.73) son estadísticamente significativas (t14 = 3.301; p = 0.005; elevado tamaño de efecto, d = 0.75), así como (t14 = 3.301; p = 0.005) entre la carga de trabajo antes (19.76 ± 10.54) y después de la tarea (24.82 ± 10.42; tamaño de efecto medio, d = −0.48). No hubo relaciones significativas entre los niveles de cortisol y la carga de trabajo. Conclusiones. Los niveles de cortisol en saliva y la carga de trabajo son habituales en situaciones de estrés, y cambian inversamente: la carga de trabajo aumenta al final de la tarea, mientras que los niveles de cortisol —y de ansiedad somática— disminuyen después del vuelo simulado. En cambio, frente a tareas nuevas y exigentes, la carga de trabajo aumenta al final. Estos hallazgos deberían afectar la planificación del entrenamiento táctico, físico y mental de estos pilotos (AU)

Objetivo. Examinar e comparar os níveis de cortisol antes e depois de voo simulado em relação a carga de trabalho de experientes pilotos de helicóptero de combate, procurando por níveis fisiológicos de ansiedade. Métodos. 15 voluntários pilotos de helicópteros de combate do exército espanhol (36.83 ± 8.04 años) foram estudados antes e depois de um voo simulado (8 novas tarefas). Cortisol salivar foi mensurado por DRG Cortisol salivar ELISA, e foi estudado a carga de trabalho usando o NASA-TLX. Resultados. As diferenças nos valores médios dos níveis de cortisol antes (5.33 ± 1.55) e depois da tarefa no simulador de voo (4.47 ± 0.73) foram estatisticamente significantes (t14 = 3.301; p = .005) com o tamanho do efeito (d = 0.75). Diferenças significantes similares também foram encontradas (t14 = 3.301; p = .005) entre a carga de trabalho antes (19.76 ± 10.54), e depois da tarefa (24.82 ± 10.42); tamanho do efeito médio (d = −0.48). Nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada entre os níveis de cortisol e a carga de trabalho. Conclusão. Níveis de cortisol na saliva e carga de trabalho são comuns em situações de estresse, e mudam inversamente: a carga de trabalho aumenta ao final da tarefa, enquanto o nível de cortisol diminui depois do voo simulado. A ansiedade somática diminui quando a tarefa acaba. Em contraste, quando os pilotos enfrentam uma nova e exigente tarefa, mesmo que eles voem no mesmo tipo de helicóptero em diferentes situações, a carga de trabalho aumenta em direção ao final da tarefa. Para um ponto de vista aplicável, os achados devem impactar o treinamento tático, físico e mental destes pilotos (AU)

Iniciación al entrenamiento de fuerza en edades tempranas: revisión / Introdução ao treinamento de força em uma idade precoce: revisão / Introduction to strength training at early age: a review

El entrenamiento de fuerza en edades prepúberes y púberes está ampliamente recomendado por las organizaciones científicas encargadas de velar por el entrenamiento saludable de estas poblaciones. En este contexto, el presente artículo tiene por objetivo elaborar una revisión sobre el entrenamiento de la fuerza en edades tempranas. Para ello se revisaron trabajos publicados en inglés desde 1995 hasta 2014 en revistas indexadas, considerando aquellos cronológicamente más recientes en primer lugar. Dentro de las principales evidencias se puede destacar que los beneficios derivados superan considerablemente los riesgos que pudiera conllevar este tipo de entrenamiento, siempre y cuando esté cuidadosamente supervisado por técnicos cualificados y el diseño del conjunto del programa adaptado a las características, necesidades y objetivos individuales. Asimismo, el programa de entrenamiento deberá contemplar la dosis adecuada de ejercicio neuromuscular de cada uno de sus componentes y la forma de progresar sensiblemente con los mismos a lo largo del tiempo (AU)

O treinamento de força em idade pré-adolescente e adolescente é amplamente recomendado por organizações científicas responsáveis por supervisionar a formação saudável dessas populações. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma avaliação do treinamento de força em uma idade precoce. Para o efeito, artigos publicados em inglês foram revistos entre 1995-2014 em periódicos indexados no ISI, considerando aqueles cronologicamente mais recentes primeiro. Entre as principais evidências pode ser enfatizado que os benefícios superam em muito os riscos que poderiam levar a este tipo de treinamento, desde que seja cuidadosamente supervisionado por pessoal qualificado e todo o design do programa adaptado às características, necessidades e objetivos individuais. O programa de treinamento deverá incluir doses adequadas de exercício neuromuscular de cada um dos seus componentes e como progredir substancialmente o mesmo ao longo do tempo (AU)

Strength training in prepubertal and pubertal age is widely recommended by scientific organizations responsible for overseeing the healthy training of these populations. In this context, this paper aims to develop a critical review of the strength training at early age. To this end, papers published in English were reviewed from 1995 to 2014 in ISI-indexed journals, considering those chronologically most recent first. Among the main evidence we can point out that the benefits far outweigh the risks that could lead to this type of training, provided it is carefully supervised by qualified technician and the design of the entire program adapted to features of the subjects, individual needs and goals. Also, the training program shall provide for the particular dose of neuromuscular exercise of each of its components and how to progress substantially the same over time (AU)

Whole-body strength training using a Huber Motion Lab in coronary heart disease patients: safety, tolerance, fuel selection, and energy expenditure aspects and optimization.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate safety, tolerance, relative exercise intensity, and muscle substrate oxidation during sessions performed on a Huber Motion Lab in coronary heart disease patients. DESIGN: After an assessment of Vo2 peak, 20 coronary heart disease patients participated in two different exercises performed in random order at 40% and 70% (W40 and W70) of the maximal isometric voluntary contraction. RESULTS: No significant arrhythmia or abnormal blood pressure responses occurred during either session, and no muscle soreness was reported within 48 hrs posttest. The authors found a difference between W40 and W70 sessions for mean (standard deviation) ventilation (25.1% [8%] and 32.1% [9%] of maximal ventilation, respectively; P = 0.04) and a small difference for mean (standard deviation) heart rate (73 [7] and 79 [8] beats/min, respectively; P < 0.01). When compared with the W40, the W70 was associated with higher active energy expenditure (2.4 [0.6] and 3.1 [0.9] Kcal/min, respectively; P < 0.0001) and a similar mean (standard deviation) oxygen uptake (5.5 [1] and 6.6 [1] ml/min per kilogram, respectively; P = 0.07). The qualitative percentages of carbohydrates and lipids oxidized were 71% and 29%, respectively, at W40 and 91% and 9%, respectively, at W70. CONCLUSIONS: Both protocols, which consisted of repeating 6-sec phases of contractions with 10 secs of passive recovery on the Huber Motion Lab, seemed to be well tolerated, safe, and feasible in this group of coronary heart disease patients.

Effects of resistance training on respiratory function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Over the last decade, the potential use of resistance training (RT) for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has gained increasing attention. Many COPD patients experience muscle dysfunction and reduced muscle mass, primarily as a result of chronic immobilization. These symptoms have been associated with reduced exercise tolerance and complaints of fatigue and dyspnea (even after minimal exertion). This paper presents findings from a systematic review that sought to: (1) present a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the effects of RT on respiratory function measures in patients with COPD and (2) investigate the existence of a dose-response relationship between intensity, duration and frequency of RT and assessed outcomes. METHODS: A systematic literature search of MEDLINE electronic database (January 1980 to December 2009) produced a body of research on the effects of RT with a control group in patients with COPD. Data analysis involved a random effects meta-analysis, in order to determine weighted mean differences with 95 confidence intervals (95% CI) for each endpoint. All data were analyzed with the software package Review Manager V 4.2.10 (of the Cochrane Collaboration); 14 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Findings demonstrated that RT did not substantially increase forced expiratory volume in 1 s. In addition, the weighted mean difference was 2.71% of predicted (95% CI, -1.86 to 7.27; p = 0.25) or by absolute 0.08 L (95% CI, -0.03 to 0.19; p = 0.14). It appeared that maximum minute ventilation increased by 3.77 L/min (95% CI, -0.51 to 8.04; p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Based on findings from the meta-analysis, RT produces a clinically and statistically significant effect on respiratory function (such as forced vital capacity) and is therefore recommended in the management of COPD.