Measuring child social communication across contexts: Similarities and differences across play and snack routines.

Improving measurement of outcomes in randomized controlled trials of early interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been identified as a priority in the field. In addition, the importance of measurement across contexts has been indicated by researchers and community stakeholders alike [Lord et al., ; McConachie et al., ; Schreibman et al., ]. The Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC; Grzadzinski et al., ), an observational rating scheme of brief play interactions, was developed to address a need for measures that are reliable, sensitive to change, and valid for use in research settings. The goal of this study was to examine the feasibility and utility of applying the BOSCC to a new context: a home snack routine. Results suggest that rating the BOSCC on home snack routines is feasible and psychometrically sound, and captures change in child social communication behaviors. However, the utility of the BOSCC for measuring restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) is less clear. Nonetheless, differences in RRBs across play and snack lend support for the claim that measurement across contexts is essential. Application of the BOSCC across contexts may allow researchers to obtain a more accurate estimate of intervention response and help capture context-specific changes in social communication. It may also provide a method for researchers to evaluate the effect of context on child social communication more broadly. Autism Res 2019, 12: 636-644. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Improving measurement of outcomes in studies of early interventions for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been identified as a priority in the field. The importance of measurement across contexts has also been indicated by researchers and community stakeholders. The goal of this study was to determine whether an existing observational rating scheme, the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC), could be applied to a new activity: a home snack routine. Results suggest that rating the BOSCC on home snack routines is feasible and promising for capturing change over time. In addition, some child behaviors differed across play and snack, lending further support for the claim that measurement across activities is essential.

Autism spectrum disorder symptoms from ages 2 to 19 years: Implications for diagnosing adolescents and young adults.

This study explored change in social-communicative symptoms in 140 individuals with childhood autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses. Trajectories of caregiver-reported social-communicative symptoms were examined for three groups (verbal, delayed speech, minimally verbal) from ages 2 to 19 years. Groups showed comparable levels of social-communicative impairment at 2 years and significant decreases in overall symptom levels across the 17-year period (P < .001). Across three subdomains, main effects of time and language (P < .001) reflected patterns of overall improvement, although children with more impaired language tended to have more caregiver-reported symptoms relative to verbal peers. A significant time-by-language interaction (P < .001) reflected that trajectories of socioemotional reciprocity symptoms differed according to patterns of language development. In contrast, improvements in the nonverbal communication domain were seen across language groups, whereas deficits in the development and maintenance of relationships improved for only verbal children. Verbal adults showed significant reductions in the prevalence of kseveral symptoms exhibited during childhood. Improvements suggest that symptoms indicative of ASD in young children may no longer be diagnostic markers in adolescents and adults. Relative stability of several items suggests that impaired facial expression may be a core ASD symptom that warrants more systematic study across the lifespan. Research investigating the manifestation of ASD in older individuals is needed to foster development of appropriate assessment tools and interventions. Differential relationships to developmental factors within the broader social-communication domain underscores a need to focus on more narrowly defined symptom constructs when exploring links between pathophysiology and observable phenotypes. Autism Research 2019, 12: 89-99. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: In a sample of 140 participants with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) followed from 2 to 19 years old, this study found that overall social-communicative symptoms improve across childhood and adolescence. However, timing and amount of change varied for different symptom categories and participants with different language abilities. Findings suggest that some older adolescents and adults with ASD may not exhibit the same difficulties observed in young children with ASD. More research is needed to better understand the strengths and needs of young adults with ASD.

A pilot community-based randomized comparison of speech generating devices and the picture exchange communication system for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.

A pilot community-based randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) to a teaching sequence using a high-tech Speech Generating Device (SGD) to teach social communication behaviors. The two approaches were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the newer, more high-tech intervention using technology to improve social and communicative behavior of children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. A total of 35 school-age children were randomized to either a high-tech (SGD device) or low-tech (PECS cards) form of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). Study participants received 4 months of communication training delivered in their classrooms, and the primary outcome measures of the trial were several functional communication skills emphasized in the PECS teaching sequence. Results indicated that both high-tech and low-tech AAC approaches resulted in significant improvements in communication, and that these improvements did not differ significantly between the two approaches. These findings support the use of high-tech AAC, and highlight the need for evidence-based guidelines for its use as well as evaluation with individuals with a range impairments and disabilities. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1701-1711. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: This study compared the effectiveness of a free and open-source app for teaching social and communicative behavior to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to traditional picture card approaches. Thirty-five children with ASD were randomized to a picture card or app-based intervention and both treatment approaches resulted in significant improvements in social and communicative behavior. These data indicated that both "high-tech" and "low-tech" interventions were effective for improving behavior and that there was not a significant difference between the two approaches.

The diagnosis conundrum: Comparison of crowdsourced and expert assessments of toddlers with high and low risk of autism spectrum disorder.

As the diagnosis and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) becomes a greater public health concern, access to professionals and expert assessment becomes increasingly more challenging. Novel techniques to improve efficiency of assessment of young children with social communication concerns are desperately needed to address significant barriers to accessing diagnostic evaluations. Utilizing crowdsourcing technology, we compared ratings by experts and crowdworkers of social communication behaviors in videos of 18-month-old children. Of note, 563 crowdworkers and 24 expert responses were collected in approximately 7 hr and 57 days, respectively. Summed scores of social communication behaviors observed by crowdworkers showed high correlation to those of experts. These data introduce a novel and perhaps efficient way in which to examine of social communication impairments in toddlers. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1629-1634. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: This research compared crowdsourced assessments of social communication behaviors to assessments by experts, for toddlers whose behaviors ranged in severity from typical to atypical. Results showed that crowdsourced rankings of social communication behavior significantly correlate with those of experts.

The autism spectrum phenotype in ADNP syndrome.

Pathogenic disruptions to the activity-dependent neuroprotector homeobox (ADNP) gene are among the most common heterozygous genetic mutations associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Individuals with ADNP disruptions share a constellation of medical and psychiatric features, including ASD, intellectual disability (ID), dysmorphic features, and hypotonia. However, the profile of ASD symptoms associated with ADNP may differ from that of individuals with another ASD-associated single gene disruption or with ASD without a known genetic cause. The current study examined the ASD phenotype in a sample of representative youth with ADNP disruptions. Participants (N = 116, ages 4-22 years) included a cohort with ADNP mutations (n = 11) and three comparison groups with either a mutation to CHD8 (n = 11), a mutation to another ASD-associated gene (other mutation; n = 53), or ASD with no known genetic etiology (idiopathic ASD; n = 41). As expected, individuals with ADNP disruptions had higher rates of ID but less severe social affect symptoms compared to the CHD8 and Idiopathic ASD groups. In addition, verbal intelligence explained more variance in social impairment in the ADNP group compared to CHD8, other mutation, and idiopathic ASD comparison groups. Restricted and repetitive behaviors in the ADNP group were characterized by high levels of stereotyped motor behaviors, whereas the idiopathic ASD group showed high levels of restricted interests. Taken together, these results underscore the role of ADNP in cognitive functioning and suggest that social impairments in ADNP syndrome are consistent with severity of verbal deficits. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1300-1310. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Disruptions to the ADNP gene (i.e., ADNP syndrome) have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This article describes intellectual disability, mild social difficulties, and severe repetitive motor movements in a group of 11 youth with ADNP Syndrome. We found lower rates of ASD than previously reported. Verbal skills explained individual variability in social impairment. This pattern suggests that the ADNP gene is primarily associated with learning and memory, and level of social difficulties is consistent with level of verbal impairment.

Comunicación intra-familiar y cáncer de mama / Intra-family communication and breast cancer

Introducción: El cáncer de mama es el tumor maligno que más afecta a la mujer. Un diagnóstico que incluye la palabra cáncer de por sí contiene una connotación negativa. Esta enfermedad impacta en la dinámica familiar, siendo la comunicación una de las dimensiones que con frecuencia se estudian en la intervención con familias. Objetivo: El objetivo de la investigación que se presenta es analizar la comunicación que se genera a partir del diagnóstico de cáncer de mama entre una madre y sus hijos, marido o pareja. Método: Se emplea un diseño de investigación con métodos mixtos. La muestra está compuesta por doce mujeres con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama, con edades comprendidas entre los 43 y 55 años. Los instrumentos utilizados son la escala de comunicación familiar (FCS), y una entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la comunicación intrafamiliar varía según la edad de los hijos, siendo ésta más baja cuando son menores de 15 años. Conclusiones: Una comunicación efectiva en la familia no es la cura de ninguna enfermedad, pero sí mejora la manera en que la familia en su conjunto se enfrenta a ésta y contribuye a la eliminación de situaciones de estrés y malestar en la mujer (AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the malignant tumour which affects more women. A diagnosis that includes the word 'cancer' has a negative connotation. This disease impacts on the family dynamics, and communication is one of the dimensions which are frequently studied in the intervention with families. Objective: The aim of this research is to analyse the communication between a mother and her children, husband or partner, developed after a breast cancer diagnosis. Method: A mixed method research design was used. The sample was composed of twelve women diagnosed with breast cancer, aged between 43 and 55. The instruments used in this study were the Family Communication Scale (FCS) and a semi-structured interview. Results: The outcomes show that intra-family communication varies according to the age of the children, being lower when they are under 15 years old. Conclusions: Effective communication in the family is not the cure for any disease, but it improves the way the family as a whole deals with it and it contributes to eliminate stress situations and discomfort in the woman (AU)

Assessing the heterogeneity of autism spectrum symptoms in a school population.

The aim of the present study was to assess whether the nature of the main autistic features (i.e., social communication problems and repetitive and restrictive patterns) are better conceptualized as dimensional or categorical in a school population. The study was based on the teacher ratings of two different age groups: 2,585 children between the ages of 10 and 12 (Primary Education; PE) and 2,502 children between the ages of 3 and 5 (Nursery Education; NE) from 60 mainstream schools. The analyses were based on Factor Mixture Analysis, a novel approach that combines dimensional and categorical features and prevents spurious latent classes from appearing. The results provided evidence of the dimensionality of autism spectrum symptoms in a school age population. The distribution of the symptoms was strongly and positively skewed but continuous; and the prevalence of high-risk symptoms for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and social-pragmatic communication disorder (SCD) was 7.55% of NE children and 8.74% in PE. A categorical separation between SCD and ASD was not supported by our sample. In view of the results, it is necessary to establish clear cut points for detecting and diagnosing autism and to develop specific and reliable tools capable of assessing symptom severity and functional consequences in children with ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 979-988. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: The results of the present study suggest that the distribution of autism spectrum symptoms are continuous and dimensional among school-aged children and thus support the need to establish clear cut-off points for detecting and diagnosing autism. In our sample, the prevalence of high-risk symptoms for autism spectrum disorders and social-pragmatic communication disorder was around 8%.

Assessing empathy and managing emotions through interactions with an affective avatar.

Assistive technologies can improve the quality of life of people diagnosed with different forms of social communication disorders. We report on the design and evaluation of an affective avatar aimed at engaging the user in a social interaction with the purpose of assisting in communication therapies. A human-avatar taxonomy is proposed to assist the design of affective avatars aimed at addressing social communication disorder. The avatar was evaluated with 30 subjects to assess how effectively it conveys the desired emotion and elicits empathy from the user. Results provide evidence that users become used to the avatar after a number of interactions, and they perceive the defined behavior as being logical. The users' interactions with the avatar entail affective reactions, including the mimic emotions that users felt, and establish a preliminary ground truth about prototypic empathic interactions with avatars that is being used to train learning algorithms to support social communication disorder evaluation.

Critical region within 22q11.2 linked to higher rate of autism spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported no clear critical region for medical comorbidities in children with deletions or duplications of 22q11.2. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether individuals with small nested deletions or duplications of the LCR-A to B region of 22q11.2 show an elevated rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to individuals with deletions or duplications that do not include this region. METHODS: We recruited 46 patients with nested deletions (n = 33) or duplications (n = 13) of 22q11.2, including LCR-A to B (ndel = 11), LCR-A to C (ndel = 4), LCR-B to D (ndel = 14; ndup = 8), LCR-C to D (ndel = 4; ndup = 2), and smaller nested regions (n = 3). Parent questionnaire, record review, and, for a subset, in-person evaluation were used for ASD diagnostic classification. Rates of ASD in individuals with involvement of LCR-B to LCR-D were compared with Fisher's exact test to LCR-A to LCR-B for deletions, and to a previously published sample of LCR-A to LCR-D for duplications. The rates of medical comorbidities and psychiatric diagnoses were determined from questionnaires and chart review. We also report group mean differences on psychiatric questionnaires. RESULTS: Individuals with deletions involving LCR-A to B showed a 39-44% rate of ASD compared to 0% in individuals whose deletions did not involve LCR-A to B. We observed similar rates of medical comorbidities in individuals with involvement of LCR-A to B and LCR-B to D for both duplications and deletions, consistent with prior studies. CONCLUSIONS: Children with nested deletions of 22q11.2 may be at greater risk for autism spectrum disorder if the region includes LCR-A to LCR-B. Replication is needed.

Correlation of reduced social communicational and interactional skills with regional grey matter volumes in schizophrenia patients.

OBJECTIVE: Recent studies have detected similarities between autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. We investigated structural abnormalities associated with autistic-like traits in patients with schizophrenia by voxel-based morphometry. METHODS: Patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects were evaluated by the adult version of the social responsiveness scale (SRS-A), which is sensitive to autistic traits and symptoms even under subthreshold conditions, and magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: There were significant decreases in the anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral hippocampi, cerebellums, and right insula of patients with schizophrenia, compared with healthy subjects. We found significant negative correlations of the social communication and interaction (SCI) score, a subscale of SRS-A, with grey matter volume in the left posterior superior temporal region of schizophrenia patients. When subscales of SCI were examined separately in schizophrenic patients, negative correlations were observed between the social cognition score and the volumes of the left posterior superior temporal region, and between social motivation and the posterior cingulate cortex. CONCLUSION: We found significant negative correlation between the SCI score and the grey matter volume in the left posterior superior temporal region of schizophrenia patients. This area was the region affected in previous studies of autistic spectrum disorders. Further, this area was associated with the theory of mind. Schizophrenia patients not necessarily show the impairment of SCI, nor this correlated region was not always the point with schizophrenia-specific change. However, we reveal the relationship between the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and the severity of the SCI in schizophrenia by using with SRS-A.

Un autismo, varios autismos. Variabilidad fenotípica en los trastornos del espectro autista / One autism, several autisms. Phenotypical variability in autism spectrum disorders

Introducción. Los trastornos del espectro autista comprenden un grupo heterogéneo de trastornos que se inician en los primeros meses de la vida y que siguen una evolución crónica. Su origen es biológico, con factores etiológicos complejos que implican diferentes mecanismos genéticos, epigenéticos y ambientales, que interactúan. Objetivo. Revisar los principales factores que varían la presentación del autismo considerando la evidencia científica actual. Desarrollo. Aspectos relacionados con el desarrollo de síntomas, el sexo, la comorbilidad, la edad y la etiología determinan la variabilidad en la presentación clínica de los trastornos del espectro autista. Conclusiones. El autismo es altamente heterogéneo y se relaciona fenotípicamente, en parte, con una gran heterogeneidad etiológica, que comienza a descifrarse, pero que todavía permanece desconocida en gran parte. La investigación etiológica, especialmente en el área de la genética, permitirá identificar diferentes subgrupos homogéneos con sus correspondientes fenotipos y abrir la posibilidad de alternativas terapéuticas futuras (AU)

Introduction. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that begin in the early months of life and follow a chronic progression. They have a biological origin, with complex aetiological factors that involve different genetic, epigenetic and environmental mechanisms that interact with one another. Aim. To review the main factors that vary the presentation of autism taking into account the most recent scientific evidence. Development. Aspects related with the development of symptoms, gender, comorbidity, age and aetiology determine the variability in the clinical presentation of ASD. Conclusions. Autism is highly heterogeneous and is phenotypically related, at least in part, with a wide range of causations, which researchers have begun to unravel but which are still largely unknown. Aetiological research, especially in the area of genetics, will make it possible to identify different homogeneous subgroups with their corresponding phenotypes, while also opening up the way to possible therapeutic alternatives in the future (AU)

Autismo en las mujeres: aspectos clínicos, neurobiológicos y genéticos / Autism in females: clinical, neurobiological and genetic aspects

Los trastornos del espectro autista son más prevalentes en los varones que en las mujeres, y la proporción puede variar desde 1,4 a 1 hasta 15,7 a 1, dependiendo de las muestras analizadas. La menor diferencia se ha relacionado con quienes manifiestan además discapacidad intelectual asociada, y se acepta que en esos casos las mujeres se afectan mucho más gravemente. Es probable que exista un subregistro de mujeres con trastorno del espectro autista, en especial en las que tienen alto rendimiento cognitivo, posiblemente relacionado con las técnicas de evaluación utilizadas e incluso con la falta de adecuados niveles de alerta en las niñas. En general, las mujeres con autismo tienen mejor desarrollo lingüístico temprano, mejores habilidades sociales y su juego puede incluso desarrollarse en la forma pretendida. Sus intereses pueden ser similares a los de su grupo de pares, aunque en general varían en intensidad y calidad. Se acepta que la diferencia en las habilidades sociales se hace más evidente en la adolescencia. La teoría del cerebro masculino extremo, el factor protector femenino, variantes en la plasticidad cerebral (menor umbral en los varones con mayor susceptibilidad) y factores genéticos y epigenéticos, entre otros, se evocan como posibles hipótesis que justifican esta menor prevalencia y las variantes clínicas en ellas. Este trabajo se propone analizar los aspectos clínicos y evolutivos, la variabilidad de expresión en las mujeres en relación con los varones, y algunas de las posibles bases neurobiológicas y genéticas que justifican la mayor prevalencia y las diferencias de expresión (AU)

Autism spectrum disorders are more prevalent in males than in females, and the proportion can range from 1.4 to 1, depending on the samples that are analysed. The smaller difference has been related to those who also manifest an associated intellectual disability, and it is accepted that in those cases females are far more seriously affected. There is likely to be a subregister of females with autism spectrum disorder, especially in those who have high cognitive performance, that is possibly related with the assessment techniques that are used and even with the lack of suitable levels of arousal in girls. In general, females with autism have better early language development, better social skills and their playing can even develop in the expected way. Their interests can be similar to those of their peer group, although they usually vary in intensity and quality. It is accepted as a fact that the difference in the social skills becomes more apparent in adolescence. The extreme male brain theory, the female-specific protective factor, variants in brain plasticity (lower threshold in males with greater susceptibility) and genetic and epigenetic factors, among others, are put forward as possible hypotheses to justify this lower prevalence and the clinical variants in females. This work aims to analyse the clinical and developmental aspects, the variability of expression in females with respect to males, and some of the possible neurobiological and genetic bases that account for the higher prevalence and the differences in expression (AU)

Vulnerabilidad a la autolesión en el autismo / Vulnerability to self-harm in autism

El porqué de la autolesión en las personas con autismo no parece tener una explicación simple, sencilla y única. La predisposición biológica, determinados estados psicológicos de estrés, un procesamiento sensorial atípico, alteraciones en la comunicación, problemas médicos, limitaciones en la regulación emocional, entre otros, pueden llevan a la persona con autismo a dañarse. Objetivo. En este artículo se diferencia, en primer lugar, la autolesión relacionada con alteraciones del neurodesarrollo, como el autismo y la autolesión vinculada a otras condiciones psiquiátricas; y en segundo lugar, se propone una primera aproximación a un modelo integral de comprensión de la autolesión en el autismo. Desarrollo. Algunas de las hipótesis explicativas de la autolesión en el autismo están centradas en el procesamiento sensorial atípico, en alteraciones de la comunicación y problemas médicos, y en la desregulación emocional. Conclusiones. La limitada investigación al respecto y la confusión de los datos que se arrojan ha generado un especial esfuerzo por separar los hechos de las suposiciones en todo lo relativo a este tema. Esta modesta propuesta inicial permite elaborar una hoja de ruta que oriente y ayude a las personas con autismo, a sus familias y a los profesionales en el proceso de disminuir o eliminar este comportamiento. Se sugiere dejar de hablar de la autolesión como comportamiento disruptivo y más bien interpretarla como una (inadecuada) respuesta autorregulatoria al estrés (AU)

Introduction. The reasons underlying self-harm in persons with autism do not appear to have a single, straightforward and simple explanation. Biological predisposition, certain psychological states involving stress, atypical sensory processing, communication disorders, medical problems, and limited emotional regulation, among others, can lead persons with autism to harm themselves. Aims. In this article a distinction is drawn, first of all, between self-harm related to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, and self-harm linked to other psychiatric conditions. Second, a preliminary approach to an integrated model for the understanding of self-harm in autism is proposed. Development. Some of the hypotheses put forward to account for self-harm in autism are focused on atypical sensory processing, on communication disorders and medical problems, and on emotional dysregulation. Conclusions. The limited number of studies conducted in this area and the inconsistency of the data resulting from them have led to great efforts being made to separate the facts from the suppositions in this subject. This modest initial proposal makes it possible to draw up a roadmap to guide and help persons with autism, their families and professionals in the process of reducing or eliminating this behaviour. It is suggested that self-harm should no longer be considered a disruptive behaviour and that it should be interpreted instead as an (inadequate) self-regulatory response to stress (AU)

La adaptación al castellano de la Children’s Communication Checklist permite detectar las dificultades en el uso pragmático del lenguaje y diferenciar subtipos clínicos / The Spanish adapted version of the Children’s Communication Checklist identifies disorders of pragmatic use of language and differentiates between clinical subtypes

Introducción. La Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC) de Bishop es una prueba útil para la valoración de la pragmática verbal en los escolares. El objetivo del trabajo es comprobar la fiabilidad y la validez de esta escala en castellano. Sujetos y métodos. Se analiza la CCC contestada por los padres de 360 niños/as de 4-12 años, con inteligencia normal, 160 controles y 200 de cuatro grupos clínicos: trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (n = 68), trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal procedimental (n = 77), trastorno de la comunicación social (n = 25) y trastornos del espectro autista de nivel 1 (n = 30). Se realizan análisis: factorial para agrupar los ítems del cuestionario, de fiabilidad de las nuevas escalas y discriminante para comprobar si clasifica bien a los afectos de dificultades en el uso del lenguaje. Resultados. Se obtienen siete factores (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin: 0,852) con moderada similitud a las de la CCC original: relaciones sociales, intereses y otros cinco que constituyen pragmática (habilidades conversacionales, coherencia-comprensión, compenetración, comunicación no verbal y pertinencia). La correlación es significativa entre todos ellos, en el grupo control, y entre los cinco que configuran pragmática, en los grupos clínicos (r de Pearson). La fiabilidad de las escalas es buena (alfa de Cronbach: 0,914). El cuestionario clasifica bien al 98,9% de los casos agrupados con y sin trastorno pragmático; y al 78% de los participantes en sus correspondientes grupos clínicos. Además, permite diferenciar las patologías según la presencia e intensidad de los síntomas. Conclusiones. Esta versión española de la CCC es altamente válida y fiable. Los estadísticos aportados pueden utilizarse como valores de referencia (AU)

Introduction. The Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC) by Bishop is a useful scale for evaluation of pragmatic verbal abilities in school children. The aim of the study is to ascertain the validity and reliability of the CCC in Spanish. Subjects and methods. Answers to the CCC items by parents of 360 children with normal intelligence were analyzed. There were five groups: 160 control children; 68 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 77 with procedural non-verbal disorder, 25 children with social communication disorder and 30 with autism spectrum disorder. Investigations included: factorial analysis in order to cluster checklist items, reliability analyses of the proposed scales and discriminant analysis to check whether the scale correctly classifies children with pragmatic verbal abilities. Results. Seven factors were obtained (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin: 0.852) with moderate similarity with those of the original scale: social relationships, interests, and five more that can be grouped into pragmatic verbal ability (conversational abilities, coherence-comprehension, empathy nonverbal communication and appropriateness). All factors are significantly correlated with each other in the control group, and the five that compose pragmatic verbal ability correlate with each other in the clinical groups (Pearson r). The scales have good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.914). The questionnaire correctly classifies 98.9% of grouped cases with and without pragmatic disorder and 78% of subjects in their appropriate clinical group. Besides, the questionnaire allows to differentiate the pathologies according to the presence and intensity of the symptoms. Conclusions. This Spanish version of the CCC is highly valid and reliable. The proposed statistics can be used as normativereference values (AU)