Desarrollo tecnológico y valores humanos: ¿Por qué urge humanizar la tecnología? / No disponible

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Sobre la (no) responsabilidad de la tecnociencia en los problemas ambientales y la búsqueda de política / About (non) responsibility of technoscience in environmental problems and about finding politics

En este trabajo me propongo reflexionar acerca de la configuración moderna de la técnica, es decir, la tecnociencia, y su responsabilidad con nuestro manejo del medio ambiente. Busco mostrar que la construcción tecnológica de un mundo implica una cierta actitud de agresividad contra la naturaleza, contrastante con la actitud de protección frente a ella propia del mundo pretecnológico. Sugiero, como conclusión, la recuperación de la noción clásica de Política como una alternativa posible de control de los imperativos tecnocientíficos

In this paper I propose to reflect upon modern configuration of technique, i.e., technoscience, and our responsibility towards environmental management. I show that the technological products of our world imply a certain attitude of aggression towards nature, contrasting with the attitude of protection from her, which was peculiar of the pre-technological world. Finally I suggest recovering the classical notion of politics as a possible alternative for controlling techno-scientific imperatives

La nueva biología de los ordenadores en oftalmología / The new biology of computers in opthalmology

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The State, Society, Human Rights & Health. Ethical Challenges in the Development of New Interventions

The theme of this presentation is that major impediments to the development of new interventions to improve global health comprise the combination of (1) an inadequate value system that is heavily dominated by selfish individualism, (2) an excessively downstream focus on health and (3) overriding emphasis on market forces. Moral imagination is required to move beyond the current impasse in which the lives of some seem to be of infinite value while the lives of others are apparently dispensable. A broader discourse on ethics and human rights coupled to demonstration of high moral standards by influential nations could facilitate the introduction of new interventions with the prospect of greatly improving population health (AU)

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From Darwininan to technological evolution: forgetting the human lottery / Desde la evolución darwiniana a la tecnológica: olvidar la lotería humana

The GRIN technologies (-geno, -robo, -info, -nano) promise to change the inner constitution of human body and its own existence. This transformation involves the structure of our lives and represent a -brave?- new world that we have to explore and to manage. In this sense, the traditional tools of humanism seems very inadequate to think the biotech century and there is a strong demand of a new thought for the evolution and the concrete history of life. The posthuman philosophy tries to take this new path of human existence in all of its novelty since GRIN technologies seem to promise new and unexpected paths of evolution to living beings and, above all, man. For this, the post-human thought, as we see, is a new anthropological overview on the concrete evolution of human being, an overview that involves an epistemological revolution of the categories that humanism uses to conceptualize the journey that divides the Homo sapiens from the man. But, is this right?

Las tecnologías GRIN (-geno, -robo, -info, nano) prometen cambiar la constitución interna del cuerpo humano y su propia existencia. Esta transformación consiste en la estructura de nuestras vidas y representan un -¿valiente?- nuevo mundo que tenemos que explorar y administrar. En este sentido, lo instrumentos tradicionales del humanismo parecen bastante insuficientes para pensar el siglo de la biotecnología y existe una fuerte demanda de un nuevo pensamiento para la evolución y la historia concreta de la vida. La filosofía posthumana intenta tomar este nuevo camino de la existencia humana en toda su novedad ya que las tecnologías GRIN parecen prometer caminos nuevos y inesperados de la evolución de los seres vivos y, sobre todo, humanos. Por esto, el pensamiento post-humano, como vemos, es una nueva visión antropológica sobre la evolución concreta del ser humano, una visión general que implica una revolución epistemológica de las categorías que el humanismo utiliza para conceptualizar el viaje que divide a los Homo sapiens del hombre. ¿Pero, serà correcto?

Identity and conflicts in the ethics of neural implants / Identidad y conflicto en la ética de los implantes neuroprostéticos

The development of neuroprosthetics has given rise to significant theoretical and practical challenges concerning personal identity. The Extended Mind Theory (EMT) attempts to provide an answer to these challenges by arguing that the mind and the external world are co-extensive to the point that both can make a seamless unified entity. The EMT also proposes that physical states determine the nature of mental states. Here, we propose a non-deterministic and less locationist view of mental states that we will call iEMT. The iEMT articulates, firstly, that the co-extensivity of the mind and the world does not justify the dissolution of the mind in the objects of the external world with which the mind interacts. Consequently, the agent’s mind is still part of his unique personal identity. Secondly, neural implants cannot be regarded as mere replacement parts in the context of a weak concept of personal identity. Thirdly, there are no compelling reasons to believe or to fear that neuroprosthetics can alter personal identity at the profound level

El desarrollo de la tecnología neuroprostética está generando importantes problemas teóricos y prácticos relacionados con la identidad personal. En este contexto, la Extended Mind Theory (EMT) es una teoría que da una respuesta a dichos problemas señalando que la mente es coextensa con el mundo, y que como tal, la mente y el mundo se entremezclan hasta forman una única entidad. La EMT también presupone que los estados físicos determina la naturaleza de los estados mentales. En este artículo, proponemos una versión no determinista y aún menos locacionista de los estados mentales que la de la EMT a la que llamaremos iEMT. Defendemos, primero, que la coextensión de mente y mundo no justifica la disolución de la mente, y como consecuencia, de la identidad humana en el medio; segundo, que no está justificado pensar que los neuro-implantes constituyan simples piezas de reemplazo en el contexto de una identidad que llamamos débil; y tercero, que no hay razones de peso para creer, y en esa medida, para temer, que el uso de tecnología neuroprostética pueda alterar la identidad personal

Educación en Ciencia - Tecnología - Sociedad en la formación general integral del profesional de la salud / Science-Technology-Society in the Health professional training

La Educación Superior en general ha arribado al siglo XXI abocada al reclamo de la pertinencia, a satisfacer la necesidad de contribuir al desarrollo económico, a ocupar cada vez mayor espacios en la construcción endógena de conocimiento, todo ello en el contexto de sus misiones en el campo de la enseñanza, la investigación y la extensión universitaria, el presente trabajo toma estas consideraciones en cuenta para reflexionar entorno a la educación médica en particular. En especial se analiza el significado del presente proceso de universalización en ese contexto, para finalmente fundamentar la pertinencia de la educación en Ciencia-Tecnología-Sociedad en la formación del profesional de la salud (AU)

High Education in general has arrived tothe XXI century to satisfy the necessity to contribute to the economic development, to occupy more spaces in the endogenous construction of knoledge, all this in the field of teaching, the investigation and university extention. The present work takes these considerations into account to reflect on the medical education mainly. Especially the meaninig of the present universalization is analyzed in that context, to base finally the relevancy of the Science, Technology and Society education in the formation of the professionals of medicine (AU)

Transição tecnológica em uma operadora de plano de saúde: o olhar do usuário / Technological transition in a supplemental health care provider: the user's viewpoint

O setor de saúde suplementar no Brasil vem experimentando, nos últimos anos, novos modelos de atenção à saúde. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar como os usuários percebem e se posicionam em relação à implantação da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) por uma operadora do tipo autogestão. Utilizando-se de grupos focais com usuários considerados "aderidos" e "não-aderidos" à ESF, a pesquisa revela que os usuários têm uma compreensão bastante clara do significado da estratégia, inclusive de seus fortes elementos racionalizadores, percebem as contradições e deficiências no seu processo de formulação e implantação e mantêm um elevado grau de autonomia na escolha dos serviços que lhe sejam mais adequados, muito influenciados pelo tipo de inserção que têm no estabelecimento bancário que mantém a operadora. O usuário percebe, ainda, o impasse da autogestão entre manter uma ampla rede credenciada de livre acesso ou conseguir avançar no sentido de fazer da ESF o eixo estruturante de sua rede assistencial.

The Brazilian supplemental health care sector has been experiencing new health care models in the last few years. This paper aims at featuring how users perceive and how they express themselves in relation to the deployment of a program known as Family Health Strategy (FHS) by a self-management health care provider. Through focal groups, the research reveals that users present a rather clear view on the meaning of strategy, including its remarkable rationalizing elements. In addition, they percept contradictions as well as deficiencies in the formulation and deployment process, and they keep a high level of autonomy in the choice for more adequate services, which are greatly influenced by the type of insertion that they exert in the bank institution that maintains the health care service provider. Users also perceive the predicament presented by self-management regarding the maintenance of a broad authorized free access network and the advance towards turning FHS into the structuring backbone of its assistance network.

Que es bioética? / What is bioethic?

El desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología han cambiado nuestra forma de vivir y nuestra concepción de la vida. Este desarrollo ha tenido repercusiones muy positivas, pero a la vez, han surgido serios problemas éticos que debemos conocer y enfrentar. Hoy sabemos que los efectos negativos sobre el medio ambiente derivados del uso de la biotecnología, ponen en peligro la subsistencia de la vida en el planeta. En el campo específico de la medicina; han surgido serias dificultades para la adecuada selección de las indicaciones médicas; se ha creado un importante abismo entre el conocimiento que hoy tenemos y la aplicación de estos conocimientos en la práctica clínica; se han incrementado los errores, los costos y la inequidad en la atención médica. Existen serias dudas en relación con el uso de las nuevas técnicas de fertilización. A la vez que en muchas ocasiones no sabemos si debemos tratar o no tratar ciertos pacientes con enfermedades en etapa terminal o en situaciones que los dejarían con serias incapacidades físicas y mentales. La cardiología ha sido una de las especialidades más beneficiadas con el desarrollo científico-tecnológico, lo cual sin dudas ha tenido repercusiones muy positivas, y en consecuencia, también enfrenta importantes problemas éticos. La bioética constituye un espacio la reflexión, deliberación y búsqueda de las mejores soluciones a los problemas éticos surgidos del desarrollo y aplicación de la biotecnología, desde una perspectiva plural y orientada a un diálogo por la vida y el respeto a la dignidad y derechos del ser humano.

Developments in science and technology have changed aur way of life and aur understanding of life. These developments have had a very positive impact, but at the same time, serious ethical problems have arisen that we have to understand and face. We know today that negative effects on the environment arising from the use of biotechnology, endanger the survival of life on the planet. Specifically in medicine, serious difficulties have arisen for the proper selection of medical applications; a significant gap has arisen between the knowledge we have today and the application of knowledge in clinical practice; there is an increase in errors, expenditures and inequity in health care. There are serious doubts about the use of new fertility techniques. There are times when we do not know whether or to treat certain patients with end-stage disease particulary in situations that would leave them with serious physical and mental disabilities. Cardiology has been one of the speciclties which has benefited from scientific and technological development, which has ubdoubtedly had a very positive impact, and consequently it also faces important ethical challenges. Bioethics creates room for reflection, debate and a search fot the best solutions to the ethical problems arising from the development and application of biotechnology, from a pluralistic perspective to a dialogue aimed at dignity and human rights.

Uso y abuso de las nuevas tecnologías / No disponible

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El proceso de evaluación ética en el Séptimo Programa Marco de la Comisión Europea / The ethics review process in the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission

El Séptimo Programa Marco de la Comisión Europea (CE) es uno de los programas de investigación y desarrollo más importantes financiados con fondos públicos.ResumenAdemás de la valoración científica de cada proyecto, las cuestiones éticas planteadas en éstos se evalúan de acuerdo con la legislación europea actual y los principios éticos establecidos en las declaraciones internacionales respaldadas por los estados miembros. Esta evaluación ética está organizada por la Unidad de “Gobernanza y Ética” (Dirección General de Investigación de la CE), si bien la realizan profesionales de diversos sectores y procedencias que se registran voluntariamente en una base de datos(AU)

The Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission (EC) is one of the most important instruments for public funding of research and technological development.AbstractBesides the scientific assessment of each proposal, the ethical issues raised in them are evaluated in accordance with the current European legislation and the ethical principles laid down in the international declarations supported by Member States. Such ethical review is organized by the “Governance and Ethics” Unit (Directorate-General for Research), although it is done by professionals from different sectors and backgrounds who register themselves voluntary in a database(AU)

La cirugía vascular del siglo XXI. Reflexiones desde la ética / Vascular surgery in the 21st century. Reflections from an ethical point of view

La cirugía vascular del siglo XXI, cada vez más dependiente de la tecnología, incluye muchos desafíos éticos.Nuestra obligación es mantener una continua reflexión y debate para no alejarnos de los principios de la ética y del humanismo,con el paciente como centro y fin último de nuestra actividad profesional(U)

The vascular surgery of the 21st century, with its increasing dependence on technology, entails many ethicalchallenges. Our obligation is to sustain ongoing reflection and debate in order to ensure that we do not drift away fromthe principles of ethics and humanism, where the patient is the focus point and ultimate aim of our professional activity(AU)

Tecnología y Humanización de los Cuidados. Una mirada desde la Teoría de las Relaciones Interpersonales / Technology and humanization of nursing care. the view from the interpersonal relations theory

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar cómo la deshumanización de los cuidados de enfermería no se debe sólo a la tecnología, sino que es multifactorial, además, resaltar las relaciones interpersonales en la práctica humanizada. Para esto, a manera de orientación metodológica, se aborda la teoría de las relaciones interpersonales de Hildegard E. Peplau como paso previo a la enumeración de los factores deshumanizantes que confluyen en el medio hospitalario y han sido identificados en la bibliografía. Asimismo, se desarrolla una reflexión sobre la función de la tecnología como un medio para la humanización de los cuidados. Finalmente, se muestra la teoría de las relaciones interpersonales como base teórica para la humanización de la atención de enfermería, tanto en la formación como en práctica profesional. Esta teoría, claramente entiende el recurso tecnológico como medio y posiciona al paciente como fin único del cuidado de enfermería (AU)

The purpose of this paper is to show that technology is not the only cause of dehumanization of nursing care but it is a multifactor phenomenon and to highlight human relations as the cornerstone of a humane practice. Hildergard E. Peplau theory of human relations is used as methodological framework and as a previous step to identify dehumanizing factors that operate in the hospital realm and have been identified in the literature. In addition, de paper develops a refection about the role that technology as a means in humanizing nursing care. Finally, the papers shows the theory of the interpersonal relations as theoretical support the humanization of nursing care in both its education and in its practice. This theory clearly understands technology as a means and the patient as the sole end of nursing care (AU)

Frankenstein de Mary Shelley e sua mensagem perene sobre a responsabilidade da ciência sob a luz da Bioética / Mary Shelley?s Frankenstein and its perennial message about science responsibility under the light of

O presente artigo demonstra as reflexões filosóficas sobre a ciência e seus avanços, contidas no romance Frankenstein de Mary Shelley, escrito em 1818. O texto propõe uma discussão acerca dos avanços tecnológicos e a atitude humana frente à ciência e tecnologia fundamentada na Bioética, com ênfase na ética da responsabilidade de Hans Jonas e na crítica sobre o uso desmedido da tecnologia. Tece-se uma rede que se inicia pela discussão da obsessão pelo conhecimento e pelo poder da criação até o despertar da consciência para os efeitos funestos do ambivalente poder tecnológico, alertando sobre a necessidade de uma vigilância ética frente à tecnologia, o uso da ciência com consciência e o reconhecimento das falhas do comportamento humano por meio da reflexão e de atitudes pautadas na responsabilidade.

This article demonstrates the philosophical reflections on science and its progress in Mary Shelley?s novel Frankenstein, written in 1818. The text proposes a discussion about technological advances and human attitude facing science and technology, based on Bioethics and emphasizing the ethics of responsibility of Hans Jonas and the criticism on the disproportionate use of technology. We created a network that begins by discussing the obsession with knowledge and the power of creation to the awakening of consciousness for the purpose of ambivalent technological power, warning about the need for an ethics monitoring the technology front, with the use of science and conscience recognition of the failures of human behavior through reflection and attitudes based on responsibility.

Reflexos de imagens: discursos sobre ética e nanotecnologia nas literaturas médica e bioética / Reflections of images: discourses on ethics and nanotechnology in medical and bioethical literatures

A emergente nanotecnologia já desperta grande comoção em torno de suas potenciais implicações. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a produção bibliográfica existente a respeito das implicações éticas da nanotecnologia. Com este fim, a partir da palavra-chave ética e nanotecnologia, foram levantados e analisados artigos científicos, em âmbito nacional, regional e internacional, nas bases de dados específicas sobre Ciências Médicas e sobre Bioética. Foram analisados 101 artigos, 84 deles apontados pelas bases de bioética, 44 apontados pelas bases médicas, destes 27 eram comuns a ambas. A produção sobre ética e nanotecnologia se mostrou pequena diante da produção tecnocientífica internacional sobre nanotecnologia, e ainda menor nos níveis regional e nacional. O tema específico das bases de dados foi um fator secundário para a divergência entre os tipos de discurso sobre as implicações éticas da nanotecnologia. No entanto, as imagens de ciência que os autores tinham sobre nanotecnologia foram determinantes no discurso ético. Os artigos fundamentados em uma imagem científica da nanotecnologia, correspondente à descrição pelos cientistas de suas próprias atividades, foram predominantemente escritos por autores da área de bioética. Estes apontavam principalmente implicações éticas autógenas, que poderiam ser identificadas e analisadas pela ciência. Esses autores apresentaram a análise de risco como a principal abordagem ética. Os artigos fundamentados em uma imagem filosófica da nanotecnologia, que descreve a ciência a partir de contextos sociais mais amplos, foram predominantemente escritos por filósofos e cientistas sociais. Estes artigos apontavam principalmente implicações éticas heterógenas que, embora surjam como conseqüência da prática tecnocientífica em questão, não são propriamente objetos de estudo dela, demandando, portanto, análises que considerem os discursos bem como os interesses a eles subjacentes.

The potential implications of the emerging field of nanotechnology has already caused commotion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the literature on ethical implications of nanotechnology. For this purpose, national, regional and international scientific articles were collected and analyzed from specific databases on Medical Sciences and Bioethics using the keywords "ethics and nanotechnology". One hundred one 001) articles were analyzed, which included 84 cases from bioethics databases, 44 from medical databases, and 27 common to both databases. The literature on ethics and nanotechnology was scarce considering the international tecno-scientific production on nanotechnology, and even more scarce when considering regional and national levels. The specific themes of the databases were the second major reason for divergence between the types of discourse on the ethical implications of nanotechnology. The authors' images of science on nanotechnology were the main factor in the formulation of ethical discourse. Articles based on a scientific image of nanotechnology, which corresponds to a description by the scientists of their own activities, were predominantly written by authors in the bioethics field. These authors have pointed mainly autogenous ethical implications, which could be identified and analyzed by science. The authors considered the risk analysis as the main ethical approach. Articles based on a philosophical image of nanotechnology. which describes the science starting from broader social contexts, were mainly written by philosophers and social scientists. These articles indicated heterogenous ethical implications that are not hard science subjects, but arise as a consequence of scientific practice. That approach thus requires analysis of the discourses and the interests underlying them.

Implicaciones éticas del uso de la técnica y la tecnología en la aplicación de cuidados / Ethical implications of the use of technique and technology in health care delivery

Los avances tecnológicos y su utilización indiscriminada se han asociado a una progresiva deshumanización de la atención a las personas. La pérdida del significado y del sentido de su manejo junto a la incertidumbre del papel de la enfermera(o) y del paciente respecto a estas nuevas tecnologías y máquinas ha provocado nuevos conflictos de tipo ético y moral a la hora de cuidar. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos: mostrar el significado de la tecnología y la técnica en el entorno sanitario y describir las repercusiones éticas que tiene el uso de la tecnología en la aplicación de cuidados(AU)

The technological advances and their indiscriminate use have been associated with a progressive dehumanization of the attention to persons. The loss of the meaning and sense of their management together with the uncertainty of the nurse and patient's role in relation to these new technologies and machines have caused new ethical and moral conflicts at the time of giving care. The objectives of this paper are to show the significance of technology and techniques in the sanitary environment and to describe the ethical repercussions of the use of technology on health care delivery(AU)