Nutrition gap in children, urban-rural: the key education and food. Colombia, 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional situation of children under five years old from both urban and rural areas of Colombia. METHOD: Analytical study, based on cross-sectional data, collected from ENSIN-2015. The sample consisted of 12,256 children aged between 0 and 4 years old. We calculated the prevalence ratios (PR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). PR were assessed by binomial regression models with malnutrition or overweight as the dependent variable and geographic area as the explanatory variable. We used context variables to adjust the estimated PR and control the confounder within. RESULTS: Acute malnutrition (weight-for-height) had a prevalence of 1.6%, while overweight had a 5.6% rate. No differences per geographic zone in the weight-for-height indicator were found. Stunted growth - chronic malnutrition - was higher in the rural area (PR = 1.2; 95%CI 1-1.53; p = 0.050). Prevalences adjusted by variables related to structural, social and economic developement showed that both the household chief's educational level and the food insecurity of the area account for malnutrition. CONCLUSION: The height-for-age indicator works better to establish development level. Measures against coverage, relevance and quality of education and access to food can harm the nutritional status of the children.

Red meat and egg intake and serum ferritin concentrations in Colombian children: results of a population survey, ENSIN-2015.

The present study aimed to (a) establish the frequency of consumption of red meat and eggs; (b) determine serum ferritin levels (µg/l); and (c) establish the relationship between serum ferritin and the consumption of red meat and eggs. In Colombia during 2014-2018, an analytical study was conducted in 13 243 Colombian children between the ages of 5 and 17 years, based on cross-sectional data compiled by ENSIN-2015 (Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional en Colombia-2015) on serum ferritin levels and dietary consumption based on a questionnaire of the frequency of consumption. Using simple and multiple linear regression, with the serum ferritin level as the dependent variable and the frequency of consumption as the main explanatory variable, the crude and adjusted partial regression coefficients (ß) between serum ferritin levels and consumption were calculated. The frequency of habitual consumption of red meat was 0⋅49 (95 % CI 0⋅47, 0⋅51) times/d. The frequency of habitual egg consumption was 0⋅76 (95 % CI 0⋅74, 0⋅78) times per d. The mean serum ferritin level in men was 41⋅9 (95 % CI 40⋅6, 43⋅1) µg/l and in women, 35⋅7 (95 % CI 34⋅3, 37⋅7) µg/l (P < 0⋅0001). The adjusted ß between the consumption of red meat and eggs and serum ferritin levels were ß = 3⋅0 (95 % CI 1⋅2, 4⋅7) and ß = 2⋅5 (95 % CI 1⋅0, 3⋅9) for red meat and eggs, respectively. In conclusion, red meat and eggs are determinants of serum ferritin levels in Colombia and, therefore, could be considered public policy options to reduce anaemia and Fe deficiency.

Nutrition gap in children, urban-rural: the key education and food. Colombia, 2015 / Brecha nutricional en niños, urbano-rural: educación y alimentos, la clave. Colombia, 2015

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional situation of children under five years old from both urban and rural areas of Colombia. METHOD: Analytical study, based on cross-sectional data, collected from ENSIN-2015. The sample consisted of 12,256 children aged between 0 and 4 years old. We calculated the prevalence ratios (PR) with their respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). PR were assessed by binomial regression models with malnutrition or overweight as the dependent variable and geographic area as the explanatory variable. We used context variables to adjust the estimated PR and control the confounder within. RESULTS: Acute malnutrition (weight-for-height) had a prevalence of 1.6%, while overweight had a 5.6% rate. No differences per geographic zone in the weight-for-height indicator were found. Stunted growth - chronic malnutrition - was higher in the rural area (PR = 1.2; 95%CI 1-1.53; p = 0.050). Prevalences adjusted by variables related to structural, social and economic developement showed that both the household chief's educational level and the food insecurity of the area account for malnutrition. CONCLUSION: The height-for-age indicator works better to establish development level. Measures against coverage, relevance and quality of education and access to food can harm the nutritional status of the children.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Analizar el estado de nutrición en menores de cinco años de áreas urbanas y rurales en Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio analítico, con base en datos de corte transversal, recolectados por la ENSIN-2015. La muestra fue de 12.256 niños colombianos entre cero y cuatro años. Se calcularon razones de prevalencia (RP) y sus respectivos intervalos al 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las RP se obtuvieron de modelos de regresión binomial con el déficit o el exceso, como la variable dependiente y la zona geográfica como la principal explicación. Variables del contexto se utilizaron para ajustar las RP estimadas y limpiar el efecto confusor de éstas. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de desnutrición aguda (peso/talla) fue de 1,6%, la de exceso de 5,6%. No existieron diferencias por zona geográfica, en el indicador (peso/talla). El retraso talla/edad - desnutrición crónica - fue mayor en la zona rural (RP = 1,2; IC95% 1,00-1,53; p = 0,050). Las prevalencias ajustadas por variables que dan cuenta del desarrollo estructural, social y económico, mostraron que la escolaridad del jefe y la inseguridad alimentaria del hogar explican la desnutrición. CONCLUSIONES: El indicador talla/edad es el mejor para establecer el nivel de desarrollo. Medidas contra la cobertura, pertinencia, calidad en la educación y el acceso a los alimentos impactarán negativamente el estado de nutrición en los niños.

Cambios alimentarios en Colombia; resultados de dos encuestas nacionales de nutrición, 2010-2015 / Food changes in Colombia; results of two national nutrition surveys, 2010-2015

Resumen Introducción: Colombia experimenta una transición alimentaria sumada a la nutricional. Objetivo: Establecer en Colombia para el período 2010-2015 la prevalencia y la frecuencia/día del consumo usual de 28 alimentos y dos prácticas de interés para la nutrición pública. Además, establecer las diferencias en la prevalencia y frecuencia/día entre años. Metodología: Estudio analítico en población entre 5 y 64 años, con datos de corte transversal recolectados en las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Situación Nutricional en Colombia, ENSIN-2010 y 2015. Los datos de consumo fueron los obtenidos a través de un Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo. A través de modelos de regresión lineal se estimaron las diferencias crudas y ajustadas para la prevalencia y la frecuencia/día del consumo usual de 28 alimentos y dos prácticas asociadas. Resultados: En el período 2010-2015, en los niños, la prevalencia de consumo de leche, carne, atún, vísceras, leguminosas, pan, tubérculos, azúcar, gaseosas y alimentos fritos disminuyó, al igual que la de verduras y frutas. En los adultos, la prevalencia de leche, carne, atún, vísceras, pan, tubérculos, azúcar, alimentos fritos y alimentos light disminuyó, al igual que la de verduras y frutas. En niños y adultos la prevalencia de consumo de alimentos de paquete aumentó, pero su frecuencia/día disminuyó. La prevalencia de uso del salero disminuyó en niños y adultos, pero su frecuencia/día aumentó. Discusión: El cambio alimentario establecido es similar en niños y adultos confirmando que la cultura alimentaria se hereda socialmente y se transmite de manera vertical entre padres e hijos. Conclusiones: Colombia experimenta una transición alimentaria. Se requiere política pública para orientar el consumo.

Abstract Introduction: Colombia experiences a food transition coupled with nutritional transition. Objective: Establish in Colombia for the period 2010-2015 the prevalence and frequency/day of the usual consumption of 28 foods and two practices of interest for public nutrition. Also, establish differences in prevalence and frequency/day between years. Methodology: Analytical study in population between 5 and 64 years, with cross-sectional data collected in the last two National Surveys of Nutritional Situation in Colombia, ENSIN-2010 and 2015. The consumption data were obtained through a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Through linear regression models, raw and adjusted differences were estimated for the prevalence and frequency/day of usual consumption of 28 foods and two associated practices. Results: In the 2010-2015 period, in children, the prevalence of consumption of milk, meat, tuna, viscera, legumes, bread, tubers, sugar, soft drinks, and fried foods decreased, as did those of vegetables and fruits. In adults, the prevalence of milk, meat, tuna, offal, bread, tubers, sugar, fried foods, and light foods decreased, as did those of vegetables and fruits. In children and adults, the prevalence of packaged food consumption increased, but its frequency/day decreased. The prevalence of saltshaker use decreased in children and adults, but its frequency/day increased. Conclusions: The established dietary change is similar in children and adults confirming that the food culture is inherited socially and transmitted vertically between parents and children. Colombia experiences a food transition. Public policy is required to guide food consumption.