Coping with the temptation to drink.

Part one of this study examined the efficacy of coping responses among college students (N = 137) attempting to control their temptation to drink. Using the taxonomy delineated by Shiffman ("Coping with the Temptation to Smoke, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol. 50, pp. 261-267, 1984), results indicated that both cognitive and behavioral coping were effective in resisting the temptation to drink. When specific coping responses were compared, 3 of 10 behavioral responses and 3 of 13 cognitive responses showed a significant relationship with outcome. These responses were differentially effective in resisting the temptation to drink. A comparison was made to Shiffman's (1984) previous work and the conceptual and methodological problems which may account for the divergent results are discussed. Part Two of this study examined the relationship between the coping responses people use in attempting self-control and those used in dealing with daily stressors. Results suggest that coping is a highly situationally specific response which shows little consistency across these two contexts. Conceptual and methodological difficulties which qualify the obtained results are discussed.

Teacher ratings of children's problem and competence behaviors: normative and parametric characteristics.

Teacher-rated adjustment differences among young elementary school children from (a) a recent sample and a 1974 cohort, and (b) urban/suburban, male/female, and grade-level subgroups were examined. A problem behavior checklist (Classroom Adjustment Rating Scale) and a school competence measure (Health Resources Inventory) for 974 children from 5 urban and 5 suburban schools were completed by 101 first- to fourth-grade teachers. Children from the more current cohort were rated as significantly more maladjusted than those from the earlier sample on 8 of 10 adjustment variables. In the recent sample, girls and suburban children evidenced a greater number of school competencies and fewer problem behaviors than boys and urban children, respectively. The implications of these findings for the future use of the teacher rating scales are discussed.

Social support as a buffer of anxiety: an experimental analogue.

The anxiety-buffering role of social support was investigated using an experimental analogue. Undergraduate females (N = 75) were assigned to one of three conditions: tested alone, tested with a stranger, or tested with a friend. Subjects first completed the Perceived Social Support Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a palmar sweat measure. They were then told that after a 5-min waiting period they would be asked to answer a number of personal questions while being videotaped. Subjects accompanied by a friend showed a smaller increase in state anxiety than the other two groups. There was no group difference on the palmar sweat measure. No significant relationship between perceived social support and changes in state anxiety was found.

Social environmental predictors of children's adjustment in elementary school classrooms.

Relationships between qualities of the perceived social environment and children's adjustment were examined in 30 second- to fourth-grade classrooms. Based on Moos' conceptual framework, social environment was assessed from both teachers' and children's perspectives. There was little agreement between the two views. Nine teacher- and peer-rated adjustment variables were used as criterion measures in multiple regression analyses which controlled for the potential confounding influence of grade level and family income. The main substantive findings were that peer sociometric ratings were more positive at lower grade levels and in classes rated by children as high in Order and Organization; teachers rated less acting-out behavior in classes seen by children as high in Affiliation, Teacher Control, and Task Orientation; and teachers rated children as more likeable in classes seen by Children as high in Teacher Control and Competition. Implications of the study's findings for future primary preventive efforts to engineer health-promoting classroom environments are discussed.

The evaluation of a kindergarten social problem solving program.

The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a Social Problem Solving (SPS) competence training program for kindergartners, and examined relationships between SPS skill and adjustment gains. Subjects included 63 suburban middle-classSs from three classes, who participated in the 42 lesson program, and 46 comparisonSs from two classes, who did not. Subjects were evaluated on problem solving, peer sociometric and teacher adjustment ratings. Program children gave significantly more, and better, solutions, and fewer irrelevant responses to interpersonal problems. They also improved more than comparisonSs on several teacher-rated dimensions of adjustment. Direct linkages between skill and adjustment gains, however, were not found.

Relationships between family background problems and social problem solving skills of young normal children.

Relationships between family background problems and social problem solving (SPS) skills were studied in normal third grade children. Twelve urban and suburban classroom teachers provided information about the presence of six family background problems for 243 children. Three problem solving skills were assessed: 1) alternative solution thinking, means-end thinking, and 3) social role taking. Overall, children with, one or more family problems, compared to those with no problems, generated fewer effective solutions and were less able to carry out a stepwise plan or to take the point of view of another. Differential reltionships were found between specific family background problems and specific problem solving skill deficiencies. Implications of the findings for school-based preventive programming were considered.

The evaluation of an intervention program for young schoolchildren with acting-out problems.

The rationale and nature of a program to train nonprofessional child-aides for helping interactions with young acting-out school children are described. Pre/post teacher measures of children's problems and competencies, aide measures of problem behavior, and school mental health professionals' change in behavior estimates were used to evaluate the program's effectiveness. Children seen by trained aides showed significantly greater reductions both in acting-out problems and in overall maladjustment than did similar children seen by comparable aides who did not have additional training, or by themselves before training. Implications were considered for optimizing outcomes both in the specific school intervention project in question and in other, broader types of clinical interventions.

Help-agents' views about clinical interactions with acting-out children.

A scale to measure nonprofessional child-aides' views about, and practices in, working primarily with acting-out children is described. The scale was used as part of an overall evaluation of a program to teach the aides Ginottian limit-setting approaches for work with such children. A prior study had shown that the training was followed by significantly more favorable treatment outcomes. Compared to 44 nontrained child-aides, the 19 trained aides had significantly higher postprogram scale scores on opinions and beliefs about acting-out children, changes in feeling about working with them, and actual observed changes in their playroom behaviors. Item analysis indicated that, following training, aides felt more comfortable with and had a richer repertoire of techniques for dealing with acting-out children. Specifically, they found it easier to set limits and to deal with overtly aggressive behaviors. Those changes may be key factors in explaining the significantly greater effectiveness of the trained aides working with acting-out children.

Hairdressers as caregivers. I. A descriptive profile of interpersonal help-giving involvements.

The interpersonal help-giving behaviors of 90 hairdressers were explored in depth in an interview study. On the average, hairdressers saw 55 customers a week, and talked 25 minutes with each. About one-third of the talking time concerned clients' moderate to serious personal problems--particularly problems with children, physical health, marriage, depression, and anxiety. Hairdressers reported that offering sympathy and support, being lighthearted, just listening, and presenting alternatives were among their most frequent response strategies. Although they often enjoyed fielding clients' personal problems, at times they felt perplexed by them. Hairdressers perceived listening to customers' interpersonal problems to be an important part of their everyday function and expressed a need for professional inputs in that domain.

The Primary Mental Health Project (PMHP): evaluation of current program effectiveness.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Primary Mental Project (PMHP), a program for early detection and prevention of school adjustment problems. Pre- and postprogram assessments were done with 215 primary-grade children seen in PMHP, usig teacher ratings of problem behaviors and competencies, and child-aide ratings of problems. School mental health professionals judged educational and behavioral changes in project children during the year. Significant across-the board improvements were found on all criterion measures. Modest intercorrelations among criterion change estimates suggested that the observed changes were due to program, rather than halo, effects. PMHP children also improved significantly more than matched, retrospective controls.

Judged school problems and competencies of referred children with varying family background characteristics.

The school adjustment problems and competencies of referred children with varying family background histories were compared. Children from homes characterized by low parent interest in education had more severe learning problems and fewer competencies than either matched referred controls without such a history or matched referred children under family pressure to succeed. The relationship of these findings to other studies of school adjustment and family background was considered.

Nonprofessional and professional help-agents' views of interventions with young maladapting school children.

The expectations of nonprofessional and professional help-agents about helping interventions with young children experiencing different types of school adjustment problems (i.e., aggressive-acting out, shy-anxious, and learning problems) were studied. The two groups responded similarly. Shy-anxious children were seen as most appropriate for the intervention, the easiest and most enjoyable group to work with, and as having the best prognoses. These four sets of judgments were relatively independent of each other. A connection was made between the current data and prior findings suggesting that shy-anxious children have more favorable treatment outcomes than other groups.