Numerical Estimation and Mathematical Learning Methodology in Preschoolers.

One of the means for representing quantities/magnitudes is the mental number line. It is still a nonsolved question as to whether the method of learning mathematics in the early years could improve this type of estimating. A total of 233 students, aged four and five years, who learned mathematics with a new method called Open Algorithm Based on Number or the more traditional Closed Based on Ciphers approach, were evaluated with a reliable estimation on the number line test. Results revealed significant differences in participants' estimation functions based on the learning method used. Students who learned mathematics through the Open Algorithm Based on Number method used a linear representation more efficiently than those who were taught with the Closed Based on Ciphers methodology. This group exhibited a logarithmic function in their approach. We discussed whether these differences can be attributed to a recurrent practice in estimation tasks at school, characterized by the Open Algorithm Based on Number methodology.

Pseudoflujo en tumores anexiales cutáneos / Pseudoflow in Adnexal Skin Tumors

No disponible

Calcinosis cutis facial en una paciente con dermatomiositis paraneoplásica / Facial Calcinosis Cutis in a Woman with Paraneoplastic Dermatomyositis

No disponible

[A rare renal tumour : Ectopic thyroid tissue in the kidney]. / Der seltene Nierentumor : Renales ektopes Schilddrüsengewebe.

During a nephrectomy of a nonfunctioning, tumour-bearing kidney we found ectopic thyroid tissue in the kidney. This location of ectopic thyroid tissue has not been described before. In general, ectopic thyroid tissue is uncommon and rather found in the cervical region or upper mediastinum. A 131-iodine whole-body scan is the most precise method to detect the presence of ectopic thyroid tissue. It is often difficult to distinguish between benign and differentiated malignant thyroid tissue.

Condrocalcinosis axial: reporte de un caso / Axial chondrocalcinosis: a case report

La artropatía por pirofosfato de calcio (CPPD) se caracteriza por la acumulación de cristales de pirofosfato de calcio en el tejido articular y periarticular. La localización más frecuente son rodillas, muñecas y pelvis. Sin embargo, también existen reportes aislados de compromiso de columna. Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 52 años, con antecedentes de doble prótesis de caderas por coxartrosis diagnosticada a los 20 años de edad. Es evaluado en reumatología en febrero de 2017, por cuadro de poliartralgias de grandes articula-ciones, asociada a dolor de columna cervical, dorsal y lumbar. Se realizan exámenes imagenológicos que demuestran la presencia de calcificaciones interdiscales con sobrecrecimiento óseo, secundario a artrosis severa y discreta este-nosis raquídea solo en segmentos lumbares bajos.

The Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition disease is characterised by the deposition of crystals of CPPD in the articular as well as in periarticular structures. The most frequent location are knees, wrist and pelvis. However, also there are iso-lated cases involving the spine. It presents the case of a 52 years male patient, with history of bone arthrosis dou-ble hips prosthesis by bone arthrosis diagnosed 30 years ago. He is evaluated in feb-ruary 2017 by pain of large joints associated cervical spine pain dorsal and lumbar. Imagenological tests are prerfomed and confirms the presence of intervertebral discs calcifications and bone overgrowth secundary to severe osteoarthrosis and spinal ste-nosis in lower lumbar segments.

Caracterización del realce meníngeo intracraneal / Intracranial Meningeal Enhancement Characterization

Objetivo: Describir las características del realce meníngeo intracraneal (RMI) como hallazgo en resonancia magnética y su comportamiento según las diferentes patologías asociadas descritas en la literatura científica. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado con información recolectada de 89 estudios, entre enero y diciembre de 2011, en los cuales se encontró realce meníngeo como hallazgo positivo en la lectura original. Cada estudio fue sometido a nueva revisión por un neurorradiólogo para la caracterización morfológica del realce meníngeo. Resultados: Las causas más frecuentes de RMI fueron enfermedad metastásica (21,3 %), etiología infecciosa (21,3 %), antecedente de cirugía intracraneal (20,2 %) y neoplasias primarias (13,5 %). Del total de las infecciones del sistema nervioso central (19 casos) se documentó infección por VIH en 12 pacientes (70,6 %). El paciente con antecedente quirúrgico de mayor antigüedad fue sometido a craneotomía 17 años antes de la toma de la resonancia magnética incluida en el estudio, en la cual persiste el realce aunque no se han definido signos de recidiva por imagen o por clínica hasta 2015. El tipo de realce más frecuente fue el leptomeníngeo (46,1 %), seguido del mixto (43,8 %) y el paquimeníngeo (10,1 %). En el subgrupo de realce leptomeníngeo, las etiologías más frecuentes fueron infecciosa (31,7 %), enfermedad metastásica (19,5 %) y neoplasias primarias (17,1 %), persistiendo esta tendencia en el subgrupo de realce paquimeníngeo. En el subgrupo de realce mixto, la etiología posquirúrgica fue la primera causa (35,9 %), seguida de la enfermedad metastásica (23,1 %) y las infecciones (18 %). En los casos de etiología infecciosa se encontró un predominio del patrón de realce leptomeníngeo, nodular y difuso, sin realce paquimeníngeo, como único tipo de realce. Conclusión: Aunque un patrón de realce meníngeo determinado no es indicativo de una patología específica, el estudio detallado de sus características puede aportar información que permite plantear grupos diagnósticos, particularmente en casos de etiología neoplásica o infecciosa, aporte de relevancia en casos en que el realce meníngeo anormal es la única alteración evidente en una resonancia magnética.

Objective: To describe the characteristics of intracranial meningeal enhancement (IME) as magnetic resonance imaging findings and their behavior under different associated conditions as described in the scientific literature. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with data collected from the images archive between January and December of 2011, obtaining 89 eligible studies in which it was determined, in the original reading, presence of IME as positive finding. Each study was subjected to further review by a neuroradiologist of the institution for morphological characterization of the IME. Results: The most common causes of IME were: metastatic disease (21.3%), infectious etiology (21.3%), history of intracranial surgery (20.2%) and primary neoplasms (13.5%). Of total CNS infections (19 cases), HIV infection was documented in 12 patients (70.6%). The patient with the oldest surgical history underwent craniotomy 17 years before performing the MRI included in the study, with persistance of IME with no signs of recurrence defined by image or clinical manifestations up to 2015. The most frequent IME type was leptomeningeal (LME) (46.1%), followed by mixed (MME) (43.8%) and pachymeningeal (PME) (10.1%) enhancements. In the subgroup of LME, the most common etiologies were: infectious (31.7%), metastatic disease (19.5%) and primary neoplasms (17.1%). This trend persisted in the subgroup of PME. In the subgroup of MME, post-surgical etiology was the leading cause (35.9%), followed by metastatic disease (23.1%) and infections etiologies (18%). Conclusion: Although a particular pattern of meningeal enhancement is not indicative of a specific pathology, detailed study of its features can provide information that allow the proposal of diagnostic groups, particularly in cases of neoplastic or infectious etiology, relevant contribution in cases where the abnormal meningeal enhancement is the only anormality in MRI.

[Toxoplasmosis. Clinical, radiological and pathological aspects. Report of 44 cases]. / Toxoplasmosis. Aspectos clínicos radiológicos y patológicos. Presentación de 44 casos.

Forty four cases of toxoplasmosis seen in a 20 years span are reviewed. The largest number of cases corresponded to the neonatal group. The most important clinical findings usually involve the central nervous system, reticulum endothelium, skin and eyes. The disease is compared to an equivalent group of congenital lues (Torch complex). Clinical and radiological criteria for the differentiation are established. The most important finding is the presence of intracraneal calcifications. The different patterns and distribution are discussed. The radiologist plays an important role in the diagnosis of this condition, particularly, in the neonatal group of patients where the incidence of intravenous calcification appears to be higher.