Resilience, Burnout and Mental Health in Nurses: A Latent Mediation Model.

Background/Objectives: The burnout syndrome in nurses has been related to the development of mental health problems. On the contrary, resilience is related to adequately coping with stressful situations and better mental health. The objective was to analyze the relationship between resilience and mental health problems in nurses and estimate the proportion mediated by burnout in the association. Methods: In 2021, a total of 1165 Spanish nurses were selected through a stratified random sampling method. Participants anonymously filled in the Resilience Scale (RS-14), the Maslach Burnout Inventory Survey, and the General Health Questionnaire. To test the hypothesis proposed and explain the mediating effect of burnout empirically, structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied. A latent mediation model was computed. Results: Resilience was negatively related to burnout and mental health problems. The direct relationship between burnout and the latent health variable was positive. In addition, in view of the total effect of resilience on mental health problems and the magnitude of the indirect effect, we stated that the proportion of this effect mediated by burnout ranged from 0.486 to 0.870. Conclusions: This study reveals that fostering resilience in nurses directly and indirectly reduces burnout and improves their mental health. The implementation of resilience programs and supportive institutional policies is recommended to improve working conditions and the quality of patient care.

Bienestar personal durante la adolescencia según el modelo Perma: una revisión sistemática

(analítico) El bienestar es uno de los constructos más estudiados dentro de la psicología positiva en la actualidad. El objetivo de este trabajo de revisión sistemática es analizar la evidencia existente en los últimos cinco años acerca del bienestar en relación a cada uno de los elementos que constituyen el modelo Perma. La metodología ha consistido en consultar las bases de datos Web of Science y Scopus mediante la elaboración de unas fórmulas de búsqueda. Se han seleccionado un total de 42 artículos entre los distintos estudios pertenecientes a las cinco dimensiones del modelo Perma. Los resultados confirman que el bienestar promueve las conductas positivas y favorece a otras variables como la autoestima y el rendimiento académico. Se debate cómo el bienestar potencia el desarrollo personal en los adolescentes.

(analytical) Well-being is currently one of the most studied areas within Positive Psychology. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze existing evidence in the area of well-being in relation to each of the elements that make up the PERMA model during the last five years The methodology consisted of consulting the Web of Science and Scopus databases through the design of search formulas. A total of 42 articles were selected from different studies that covered the five dimensions of the PERMA model. The results confirm that well-being promotes positive behaviors and favors other variables such as self-esteem and academic performance. The authors also identify that well-being enhances personal development in adolescents from the articles.

(analítico) O bem-estar é um dos construtos mais estudados dentro da Psicologia Positiva atualmente. O objetivo deste trabalho de revisão sistemática é analisar as evidências existentes nos últimos cinco anos sobre o bem-estar em relação a cada um dos elementos que compõem o modelo Perma. A metodologia consistiu em consultar as bases de dados Web of Science e Scopus desenvolvendo fórmulas de busca. Um total de 42 artigos foram selecionados entre os diferentes estudos pertencentes às cinco dimensões do modelo Perma. Os resultados confirmam como o bem-estar promove comportamentos positivos e favorece outras variáveis como autoestima e desempenho acadêmico. Debate-se como o bem-estar potencializa o desenvolvimento pessoal em adolescentes.

The "Mask Effect" of the Emotional Factor in Nurses' Adaptability to Change: Mental Health in a COVID-19 Setting.

During healthcare catastrophes, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, nurses are exposed to highly stressful situations derived from their work and personal activity. Development of coping strategies for such situations can improve nurses' physical and mental health. This study analyzed nurses' adaptability to change, with attention to socio-demographic variables in a COVID-19 setting, and identified the repercussions on their health. This quantitative, observational and cross-sectional study had a sample of 351 nurses aged 22 to 64 with a mean age of 40.91 (SD = 10.98). The instruments used for the study were the ADAPTA-10 questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). It was observed that age, sex, and having a stable partner significantly influenced scores on the emotional, cognitive-behavioral, and adaptation to change factors. Finally, the emotional factor mediated between positive COVID-19 in someone close and the presence of health problems. Understanding the elements that help adapt better to change and adversity enable effective interventions to be developed for improving emotional health of nurses, especially for those in whom there are positive cases of COVID-19 in their personal or work environment.

Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between Anxiety Sensitivity and Academic Burnout in Adolescents.

(1) Background: Increased stress and study overload during adolescence could be related to academic burnout. Anxiety sensitivity of students seems to affect burnout levels, while emotional intelligence enables emotion management under stressful conditions. The objective of this study is to analyze the roles of anxiety sensitivity and emotional intelligence in academic burnout. (2) Methods: In this quantitative cross-sectional study conducted in Spain, the sample comprised 1287 high school students aged 14 to 18 who filled out the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey, the Spanish version adapted for high school students of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3, and Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory. (3) Results: Anxiety sensitivity was significantly higher in cynicism and emotional exhaustion. Furthermore, the mediation analysis showed that high anxiety sensitivity directly affected student exhaustion, cynicism, and efficacy levels. These effects were mediated mainly through stress management but also through the effect of stress management on mood, both emotional intelligence factors. (4) Conclusions: The academic changes that occur during high school hinder engagement and performance. Promoting the development of emotional skills would enable young people to manage their emotions when they become overwhelming and diminish their lack of interest and exhaustion in the classroom.

Mood and Affective Balance of Spaniards Confined by COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to analyze the mood and affective balance of Spaniards in quarantine and determine the predictive role of sociodemographic variables and mood on the negative affective balance. This cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 1014 Spanish adults, 67.2% were women and 32.8% men. The age ranged from 17 to 76. The instruments used were the Mood Assessment Scale and the Affective Balance Scale, which were implemented as a CAWI survey (Computer Aided Web Interviewing). Results showed that age correlated negatively with Sadness-Depression, Anxiety, and Happiness. Women had more Sadness-Depression, Anxiety, and negative affect, while men showed more Happiness and higher positive affect. Thus, the risk of a negative affective balance during confinement was greater for women and those who showed an emotional state marked by sadness-depression and anxiety, while older age and higher scores in happiness were associated with lower risk. In conclusion, knowing which groups are at risk of emotional and affective alteration can facilitate the detection and prevention of later disorders, such as severe stress and posttraumatic stress disorder, avoiding their generalized presence, and becoming a new public health problem derived from COVID-19.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el estado de ánimo y el balance afectivo de los españoles en cuarentena y determinar el papel predictivo de las variables sociodemográficas y de los estados anímicos, sobre el balance afectivo negativo. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con una muestra de 1014 adultos españoles, siendo el 67.2% mujeres y el 32.8% restante, hombres. El rango de edad estuvo entre 18 y 76 años. Los instrumentos empleados fueron la Escala de Evaluación del Estado de Ánimo y la Escala de Equilibrio Afectivo, empleando para su implementación una encuesta CAWI (Computer Aided Web Interviewing). Los resultados mostraron que la edad correlaciona negativamente con la Tristeza-Depresión, la Ansiedad y Alegría. Las mujeres presentan mayor nivel de Tristeza-Depresión, Ansiedad y afecto negativo, mientras que los hombres presentan más Alegría y mayor nivel de afecto positivo. Por lo tanto, el riesgo de presentar un balance afectivo negativo durante el confinamiento es mayor entre mujeres y entre quienes manifiestan un estado emocional marcado por la tristeza-depresión y la ansiedad, mientras que tener mayor edad y mostrar puntuaciones elevadas en alegría se asocia con menor riesgo. En conclusión, conocer los grupos de riesgo en alteraciones emocionales y afectivas puede facilitar la detección y prevención de trastornos posteriores, como estrés agudo y trastorno de estrés postraumático, evitando la presencia generalizada, y que esto se convierta en un nuevo problema de Salud Pública derivado del COVID-19.

The repercussions of perceived threat from COVID-19 on the mental health of actively employed nurses.

In the confrontation with the COVID-19 pandemic, threat perceived by the nursing population, and its association with sociodemographic and contextual characteristics, must be measured and evaluated as well as their repercussions on their mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the repercussion of perceived threat from COVID-19 on the mental health of actively employed nurses, considering a COVID-19 diagnosis, whether their own or of someone close to them. The sample was comprised of 351 nurses. Sociodemographic data were collected, and the Questionnaire on Perception of Threat from COVID-19 and the General Health Questionnaire were administered. The three demographic and contextual variables mentioned were related to mental health, mediated in some symptoms by perceived threat. These results provide important information for implementing measures or psychoeducational programs for nurses, essential in the present pandemic for improving psychological adaptation and reducing the effects on their mental health.

Moral Sensitivity, Empathy and Prosocial Behavior: Implications for Humanization of Nursing Care.

Humanization of nursing is related to certain social and moral variables. Moral sensitivity, empathy, and prosocial behavior help understand a situation and make decisions that benefit the patient. The objective of this study is to find out how these variables are related, and define the differences in moral sensitivity, empathy, and prosocial behavior in humanization of nursing. We also analyzed the mediating role of empathy in the relationship between moral sensitivity and prosocial behavior. The sample was made up of 330 Spanish nurses aged 22 to 56, who completed the HUMAS Scale and adapted versions of the Basic Empathy Scale, the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, and the Prosocial Behavior Scale. Descriptive analyses, bivariate correlations and multiple mediation models were calculated. The results found significantly different mean scores between all the groups in responsibility and moral strength, cognitive empathy, and prosocial behavior, and in moral burden, the differences were in the high-humanization-score group compared to the low-score group. Furthermore, the mediation models showed the mediating effect of cognitive empathy between the responsibility, strength, and moral burden factors on prosocial behavior, but not of affective empathy. The study concluded that humanization in nursing is closely related to moral sensitivity, cognitive empathy, and prosocial behavior. This facilitates a helping, caring, and understanding attitude toward patient needs, but without the affective flooding that affective empathy can lead to.

Inteligencia emocional y salud en el envejecimiento: beneficios del programa PECI-PM

El entrenamiento de la inteligencia emocional en personas mayores, ha demostrado su efectividad en la mejora de la calidad de vida. El objetivo es analizar los beneficios en salud, de un programa de estimulación cognitiva e inteligencia emocional para personas mayores (PECI-PM). La muestra estuvo formada por 28 alumnos de la Universidad de Mayores de Almería, que completaron la primera fase del PECI-PM. Para la evaluación (pre-post) de la salud, se aplicó la versión española del SF-36. Los resultados mostraron puntuaciones significativamente más elevadas, tras la intervención, en las dimensiones de salud: Función Social, Dolor Corporal, Vitalidad y Función Social. La primera implementación del PECI-PM, revela efectos positivos del entrenamiento emocional sobre la percepción de la salud, en personas mayores.

Training emotional intelligence in the elderly, it has demonstrated its effectiveness in improving the quality of life. The aim is to analyze the health benefits of a program of cognitive stimulation and emotional intelligence for older people (PECI-PM). The sample consisted of 28 students of the University Senior Almeria, who completed the first phase of PECI-PM. For the (pre-post) assessment of health, the Spanish version of the SF-36 was applied. The results showed significantly higher scores after the intervention, the dimensions of health: social function, bodily pain, vitality and social function. The first implementation of the PECI-PM reveals positive effects of emotional training on perceived health in the elderly.