Efectos de la marihuana en la salud bucal / Effects of marijuana on oral health

Aun cuando las autoridades del Sector Salud en México no se han declarado respecto al uso medicinal de la marihuana, con el objetivo de conocer el estado actual internacional sobre sus riesgos y usos terapéuticos, investigamos los avances reportados en la actualidad, así como las comunidades que han despenalizado su uso. Se presenta su origen como elemento terapéutico, pueblos involucrados, diversas denominaciones, historicidad, las diversas preparaciones, farmacodinamia, sus efectos nocivos a la salud en general y particularmente en boca, sus posibles usos en odontología tomando en cuenta sus propiedades terapéuticas. ampliamente reseñadas en relación a otros lugares del organismo. Finalmente, la propuesta de investigación en odontología con especial énfasis en aquellas especialidades donde la inflamación y el dolor agudo estén presentes de manera significativa (AU)

Although health authorities in Mexico have not officially declared their stance on the medicinal use of marijuana, our research aims to explore the current international status regarding its risks and therapeutic uses. We have investigated the latest reported advancements and examined communities that have decriminalized its usage. This presentation encompasses its therapeutic origin, involved communities, various designations, historical context, diverse preparations, pharmacodynamics, its adverse effects on overall health and particularly oral health, as well as its potential applications in dentistry, considering its widely documented therapeutic properties in comparison to other areas of the body. Finally, our research proposal in dentistry places special emphasis on specialties where inflammation and acute pain are significantly present (AU)

Mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequencing confirms the presence of the invasive sea anemone Diadumene lineata (Verrill, 1869) (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) in Argentina.

Background: Diadumene lineata is one of the most widespread sea anemone species worldwide. Although this species has been reported a few times on the Argentine coast since 2004, its identification has traditionally been based on external morphological characteristics, and in most cases no voucher specimens are available to support previous records. Methods: In this study, we obtained DNA sequences of two mitochondrial markers (12S and 16S) and two nuclear markers (18S and 28S) from specimens of D. lineata collected in two locations on the Argentine coast separated by almost 800 km. Additionally, we conducted an analysis of the morphology, as well as the types and size ranges of cnidae, using specimens collected at three different locations along the Argentine coast. Furthermore, since introduced populations of D. lineata are presumably ephemeral and only reproduce asexually outside their native range, we examined the internal anatomy of representatives from the Argentine coast for gametogenic tissue as an indication of whether they might be capable of sexual reproduction. Results: DNA data support our morphological identification, including cnidae analyses, of the specimens as D. lineata. Furthermore, all specimens examined were determined to be sterile. Discussion: Genetic sequence comparisons, phylogenetic reconstruction, and cnidae data support the identification of individuals of D. lineata from Mar Chiquita and Garipe Beach, confirming the presence of the species on the Argentine coast using both morphological and molecular tools. The absence of fertile specimens suggests that each sampled population is likely reproducing only by asexual reproduction and possibly composed of clones. The presence of an additional category of longer p-mastigophores B2a in the actinopharynx and filaments, as well as holotrichs in the column, is also reported. Conclusions: For the first time, we have confirmed the presence of D. lineata in Argentina through molecular data. Additionally, our findings indicate that the analyzed specimens are sterile, suggesting that this species is not engaging in sexual reproduction in the studied localities. It is crucial to continue monitoring the populations of D. lineata along the Argentine coast to assess whether they establish sexual reproduction, expand their distribution range or disappear, or potentially cause any harm to local species or alterations in benthic communities.

Treatment and Management Experience of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis in a Low-income Country.

OBJECTIVE: Reporting our experience of the management and treatment of Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) in a low-income country by describing patients characteristics and therapy with emphasis on conservative surgical excision and postoperative care as the cornerstone of treatment. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of women with histopathological diagnosis of IGM from 2014 to 2018 at Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal in Lima, Peru. Patients' characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, management, postoperative care, and follow-up were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients with histopathological diagnosis of IGM were identified. Their average age was 35.9 years and 23 (60.5%) reported previous use of hormonal contraceptives. Nine (23.7%) patients had chronic mastitis with previous treatment. The time from the onset of symptoms to the first clinic consult was 5.1 months on average. Twenty-one (55.3%) patients had the lesion in the right breast, with a mean size of 6.9 cm. Conservative surgical excision was performed in all patients. Additionally, 86.8% required corticosteroids and 78.9% were treated with antibiotics. Complete remission was obtained at 141 days on average (range 44 to 292 days). Six (15.8%) women reported ipsilateral recurrence and 5 (13.2%), contralateral. The latency time was 25.5 months on average. CONCLUSION: The conservative surgical treatment demonstrated and close follow-up made for a high cure rate, but with recurrence similar to that reported in the literature. Use of gloves is an alternative to manage post operative wounds in a low-income country. The most frequent adverse effect was breast surgical scar.

Treatment and Management Experience of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis in a Low-income Country / Experiência de tratamento e manejo da mastite granulomatosa idiopática em um país de baixa renda

Abstract Objective Reporting our experience of the management and treatment of Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) in a low-income country by describing patients characteristics and therapy with emphasis on conservative surgical excision and postoperative care as the cornerstone of treatment. Methods A retrospective cohort of women with histopathological diagnosis of IGM from 2014 to 2018 at Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal in Lima, Peru. Patients' characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, management, postoperative care, and follow-up were analyzed. Results Thirty-eight patients with histopathological diagnosis of IGM were identified. Their average age was 35.9 years and 23 (60.5%) reported previous use of hormonal contraceptives. Nine (23.7%) patients had chronic mastitis with previous treatment. The time from the onset of symptoms to the first clinic consult was 5.1 months on average. Twenty-one (55.3%) patients had the lesion in the right breast, with a mean size of 6.9 cm. Conservative surgical excision was performed in all patients. Additionally, 86.8% required corticosteroids and 78.9% were treated with antibiotics. Complete remission was obtained at 141 days on average (range 44 to 292 days). Six (15.8%) women reported ipsilateral recurrence and 5 (13.2%), contralateral. The latency time was 25.5 months on average. Conclusion The conservative surgical treatment demonstrated and close follow-up made for a high cure rate, but with recurrence similar to that reported in the literature. Use of gloves is an alternative to manage post operative wounds in a low-income country. The most frequent adverse effect was breast surgical scar.

Volatile organic compounds measured by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry over the complex terrain of Quintero Bay, Central Chile.

This research provides new evidence regarding the different kinds of air quality episodes, and their underlying mechanisms, that frequently impact the urban area of Quintero Bay in Central Chile, which is located along complex coastal terrain and is surrounded by industries. The monitoring campaign was carried out in January 2022 and encompassed two distinctive meteorological regimes. The first part of the month was dominated by a coastal low centered to the south of Quintero, which resulted in prevailing northerly flow (or weak southerlies) and a deep cloud-topped marine boundary layer. After a 2-3-day transition, the latter collapsed, and a clear-sky regime ensued, which was characterized by a shallow boundary layer and strong southerly winds during the daytime that lasted until the end of the campaign. By using proton transfer reaction time of flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) at a high temporal resolution (1 s), we measured high levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during air quality episodes in real time. The episodes detected were associated with different prevailing meteorological regimes, suggesting that different point sources were involved. In the first episode, propene/cyclopropane, butenes, benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene/xylenes were associated with north and northwesterly weak winds. Complaints associated with hydrocarbon odor were reported. The pollution originated from industrial and petrochemical units located to the north of Quintero, which transport and store natural gas, liquified petroleum gas and oil. The second episode was linked to an oil refinery located south of our measurement site. In this case, high levels of phenol, furan and cresols occurred under strong southwesterly winds. During this event, headaches and dizziness were reported. By contrast, the levels of other aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene/xylenes) were lower than in the first air pollution episode.

Description and life cycle of a new species of the genus Arachnanthus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Ceriantharia) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean.

Background: Ceriantharia is a subclass of the phylum Cnidaria, which comprises tube-dwelling marine invertebrates. This subclass is composed of three families, including Arachnactidae, with two known genera. Currently, the genus Arachnanthus has five valid species recorded from Australia, the Mediterranean Sea and both the Southern and Northern Pacific Ocean. However, at the moment, there is no record of organisms of this family from the South Atlantic Ocean. Besides that, the life cycle of any species of the genus Arachnanthus is known. The present study describes a new species of the genus Arachnanthus and its life cycle, based on specimens from Uruguay and South of Brazil. Methods: Larvae were collected by plankton net in Rio Grande-Brazil and the development and external morphology of these specimens were observed in the laboratory during two years, and subsequently described. Additionally, nine adult ceriantharians correspondent to the larvae from Rio Grande were collected in Uruguay and their external and internal anatomies, and cnidome were described. Results: Arachnanthus errans sp. nov. exhibited a free-swimming, short-lived cerinula larvae that spent short-time on the plankton. The larva developed into small and translucent polyps with a short actinopharynx, one pair of mesenteries attached to a siphonoglyph, and a medium first pair of metamesenteries. Further, the adult polyp displayed an unprecedented locomotion behavior in Ceriantharia that is first reported here, it can crawl under and in between the sediment.

Microbiota composition in the lower respiratory tract is associated with severity in patients with acute respiratory distress by influenza.

Several factors are associated with the severity of the respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. Although viral factors are one of the most studied, in recent years the role of the microbiota and co-infections in severe and fatal outcomes has been recognized. However, most of the work has focused on the microbiota of the upper respiratory tract (URT), hindering potential insights from the lower respiratory tract (LRT) that may help to understand the role of the microbiota in Influenza disease. In this work, we characterized the microbiota of the LRT of patients with Influenza A using 16S rRNA sequencing. We tested if patients with different outcomes (deceased/recovered) and use of antibiotics differ in their microbial community composition. We found important differences in the diversity and composition of the microbiota between deceased and recovered patients. In particular, we detected a high abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Granulicatella, in patients either deceased or with antibiotic treatment. Also, we found antibiotic treatment correlated with lower diversity of microbial communities and with lower probability of survival in Influenza A patients. Altogether, the loss of microbial diversity could generate a disequilibrium in the community, potentially compromising the immune response increasing viral infectivity, promoting the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria that, together with altered biochemical parameters, can be leading to severe forms of the disease. Overall, the present study gives one of the first characterizations of the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the LRT of Influenza patients and its relationship with clinical variables and disease severity.

Marine Bioprospecting: Enzymes and Stress Proteins from the Sea Anemones Anthopleura dowii and Lebrunia neglecta.

The bioprospecting of sea anemone tissues and secretions has revealed that they are natural libraries of polypeptides with diverse biological activities that can be utilized to develop of biotechnological tools with potential medical and industrial applications. This study conducted a proteomic analysis of crude venom extracts from Anthopleura dowii Verrill, 1869, and Lebrunia neglecta Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860. The obtained data allowed us to identify 201 polypeptides, of which 39% were present in both extracts. Among the obtained sequences, hydrolase-type enzymes, oxidoreductases, transferases, heat shock proteins, adhesion proteins, and protease inhibitors, among others, were identified. Interaction analysis and functional annotation indicated that these proteins are primarily involved in endoplasmic reticulum metabolic processes such as carbon metabolism and protein processing. In addition, several proteins related to oxidative stress were identified, including superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxins, thioredoxin, and glutathione oxidase. Our results provide novel information on the polypeptide composition of the crude venom extract from sea anemones, which can be utilized to develop molecules for therapeutic tools and industrial applications.

Longitudinal Characterization of a Neutralizing and Total Antibody Response in Patients with Severe COVID-19 and Fatal Outcomes.

The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 appears to play a critical role in disease pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in severe COVID-19 cases. Until now, the importance of developing a neutralizing antibody response in the acute phase and its relationship with progression to severe disease or fatal outcome among hospitalized patients remains unclear. In this study, we aim to characterize and compare longitudinally the primary humoral immune host response in the early stages of the disease, looking for an association between neutralization, antibody titers, infective viral lineage, and the clinical outcome in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. A total of 111 patients admitted at INER from November 2021 to June 2022 were included. We found that patients with negative or low neutralization showed a significant reduction in survival probability compared to patients with medium or high neutralization. We observed a significant decrease in the median of neutralization in patients infected with viral variants with changes in RBD of the spike protein. Our results suggest that developing an early and robust neutralizing response against SARS-CoV-2 may increase survival probability in critical patients.

Clinical and Virological Features of Patients Hospitalized with Different Types of COVID-19 Vaccination in Mexico City.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines effectively protect against severe disease and death. However, the impact of the vaccine used, viral variants, and host factors on disease severity remain poorly understood. This work aimed to compare COVID-19 clinical presentations and outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in Mexico City. From March to September 2021, clinical, demographic characteristics, and viral variants were obtained from 1014 individuals with a documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. We compared unvaccinated, partially vaccinated, and fully vaccinated patients, stratifying by age groups. We also fitted multivariate statistical models to evaluate the impact of vaccination status, SARS-CoV-2 lineages, vaccine types, and clinical parameters. Most hospitalized patients were unvaccinated. In patients over 61 years old, mortality was significantly higher in unvaccinated compared to fully vaccinated individuals. In patients aged 31 to 60 years, vaccinated patients were more likely to be outpatients (46%) than unvaccinated individuals (6.1%). We found immune disease and age above 61 years old to be risk factors, while full vaccination was found to be the most protective factor against in-hospital death. This study suggests that vaccination is essential to reduce mortality in a comorbid population such as that of Mexico.

Opinión de los estudiantes de odontología de la FES Iztacala UNAM, sobre el proceso de evaluación a distancia antes de la pandemia por COVID-19: estudio transversal / Opinion of dental students at FES Iztacala UNAM on the distance evaluation process before the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

Introducción: El proceso de evaluación a distancia es una modalidad que ha sido utilizada en los últimos años. Sin embargo, la pandemia por COVID-19 ha ocasionado su rápida adaptación. El personal docente ha reportado las ventajas de este modo de evaluación; no obstante, la opinión de los estudiantes de odontología en torno a las ventajas y desventajas de esta modalidad no ha sido explorada. Objetivo: Explorar las ventajas y desventajas de las tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TIC), específicamente en el proceso de evaluación a distancia reportadas por estudiantes de odontología. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal retrospectivo, en una muestra no aleatoria de 310 estudiantes de tercer año, distribuidos en cuatro generaciones, adscritos a la Facultad de Odontología de la FES Iztacala. Se administró un cuestionario estructurado para la medición de sus opiniones en torno a las evaluaciones a distancia. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y bivariado. Resultados: De un total de los 382 estudiantes potencialmente elegibles, 310 aceptaron participar (96%). Conclusiones: La opinión mayoritaria fue la preferencia a los exámenes por Internet y mejor a distancia. Queda pendiente la duda: ¿cuál será el comportamiento cuando los estudios profesionales vuelvan a la normalidad después de la pandemia COVID-19? (AU)

Introduction: The process of distance assessment has been employed in the last years. However, COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated its adoption. Academic personnel have previously reported the benefits of this mode of assessments. Nevertheless, dentistry-students' opinions around the advantages and disadvantages of this mode of assessment has not been explored. Objective: Explore the advantages and disadvantages concerning the ICT skills specifically about the process of distance assessment of dental students. Material and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a non-randomized sample of 310 of third-year students distributed in four years attending to the School of Dentistry at FES Iztacala. A structured questionnaire was distributed to measure students' opinions around the advantages and disadvantages of distance assessments. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was conducted. Results: Questionnaires were returned by 310 students (96% response rate). Conclusion: Students' perceptions of their ICT skills has increased, matched by better equipment and greater appreciation of e-learning (AU)

Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria) in high sedimentation environments influenced by the Magdalena River (Colombian Caribbean).

Fifteen species of sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) have been recorded so far in the Colombian Caribbean, comprising approximately 28% of the total number of known species in the Caribbean Sea. Most species recorded are associated with coral reef communities. However, in the region, no records of sea anemones are known from areas with high sedimentation conditions as is characteristic along the coastline of the Atlántico Department, in Colombia. In this area, organisms are exposed to a high degree of turbidity and sedimentation (~143.9x106 t year-1) as a result of their proximity to the Magdalena River mouth and the 26 micro-basins that flow along its coastline. Several observations and collections were made on soft bottoms, rocky, and artificial substrates in the sectors of Puerto Velero and Caño Dulce to determine the fauna that exist under these conditions. Four species of sea anemones were found belonging to the families Actiniidae and Aiptasiidae, and images from living specimens and cnidae are provided. Bunodosoma cavernatum and Exaiptasia diaphana are here recorded for the first time from the Colombian Caribbean. An updated list of sea anemones in the Colombian Caribbean, now comprising 34 taxa (i.e., 21 species and 13 identified at supra-specific levels), is provided.

Dysbiosis and structural disruption of the respiratory microbiota in COVID-19 patients with severe and fatal outcomes.

The COVID-19 outbreak has caused over three million deaths worldwide. Understanding the pathology of the disease and the factors that drive severe and fatal clinical outcomes is of special relevance. Studying the role of the respiratory microbiota in COVID-19 is especially important as the respiratory microbiota is known to interact with the host immune system, contributing to clinical outcomes in chronic and acute respiratory diseases. Here, we characterized the microbiota in the respiratory tract of patients with mild, severe, or fatal COVID-19, and compared it to healthy controls and patients with non-COVID-19-pneumonia. We comparatively studied the microbial composition, diversity, and microbiota structure between the study groups and correlated the results with clinical data. We found differences in the microbial composition for COVID-19 patients, healthy controls, and non-COVID-19 pneumonia controls. In particular, we detected a high number of potentially opportunistic pathogens associated with severe and fatal levels of the disease. Also, we found higher levels of dysbiosis in the respiratory microbiota of patients with COVID-19 compared to the healthy controls. In addition, we detected differences in diversity structure between the microbiota of patients with mild, severe, and fatal COVID-19, as well as the presence of specific bacteria that correlated with clinical variables associated with increased risk of mortality. In summary, our results demonstrate that increased dysbiosis of the respiratory tract microbiota in patients with COVID-19 along with a continuous loss of microbial complexity structure found in mild to fatal COVID-19 cases may potentially alter clinical outcomes in patients. Taken together, our findings identify the respiratory microbiota as a factor potentially associated with the severity of COVID-19.

Deep winter intrusions of urban black carbon into a canyon near Santiago, Chile: A pathway towards Andean glaciers.

Black carbon transport from the Santiago Metropolitan Area, Chile, up to the adjacent Andes Cordillera and its glaciers is of major concern. Its deposition accelerates the melting of the snowpack, which could lead to stress on water supply in addition to climate feedback. A proposed pathway for this transport is the channelling through the network of canyons that connect the urban basin to the elevated summits, as suggested by modelling studies, although no observations have validated this hypothesis so far. In this work, atmospheric measurements from a dedicated field campaign conducted in winter 2015, under severe urban pollution conditions, in Santiago and the Maipo canyon, southeast of Santiago, are analysed. Wind (speed and direction) and particulate matter concentrations measured at the surface and along vertical profiles, demonstrate intrusions of thick layers (up to 600 m above ground) of urban black carbon deep into the canyon on several occasions. Transport of PM down-valley occurs mostly through shallow layers at the surface except in connection with deep valley intrusions, when a secondary layer in altitude with return flow (down-valley) at night is observed. The transported particulate matter is mostly from the vicinity of the entrance to the canyon and uncorrelated to concentrations observed in downtown Santiago. Reanalyses data show that for 10% of the wintertime days, deep intrusions into the Maipo canyon are prevented by easterly winds advecting air pollutants away from the Andes. Also, in 23% of the cases, intrusions proceed towards a secondary north-eastward branch of the Maipo canyon, leaving 67% of the cases with favourable conditions for deep penetrations into the main Maipo canyon. Reanalyses show that the wind directions associated to the 33% anomalous cases are related to thick cloud cover and/or the development of coastal lows.

Anaerobic biodegradation under slurry thermophilic conditions of poly(lactic acid)/starch blend compatibilized by maleic anhydride.

TPS/MA/PLA is a blend of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and polylactic acid (PLA) compatibilized by maleic anhydride (MA) that can be a substitute for petro-based plastics in certain applications. At the end of its life, this material must be properly disposed in treatment systems such as composting or anaerobic digestion. The biodegradability of TPS/MA/PLA, PLA, TPS and the non-compatible mixture (TPS/PLA) was evaluated in a slurry thermophilic anaerobic digestion system (STAD) according to ISO 13975-2012 standard. The anaerobic inoculum was prepared from cow manure and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. After 31 days of incubation, the pure PLA exhibited a 12-day lag phase and 40.41% of biodegradability. TPS, TPS/PLA and TPS/MA/PLA did not exhibit lag phase and reached 92.11%, 65.48% and 64.82% of biodegradation respectively. The slow degradation rate of PLA is attributed to its high glass transition temperature and crystallinity. In TPS/MA/PLA and TPS/PLA, about 50% of PLA and 13% to 10% of the TPS remains undegraded and MA did not affect the biodegradation of TPS/MA/PLA compared to TPS/PLA. Results suggest that, in very short retention times STAD systems, PLA based materials could not exhibit enough biodegradability.

The sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (Actiniaria: Aiptasiidae) associated to rhodoliths at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica / La anémona de mar Exaiptasia diaphana (Actiniaria: Aiptasiidae) asociada a rodolitos en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco

Introduction: The sea anemones diversity is still poorly studied in Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica. Objective: To report for the first time the presence of the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana. Methods: Some rhodoliths were examined in situ in Punta Ulloa at 14 m depth, by SCUBA during the expedition UCR-UNA-COCO-I to Isla del Coco National Park on 24th April 2010. Living anemones settled on rhodoliths were photographed and its external morphological features and measures were recorded in situ. Results: Several individuals of E. diaphana were observed on rodoliths and we repeatedly observed several small individuals of this sea anemone surrounding the largest individual in an area (presumably the founder sea anemone) on rhodoliths from Punta Ulloa. Conclusions: The geographic distribution is extended as well as their bathymetric distribution from the intertidal to 14 m depth. The photographs provide evidence of clonal reproduction by pedal laceration.

Introducción: La diversidad de anémonas de mar en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, está aún poco estudiada. Objetivo: Reportar por primera vez la presencia de la anémona de mar Exaiptasia diaphana. Métodos: Algunos rodolitos fueron examinados in situ en Punta Ulloa a 14 m. de profundidad mediante SCUBA durante la expedición UCR-UNA-COCO-I al Parque Nacional Isla del Coco el 24 de abril de 2010. Especímenes vivos fijados sobre rodolitos fueron fotografiados y sus medidas y carácterísticas morfológicas externas fueron registradas in situ. Resultados: Varios individuos de E. diaphana fueron observados sobre rodolitos y observamos repetidamente pequeños individuos rodeando a un individuo mayor (presumiblemente la anémona fundadora) sobre rodolitos de Punta Ulloa. Conclusiones: La distribución geográfica de esta especie es extendida, como así también su distribución batimétrica desde el intermareal hasta los 14 m de profundidad. Las imágenes obtenidas aportan evidencia de reproducción clonal por laceración pedal.

Día del Dentista, según la cosmovisión maya / Day of the dentist, according to the Mayan cosmovision

El día del odontólogo tradicionalmente se festeja el 9 de febrero, en conmemoración a Santa Apolonia, quien el 9 de febrero del año 248 d.C., por no renunciar a su fe cristiana, es martirizada quitándole los dientes. Sin embargo, existe una historia de origen maya, escrita en el Popol Vuh, la de Vucub Caquix, ave mítica antropomorfa, a quien se le extraen los dientes. Este hecho acontece antes de la creación del mundo, el 13 de agosto del año 3114 a.C. Este hallazgo surge al relacionar el Popol Vuh con las imágenes representadas en la vasija maya K 1226, la estela 25 de Izapa y las inscripciones de la estela de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Por lo anterior, proponemos que este acontecimiento podría tomarse en cuenta para conmemorar en México el día del dentista el 13 de agosto, puesto que ello sería una forma de revalorar y reafirmar nuestra identidad prehispánica (AU)

The dentist's day is traditionally celebrated on February 9, in commemoration of Santa Apolonia, who on February 9 of the year 248 AD, for not giving up her Christian faith, is martyred by taking her teeth. However, there is a story of Mayan origin, written in Popol Vuh, that of Vucub Caquix, a mythical anthropomorphic bird, whose teeth are extracted. This fact occurs before the creation of the world, on August 13, 3114 BC. This finding arises when the Popol Vuh is related to the images represented in the Mayan vessel K 1226, stela 25 of Izapa and the inscriptions of the stela de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Therefore, we propose that this event could be taken into account to commemorate August 13, as the day of the dentist, as a way to revalue and reaffirm our pre-Hispanic identity (AU)

Early prediction of critical events for infants with single-ventricle physiology in critical care using routinely collected data.

OBJECTIVE: Critical events are common and difficult to predict among infants with congenital heart disease and are associated with mortality and long-term sequelae. We aimed to achieve early prediction of critical events, that is, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, emergency endotracheal intubation, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in infants with single-ventricle physiology before second-stage surgery. We hypothesized that naïve Bayesian models learned from expert knowledge and clinical data can predict critical events early and accurately. METHODS: We collected 93 patients with single-ventricle physiology admitted to intensive care units in a single tertiary pediatric hospital between 2014 and 2017. Using knowledge elicited from experienced cardiac-intensive-care-unit providers and machine-learning techniques, we developed and evaluated the Cardiac-intensive-care Warning INdex (C-WIN) system, consisting of a set of naïve Bayesian models that leverage routinely collected data. We evaluated predictive performance using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity. We performed the evaluation at 5 different prediction horizons: 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours before the onset of critical events. RESULTS: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of the C-WIN models ranged between 0.73 and 0.88 at different prediction horizons. At 1 hour before critical events, C-WIN was able to detect events with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.84-0.92) and a sensitivity of 84% at the 81% specificity level. CONCLUSIONS: Predictive models may enhance clinicians' ability to identify infants with single-ventricle physiology at high risk of critical events. Early prediction of critical events may indicate the need to perform timely interventions, potentially reducing morbidity, mortality, and health care costs.

Cnidom variation through distinct developmental stages in the sea anemone Aulactinia marplatensis (Zamponi, 1977) (Cnidaria: Actiniaria).

The cnidae are the exclusive diagnostic structures of phylum Cnidaria. The inventory of all cnidae types of a particular species is called the cnidom. The study of cnidae has been widely addressed in all classes of cnidarians. Particularly in the order Actiniaria (sea anemones), the study of the composition, size and distribution of cnidae is essential to the identification and description of species. In the present study, we examine the cnidom of the sea anemone Aulactinia marplatensis in three different stages of development throughout its life cycle. We found that the composition and abundance patterns are very similar between the adult and juvenile stages, although significant differences in the size capsules were found between both stages and in all cnidae types observed, being bigger those from the adult forms. The planula larvae stage presents a less diverse cnidom in comparison to the juvenile and adult stages; however, it presents an exclusive cnidae type (the mesobasic p-mastigophore) which is the biggest in size of all the cnidae types observed in the species. These results highlight the importance of considering the stage of development when cnidae is used as a diagnostic character, and the particular relevance of the study of the cnidom in larval stages.

Cnidae sizes in the two morphotypes of the giant Caribbean anemone Condylactis gigantea (Actiniaria: Actiniidae) / Tamaños de cnidae en dos morfotipos de la anémona gigante del Caribe Condylactis gigantea (Actiniaria: Actiniidae)

Abstract The sea anemone Condylactis gigantea is an ecologically important member of the benthic community in coral reefs of the tropical Atlantic, and displays two morphotypes with respect to the color in their tentacular tips: the green tip morphotype and the pink/purple tip morphotype. Although some molecular and ecological differences have been found between these morphotypes, no other morphological distinctions have been reported, and currently both are still considered a single taxonomic species. In the present study, we perform an exploration on the variability in the size of cnidae between these two morphotypes and performed statistical analyses to compare the 10 categories of cnidae from specimens hosted in the Cnidarian Collection of Gulf of Mexico and Mexican Caribbean, of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, which were previously collected in several coral reefs localities of the Yucatán Peninsula. Results reveal no significant variation in cnidae size between the two morphotypes, but significant variations were found within each morphotype. In addition, we update the composition of the cnidom of C. gigantea, and the utility of the size of cnidae to distinguish between morphotypes or closely related species is discussed. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1055-1064. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen La anémona Condylactis gigantea es un miembro ecológicamente importante de la comunidad bentónica en arrecifes de coral del Atlántico tropical, y exhibe dos morfotipos con respecto al color de las puntas de sus tentáculos: el morfotipo de puntas verdes y el morfotipo de puntas rosadas/púrpuras. Aunque se han encontrado algunas diferencias moleculares y ecológicas entre estos morfotipos, no se han reportado otras distinciones morfológicas, y actualmente ambos siguen siendo considerados una sola especie taxonómica. En el presente estudio, realizamos una exploración sobre la variabilidad en el tamaño de los cnidocistos entre estos dos morfotipos y realizamos un análisis estadístico de 10 categorías de cnidocistos a partir de especímenes albergados en la Colección de cnidarios del Golfo de México y Caribe Mexicano, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, los cuales fueron previamente recolectados en varias localidades arrecifales de la Península de Yucatán. Los resultados no revelan variación significativa en el tamaño de los cnidocistos entre los dos morfotipos, aunque fueron encontradas variaciones significativas dentro de cada morfotipo. Adicionalmente, actualizamos la composición del cnidoma de C. gigantea, y discutimos sobre la utilidad de la talla de los cnidocistos para distinguir entre morfotipos o entre especies estrechamente relacionadas.