Putting the Pacific fat sleeper Dormitator latifrons (Pisces: Eleotridae) to sleep: effects of clove oil and lidocaine anesthetic.

Among the different handling techniques in aquaculture, the use of anesthetics has had a growing interest focused on guaranteeing animal welfare, and reducing possible stress situations during general handling. The aim of this study was to present the use of eugenol and lidocaine with non-invasive anesthesia procedures in Dormitator latifrons, in which the different stages of anesthesia (induction and recovery) were determined. One hundred and twenty healthy fish of average weight of 73.59 ± 13.53 g and standard length of 17 ± 1.36 cm were used. The experimental fish were subjected to fasting for 24 h prior to the tests. Five fish were subjected to eugenol (25, 50, 100, and 200 µL/L), and lidocaine (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L), in triplicate. The time to reach deep and recovery anesthesia were recorded and the data analyzed using ANOVA (α= 0.05). Organisms exposed to anesthetics evidenced early episodes of fast, short-distance swimming (initial hyperactivity) for short periods of time. Survival was 100% with both compounds and concentrations. Fish exposed to a eugenol concentration of 200 µL/L had longer anesthesia times and took longer time to recover (P<0.05). The most effective concentrations for eugenol and lidocaine were of 200 µL/L and 400 µL/L in juvenile fish, promoting rapid inductions, without compromising the conditions for the recovery of the fish. This work provides practical information for handling and transportation D. latiforns with the least possible stress and ensuring animal welfare.

Changes in air quality in Mexico City, London and Delhi in response to various stages and levels of lockdowns and easing of restrictions during COVID-19 pandemic.

The impacts of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions have provided a valuable global experiment into the extent of improvements in air quality possible with reductions in vehicle movements. Mexico City, London and Delhi all share the problem of air quality failing WHO guideline limits, each with unique situations and influencing factors. We determine, discuss and compare the air quality changes across these cities during the COVID-19, to understand how the findings may support future improvements in their air quality and associated health of citizens. We analysed ground-level PM10, PM2.5, NO2, O3 and CO changes in each city for the period 1st January to August 31, 2020 under different phases of lockdown, with respect to daily average concentrations over the same period for 2017 to 2019. We found major reductions in PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and CO across the three cities for the lockdown phases and increases in O3 in London and Mexico City but not Delhi. The differences were due to the O3 production criteria across the cities, for Delhi production depends on the VOC-limited photochemical regime. Levels of reductions were commensurate with the degree of lockdown. In Mexico City, the greatest reduction in measured concentration was in CO in the initial lockdown phase (40%), in London the greatest decrease was for NO2 in the later part of the lockdown (49%), and in Delhi the greatest decrease was in PM10, and PM2.5 in the initial lockdown phase (61% and 50%, respectively). Reduction in pollutant concentrations agreed with reductions in vehicle movements. In the initial lockdown phase vehicle movements reduced by up to 59% in Mexico City and 63% in London. The cities demonstrated a range of air quality changes in their differing geographical areas and land use types. Local meteorology and pollution events, such as forest fires, also impacted the results.

An emission processing system for air quality modelling in the Mexico City metropolitan area: Evaluation and comparison of the MOBILE6.2-Mexico and MOVES-Mexico traffic emissions.

This article describes the High-Elective Resolution Modelling Emission System for Mexico (HERMES-Mex) model, an emission processing tool developed to transform the official Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) emission inventory into hourly, gridded (up to 1km2) and speciated emissions used to drive mesoscale air quality simulations with the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The methods and ancillary information used for the spatial and temporal disaggregation and speciation of the emissions are presented and discussed. The resulting emission system is evaluated, and a case study on CO, NO2, O3, VOC and PM2.5 concentrations is conducted to demonstrate its applicability. Moreover, resulting traffic emissions from the Mobile Source Emission Factor Model for Mexico (MOBILE6.2-Mexico) and the MOtor Vehicle Emission Simulator for Mexico (MOVES-Mexico) models are integrated in the tool to assess and compare their performance. NOx and VOC total emissions modelled are reduced by 37% and 26% in the MCMA when replacing MOBILE6.2-Mexico for MOVES-Mexico traffic emissions. In terms of air quality, the system composed by the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) coupled with the HERMES-Mex and CMAQ models properly reproduces the pollutant levels and patterns measured in the MCMA. The system's performance clearly improves in urban stations with a strong influence of traffic sources when applying MOVES-Mexico emissions. Despite reducing estimations of modelled precursor emissions, O3 peak averages are increased in the MCMA core urban area (up to 30ppb) when using MOVES-Mexico mobile emissions due to its VOC-limited regime, while concentrations in the surrounding suburban/rural areas decrease or increase depending on the meteorological conditions of the day. The results obtained suggest that the HERMES-Mex model can be used to provide model-ready emissions for air quality modelling in the MCMA.

Utilización del citrato de fentanilo oral transmucosa como rescate terapéutico en pacientes con altas dosis de opioides / Use of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for therapeutic rescue in patients receiving high doses of opiates

El control del dolor irruptivo (DI) en pacientes oncológicosque tienen controlado su dolor basal con altas dosis deopioides se presenta como complejo. No existen referenciasen la literatura que orienten sobre el fármaco, dosis yvía de administración adecuada para su tratamiento, por loque este se fundamenta en conductas no estandarizadas,basadas en la práctica clínica. Con el presente estudio queremosdar a conocer nuestra experiencia en el tratamientode este tipo de dolor en este tipo de pacientes.Objetivos:Evaluar la efectividad y seguridad de CFOT en el tratamientode las crisis de DI en pacientes oncológicos que tienencontrolado su dolor de base con dosis elevadas, comparándolocon los tratamientos que recibían previamente. Se evaluó, así mismo, el grado de satisfacción del pacienterespecto a la medicación evaluada.Material y métodos:Sobre un total de 280 pacientes oncológicos visitadosen nuestro servicio durante el año 2003, 25 reunían loscriterios requeridos. A todos ellos se les instó a tratar suscrisis de DI con CFOT, con dosis iniciales de 400 mcg, quepodían incrementar, en función de respuesta y efectos adversos.Para ello, se evaluó respuesta clínica según valoraciónEscala Analógica Visual, y se recogieron todos losefectos adversos relacionados con la medicación y reportadospor los pacientes. Por último, se valoró el grado de satisfaccióndel paciente mediante el cuestionario propuestopor Kornick.Resultados:Las dosis media efectiva con la que se controlaba las crisisde DI fue de 600 mcg, la titulación se consiguió en lamayoría de los casos a los 2 días, los efectos adversos fueronlos típicamente observados con el tratamiento opioide.La mayoría de pacientes prefirieron CFOT a sus tratamientosprevios. Los pacientes consideraron las pautas de tratamientocomo sencillas de cumplir.Conclusiones:CFOT puede considerarse como una opción segura yefectiva en el tratamiento de las crisis de DI en pacientesoncológicos que tienen controlado su dolor basal con dosisaltas de opioides. Las dosis de CFOT pueden considerarasecomo bajas en relación a las utilizadas para su dolor basal.Su administración y titulación es sencilla, aunque el pacienterequiere de una educación previa a su uso

The management of breakthrough pain in cancer patientstreated with high doses of opiates raises particularproblems, such as the election of the drug to be used, theappropriate dosage and the route of administration. Noclear guidelines on this issue are found in the medical literature,so each service decides its own particular way of acting.In this paper we review the cases dealt with over aone-year period in terms of the use of high doses of opiatesin cancer patients taken care of in 2003 and treatedwith opiates.Objectives:—To study the group of patients treated with high dosesof opiates.—To use OTFC as rescue drug for breakthrough painevents.—To analyze side and toxic effects.—To determine the preferences of the patients.Material and methods:A population of 280 patients with advanced cancer, 25of which were receiving high doses of opiates. In these patients,breakthrough pain crises were managed with OTFC,starting with 400 micrograms. The satisfaction questionnaireproposed by Kornick was used.Results:—Easy adherence to treatment.—Average effective dose of OTFC: 600 micrograms,median of 627.—Dose titration on the second day.—Seventeen patients preferred OTFC, 6 preferred oralmorphine and 2 were indifferent.Conclusions:Easy use of OTFC for the management of breakthroughpain, requiring low doses compared to the total daily doseof the patient. Patient education is required before its administration