[Is there a normality in child development?: The scope and uses of the concept of normal development in clinic and research with children]. / ¿Existe una normalidad en el desarrollo infantil?: Alcance y usos del concepto de desarrollo normal en la clínica y en la investigación con niños y niñas.

The objective of this article is to analyze the meanings and scope of the concept of normality as used in the study of child development, highlighting its implications in clinic and research settings. Concepts and theoretical approaches from various disciplinary fields are intertwined in order to propose themes for discussion and reflection. The first is related to the definitions of normality applied to human development and their translation into instruments, models, and forms of intervention. The second refers to the importance of transcending dualist visions, making way for approaches that consider the diversity of development trajectories as historically and ecologically situated processes. The third seeks to reflect on the ethical implications of routine ways of approaching and accompanying children whose developmental trajectories differ greatly from normative models. This article aims to contribute to the creation and preservation of spaces for interdisciplinary dialogue and work, as well as the training of professionals in the field of child development.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los sentidos y alcances del concepto de normalidad en el abordaje del desarrollo infantil, considerando sus implicancias en la labor clínica y de investigación. Se articulan conceptos y enfoques teóricos de diversos campos disciplinares con el fin de proponer ejes de discusión y reflexión. El primer eje se vincula con las definiciones de normalidad aplicadas al desarrollo humano y su traducción en instrumentos, modelos y formas de intervención. El segundo, refiere a la importancia de trascender visiones dualistas, dando lugar a enfoques que consideren la diversidad de las trayectorias de desarrollo, en tanto procesos histórica y ecológicamente situados. El tercer eje busca plantear las implicancias a nivel ético de formas de abordar y acompañar a niños y niñas que despliegan trayectorias que se alejan de modelos normativos. Este artículo pretende contribuir a la creación y sostenimiento de espacios de diálogo y trabajo interdisciplinarios, y a la formación de profesionales en el campo del desarrollo infantil.

¿Existe una normalidad en el desarrollo infantil?: Alcance y usos del concepto de desarrollo normal en la clínica y en la investigación con niños y niñas / Is there a normality in child development?: The scope and uses of the concept of normal development in clinic and research with children

RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los sentidos y alcances del concepto de normalidad en el abordaje del desarrollo infantil, considerando sus implicancias en la labor clínica y de investigación. Se articulan conceptos y enfoques teóricos de diversos campos disciplinares con el fin de proponer ejes de discusión y reflexión. El primer eje se vincula con las definiciones de normalidad aplicadas al desarrollo humano y su traducción en instrumentos, modelos y formas de intervención. El segundo, refiere a la importancia de trascender visiones dualistas, dando lugar a enfoques que consideren la diversidad de las trayectorias de desarrollo, en tanto procesos histórica y ecológicamente situados. El tercer eje busca plantear las implicancias a nivel ético de formas de abordar y acompañar a niños y niñas que despliegan trayectorias que se alejan de modelos normativos. Este artículo pretende contribuir a la creación y sostenimiento de espacios de diálogo y trabajo interdisciplinarios, y a la formación de profesionales en el campo del desarrollo infantil.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the meanings and scope of the concept of normality as used in the study of child development, highlighting its implications in clinic and research settings. Concepts and theoretical approaches from various disciplinary fields are intertwined in order to propose themes for discussion and reflection. The first is related to the definitions of normality applied to human development and their translation into instruments, models, and forms of intervention. The second refers to the importance of transcending dualist visions, making way for approaches that consider the diversity of development trajectories as historically and ecologically situated processes. The third seeks to reflect on the ethical implications of routine ways of approaching and accompanying children whose developmental trajectories differ greatly from normative models. This article aims to contribute to the creation and preservation of spaces for interdisciplinary dialogue and work, as well as the training of professionals in the field of child development.

[Spirituality and health: problems during pregnancy and postpartum and their consequences in women and children's life trajectories (Salta, Argentina)]. / Espiritualidad y salud: problemas de salud durante el embarazo y el puerperio y sus consecuencias en las trayectorias de mujeres y niños (Salta, Argentina).

This article addresses the relationship between health and spirituality through the analysis of narratives of illnesses that occur during pregnancy and postpartum and that affect women and children in rural communities of Molinos (Calchaquí Valleys, Salta). It is based on research carried out from 2009-2017, in which 33 semi-structured interviews were conducted with women caring for children under six years of age. We focused on the way in which the interviewed women presented the sequence of events surrounding the emergence of illnesses affecting their own health and that of their children, in which organic, emotional and spiritual aspects interact in both the etiology of the illness and its treatment. We analyze as an example susto [fright] and its variations, as well as recaida [relapse] and matriz [womb]. The meanings attributed to these illnesses stress the spiritual dimension involved that justifies the use of traditional medicine resources. Our approach seeks to go beyond a taxonomic and essentialist perspective to focus on aspects involved in the process of the experience of illness.

Este trabajo aborda la relación entre salud y espiritualidad a través del análisis de la narrativa de padecimientos que ocurren durante el embarazo y el puerperio y afectan a mujeres y niños en comunidades rurales de Molinos (Valles Calchaquíes, Salta). Se basa en una investigación desarrollada entre 2009 y 2017, en el marco de la cual se realizaron 33 entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres cuidadoras de niños menores de seis años, y en la que se focalizó en el modo en que las entrevistadas presentaban las secuencias de eventos que rodeaban la emergencia de problemas de salud propios y de sus hijos, en las que se conjugan aspectos orgánicos, emocionales y espirituales tanto en su etiología como en su terapéutica. Tomamos como ejemplos de análisis el susto y sus variantes, la recaída y la matriz. Los sentidos otorgados a estos padecimientos ponen de relieve la dimensión espiritual que justifica la apelación a recursos médicos tradicionales. Nuestro enfoque busca trascender la perspectiva taxonómica y esencialista para dar cuenta de los aspectos procesuales involucrados en la experiencia de enfermar.

Espiritualidad y salud: problemas de salud durante el embarazo y el puerperio y sus consecuencias en las trayectorias de mujeres y niños (Salta, Argentina) / Spirituality and health: problems during pregnancy and postpartum and their consequences in women and children's life trajectories (Salta, Argentina)

RESUMEN Este trabajo aborda la relación entre salud y espiritualidad a través del análisis de la narrativa de padecimientos que ocurren durante el embarazo y el puerperio y afectan a mujeres y niños en comunidades rurales de Molinos (Valles Calchaquíes, Salta). Se basa en una investigación desarrollada entre 2009 y 2017, en el marco de la cual se realizaron 33 entrevistas semiestructuradas a mujeres cuidadoras de niños menores de seis años, y en la que se focalizó en el modo en que las entrevistadas presentaban las secuencias de eventos que rodeaban la emergencia de problemas de salud propios y de sus hijos, en las que se conjugan aspectos orgánicos, emocionales y espirituales tanto en su etiología como en su terapéutica. Tomamos como ejemplos de análisis el susto y sus variantes, la recaída y la matriz. Los sentidos otorgados a estos padecimientos ponen de relieve la dimensión espiritual que justifica la apelación a recursos médicos tradicionales. Nuestro enfoque busca trascender la perspectiva taxonómica y esencialista para dar cuenta de los aspectos procesuales involucrados en la experiencia de enfermar.

ABSTRACT This article addresses the relationship between health and spirituality through the analysis of narratives of illnesses that occur during pregnancy and postpartum and that affect women and children in rural communities of Molinos (Calchaquí Valleys, Salta). It is based on research carried out from 2009-2017, in which 33 semi-structured interviews were conducted with women caring for children under six years of age. We focused on the way in which the interviewed women presented the sequence of events surrounding the emergence of illnesses affecting their own health and that of their children, in which organic, emotional and spiritual aspects interact in both the etiology of the illness and its treatment. We analyze as an example susto [fright] and its variations, as well as recaida [relapse] and matriz [womb]. The meanings attributed to these illnesses stress the spiritual dimension involved that justifies the use of traditional medicine resources. Our approach seeks to go beyond a taxonomic and essentialist perspective to focus on aspects involved in the process of the experience of illness.

Learning to Inhabit the Forest: Autonomy and Interdependence of Lives from a Mbya-Guarani Perspective.

This chapter examines the ideas of reciprocity, respect, autonomy, and interdependence of lives and the impact of these on children's learning. Using an ecological perspective that recognizes humans' relationship with other living beings that inhabit the forest, this chapter is based on ethnographic research conducted in two Mbya-Guarani communities (Argentina). Respect and reciprocity are key for children to develop as part of the community and the forest and they are related to children's well-being and health. I describe Mbya perspectives on children's growth and development, emphasizing the balance between interdependence and autonomy as complementary goals and values, providing examples of environmentally relevant skills to grow up in the forest. These skills are associated with particular ways of inhabiting the forest, including learning how to walk in it and developing entendimiento (understanding). These make possible children's integration in community life through their participation and collaboration in daily activities. I attempt to articulate these ideas with the theoretical framework of Learning by Observing and Pitching In, especially concerning ways of organizing and supporting children's learning processes in the context of their engagement with multiaged and more experienced group of people.

Crecer en movimiento: abordaje etnográfico del desarrollo infantil en comunidades Mbya(Argentina) / Crescer em movimento: pesquisa etnográfica do desenvolvimento infantil em comunidades Mbya (Argentina) / Growing in motion: ethnographic research on child development in Mbya communities (Argentina)

Me propongo analizar y discutir algunos resultados de una investigación etnográfica desarrolladaen comunidades Mbya Guaraníes (Misiones, Argentina) acerca de las representaciones y prácticas relacionadascon la crianza y el desarrollo infantil.En este trabajo caracterizo las categorías, representaciones y valores Mbya, en torno a los procesos de crecimientoy desarrollo, focalizando la mirada en el “movimiento” —en tanto indicador de “crecimiento” y salud—, en lasprácticas cotidianas de crianza que lo promueven, y en las creencias y saberes que las justifican. A partir de ello,planteo la estrecha relación entre movimiento, salud e identidad.Discuto los resultados a la luz de conceptos y enfoques de la antropología, sociología y psicología, a fin deavanzar hacia la integración de diferentes aportes disciplinares en el abordaje del impacto del movimiento yotros modos de educación del cuerpo en el desarrollo infantil y sus variaciones según diversos contextos ecoculturalese históricos.

Minha proposta é analisar e discutir alguns resultados de uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada emcomunidades Mbya Guarani (Misiones, Argentina), sobre as representações e práticas relacionadas à educaçãoe o desenvolvimento da criança.Neste trabalho, caracterizo as categorias, representações e valores dos Mbya, sobre os processos de crescimentoe desenvolvimento, dando um enfoque ao “movimento”-como indicador de “crescimento” e saúde-, no cotidianodas práticas de educação que o promovem, e nas crenças e conhecimentos que as justificam. A partir daí,evidencio a estreita relação entre movimento, saúde e identidade.Discute-se os resultados à luz dos conceitos e abordagens da antropologia, sociologia e psicologia, paratrabalhar na integração de diferentes contribuições disciplinares na abordagem do impacto do movimento eoutras formas de educação do corpo no desenvolvimento infantil e suas variações de acordo com os diferentescontextos eco- culturais e históricos.

The aim of this article is to analyze and discuss some results from an ethnographic research developed on Mbya communities from Argentina focused on representations and practices related to childrearingand development during the first stages of life course.In this paper I characterize Mbya linguistic categories, representations and values about growth anddevelopment processes, focusing on motor function as a central indicator of growth and health. In relation tothat, I have focused on daily practices oriented to promoting it as well as the beliefs and knowledge that justifythem. Based on that, I stress on the close relationship between movement, health and identity.I discuss the results of my research within the frame of concepts and perspectives from anthropology, sociologyand psychology, in order to move forward towards integrating contributions from different disciplines in theholistic study of motor function and other ways of body education and their consequences on child developmentin diverse eco-cultural and historical contexts.

Pathways as "signatures in landscape": towards an ethnography of mobility among the Mbya-Guaraní (Northeastern Argentina).

Processes of spatial mobility among the Mbya are of interest in anthropological and ethnobiological studies, as these processes are related to transformations in the landscape and the environment. Despite this, ethnographic literature usually focuses itself on the mobility of Guaraní communities from the perspective of population dynamics on a regional scale. Our research among two Mbya-Guaraní communities in the Argentinean province of Misiones has enabled us to recognize patterns of mobility on a micro-scale. Certainly, the mobility of adult members of these communities as they perform hunting and gathering activities delimit spaces of individual use. We consider the different pathways as "signatures in landscape", resulting from processes of spatial mobility inherent to those activities. Taking into account the gathering and circulation of medicinal plants for treatment of gastrointestinal illnesses, we have been able to identify different pathways inherent in their search, towards the monte or other spaces away from de settlement. The design and construction of the pathways is determined by the specific personal knowledge of individuals who search for these valuable resources. Using both strategies of direct observation--as members of the community manipulate different resources during these search and gathering trips--and interviews, we have been able to gather and interpret significant information on the strategies used by the Mbya to domesticate the monte areas. As a consequence of our approach we suggest that the landscape design resulting from these trips should not be considered a consensual or collective strategy of the whole community; it is rather the result of the daily strategies of individuals, which involves the selection of resources mainly based on each individual's knowledge and interests.