Computer System for the Capture and Preparation of Cytopathological Reports for Cervical Cancer Detection and His Utility in Training for Health Personnel.

Health information systems and training are tools that support process management. The current study describes the results of the implementation of technological innovation in the process of the capture and preparation of cytopathological reports. The electronic system was structured based on national standards regarding cervical cancer control. PHP was used to design the software and MYSQL was used for the structure of the database. The total number of health personnel assigned to the cytology department participated, along with a pathologist, who made the records of the patients who came for cervical cytology to a university health center in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. The system was evaluated based on the indicators of structure, process, and results. Structure: comply with the official Mexican regulations for the registration of cervical cancer and electronic health information systems. Process: all records were legible and accurate, with varying percentages of completeness in the patient identification sections (46%) and alternate contact data (80%). Result: percentages above 80% were obtained in the satisfaction of the professionals who used the system. The system was effective as it yielded readable and accurate data that made the process of information capture and delivery of cervical screening results more efficient and faster.

Differences in erythrocytes size and shape in prediabetes and diabetes assessed by two microscopy techniques and its association with dietary patterns. Pilot study.

Hemorheology and microcirculation alterations are caused by erythrocyte size and shape (ESS) modifications. People´s diets can alter erythrocyte functions and membrane fluidity by changing cell membrane components. The aim was to identify differences in ESS obtained by scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and assess their relationship with dietary patterns. The study population included 31 participants (14 healthy, 11 with prediabetes, and 6 with T2DM). Dietary intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, and dietary patterns were obtained using principal component analysis. ESS (diameter, height, axial ratio, thickness, and concave depth) were obtained by SEM and AFM. Differences in ESS between groups were observed with SEM (height) and AFM (height, axial ratio, and concave depth). T2DM presented smaller erythrocytes, more elongated and more altered forms. Two dietary patterns were identified: (1) Unhealthy: more refined cereals, high-fat dairy, fast food, sugary beverages, and fewer fruits, fish, seafood, low-fat dairy, and water. (2) Prudent: higher consumption of refined cereals, vegetables, poultry, low-fat dairy and nuts, and lower tortillas, eggs, high-fat dairy, and legumes. Tertile 3 of the Unhealthy dietary pattern had 80% of healthy participants. A difference in diameter and height (0.44 and 0.32 µm, respectively) obtained by SEM was observed when comparing tertile 2 (smaller erythrocytes) versus tertile 3 in the Unhealthy dietary pattern. SEM and AFM are excellent tools to assess ESS. Unhealthy dietary patterns might be associated with altered ESS. HIGHLIGHTS: SEM and AFM are excellent tools to assess erythrocyte size and shape modifications. Two dietary patterns were identified: healthy and prudent. Smaller erythrocytes were observed in the second tertile of the unhealthy pattern.

Effect of Exosomes from Patients with Grade One Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia on Cell Cultures: A Preliminary Study.

Purpose: Exosomes are extracellular membrane vesicles. Their content directly reflects the metabolic state of the cells from which they originate and play an important role in cellular functions and pathological states, for example, cancer. The aim was to establish the effect of exosomes from patients diagnosed with CIN1 (grade one cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) on the viability of HeLa cells in culture. It had not been documented, nor had the vesicles obtained by cervicovaginal samples taken by the patients themselves (self-taken vaginal). Patients and Methods: Exosomes were obtained from self-taken vaginal by patients diagnosed with CIN1 and healthy. The exosomes were characterized by determining the AChE (acetylcholinesterase) activity, obtaining a protein profile, and obtaining images of these by STEM. The effect on cell viability was made in HeLa and HaCaT cells in culture. Results: Vesicles between 185 nm and 415 nm were observed by STEM. Exosomes show a "protective" effect when those patients without injury are confronted with HeLa cells. On the other hand, exosomes promote viability when they come from injured patients in the presence of the same cells. Conclusion: Exosomes can be used to identify ideal biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CC (cervical cancer), follow-up of patients, and even treatment given the effects observed on cell cultures.

Bromatological Analysis and Characterization of Phenolics in Snow Mountain Garlic.

The remarkable properties of garlic A. sativum L. have been described, but little is known about Snow mountain garlic. Understanding general aspects of this garlic composition, including the presence of phenolics, will establish its possible use for health or infer which compounds can contribute to improving it. This study aimed to determine the ash content, lipid profile, and characterization of phenolics in Snow mountain garlic. The organic content was obtained by common techniques (oven drying, calcination, Kjeldahl method, etc.). The quantitative analysis of the ashes was made by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry. The fatty acid profile was determined by Gas Chromatography. The presence of phenolics was determined by foam, Libermann-Burchard, Dragendorff, Salkowski, ferric chloride, vanillin, catechin, Constantinescu, and Shinoda reactions. The total phenolic content was determined via the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH radical method. The bromatological analysis showed a 51.1% humidity, and the main organic compounds were carbohydrates (46.7%). Ash analysis showed 287.46 g/kg of potassium. The fatty acid profile showed 75.61% of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Phenolics like saponins, alkaloids, triterpenes, tannins, and flavonoids were present. Antioxidant activity was found by radical DPPH of 25.64 (±0.78) µmol TE/1 g dw. Snow mountain garlic shares a composition similar to those found in other garlic.

In Vitro Inhibitory and Proliferative Cellular Effects of Different Extracts of Struthanthus quercicola: A Preliminary Study.

Struthanthus quercicola, a hemiparasitic plant known as "seca palo," is used by Nahuatl traditional healers against diabetes, wounds, and rashes. We aimed to investigate the effects of different S. quercicola extracts, which were selected based on their traditional use in Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosí, on the cell viability and antioxidant activity in HeLa cell cultures. S. quercicola growing on Guazuma ulmifolia and Citrus sp. hosts was collected, and methanolic and ethanolic extracts as well as decoctions, infusions, and microwave-assisted extracts were obtained. The terpenoid, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin contents of each extract were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. The effects of different extracts on the viability of cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells were tested using an MTT assay. The differences in the total flavonoid and phenolic contents and free-radical scavenging activity in relation to the host and the extract were also determined. In assessments of the effects of the extracts on cell viability, eight organic extracts (4 from G. quercicola grown on Host 1 and 4 from G. quercicola grown on Host 2) were shown to decrease cell viability significantly in comparison with the control. However, the extract obtained by percolation (PMeOH) caused a significant increase in cell viability (p < 0.05), especially with the plant grown on Host 1. The microwave aqueous and methanolic extracts of the plants grown on both hosts showed a significant increase in the percentage of apoptosis (p < 005). In conclusion, different extracts of Struthanthus quercicola showed variable effects on cell viability and apoptosis. Isolation of the molecule or molecules with inhibitory and proliferative effects on cells should be conducted to evaluate their possible use as antineoplastic agents.

Biotransformation of Chromium (VI) via a Reductant Activity from the Fungal Strain Purpureocillium lilacinum.

Industrial effluents from chromium-based products lead to chromium pollution in the environment. Several technologies have been employed for the removal of chromium (Cr) from the environment, including adsorption, ion-exchange, bioremediation, etc. In this study, we isolated a Cr (VI)-resistant fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum, from contaminated soil, which could reduce chromium. We also characterized a reductant activity of dichromate found in the cellular fraction of the fungus: optimal pH and temperature, effect of enzymatic inhibitors and enhancers, metal ions, use of electron donors, and initial Cr (VI) and protein concentration. This study also shows possible mechanisms that could be involved in the elimination of this metal. We observed an increase in the reduction of Cr (VI) activity in the presence of NADH followed by that of formate and acetate, as electron donor. This reduction was highly inhibited by EDTA followed by NaN3 and KCN, and this activity showed the highest activity at an optimal pH of 7.0 at 37 °C with a protein concentration of 3.62 µg/mL.

Strawberry Juice Powders: Effect of Spray-Drying Conditions on the Microencapsulation of Bioactive Components and Physicochemical Properties.

The drying of fruit juices has advantages such as easy handling of powders, reduction in volume, and preservation of the characteristics of the fruit. Thus, in this work, the effect of the spray drying conditions of strawberry juice (SJ) with maltodextrin (MX) as a carrying agent on the microencapsulation of bioactive compounds and physicochemical properties was studied. The content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity showed higher values at low concentrations of MX, while the effect of drying temperature was negligible. The thermal characterization showed that the low molecular weight sugars in the juice decreased the glass transition temperature (Tg). The morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that at low concentrations of MX, the particles agglomerated, while at intermediate and high concentrations, the particles were observed as well separated. Through microstructural analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), the presence of amorphous state was confirmed in all the samples, which is beneficial for preventing chemical and biochemical reactions, and promoting the conservation of the microencapsulated bioactive compounds.

[Prevalence and genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in a Mexican regional hospital]. / Prevalencia y caracterización genotípica de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina aisladas en un hospital regional mexicano.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is one of most prevalent pathogens in the world associated with a high mortality rate and a rapid development of resistance to antibiotics. Despite its pathogenicity, epidemiological monitoring in Mexico is scarce. AIM: To analyze the local molecular epidemiology and determine the clonal origin of methicillin-resistant (MR) strains isolated from patients admitted to Hospital "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto". METHODS: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out from July to December 2016. The characterization of the strains was carried out by Spa genotyping, frequency of specific virulence genes by PCR and antibiogram. RESULTS: The prevalence of MRSA was 25.7%, highlighting the presence of the Spa type t895 in 76% of the resistant strains and a similar pattern of susceptibility to antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that the regional prevalence of MRSA has not changed in the last 10 years and provide valuable information on the clonal origin and the virulence factors of the strains of S. aureus isolated in the region.

Necesidad de educación sexual y reproductiva en adolescentes de escuela secundaria / Need for sexual and reproductive education in high school teens

Introducción: los adolescentes enfrentan problemáticas que atentan su salud, entre los que destacan el embrazo y las infecciones de transmisión sexual, ambas prevenibles con educación. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de necesidad de educación sexual y reproductiva en adolescentes de secundaria. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, realizado de agosto 2018 a marzo 2019. Muestra de 227 estudiantes de una secundaria pública del estado de San Luis Potosí, inscritos en el ciclo escolar 2018-2019. Se aplicó una encuesta autoadministrada para medir la necesidad y se diseñó una escala ordinal con base al puntaje obtenido: alta= 73-93, media= 52-72 y baja= 31-51. Se aplicó la prueba X2 para determinar asociación entre variables. Resultados: la mayoría de los alumnos tienen un nivel de necesidad de educación sexual y reproductiva medio. Los estudiantes de segundo grado tienen mayor necesidad de educación (35.2%) que los de primero (16.7%) y tercero (6%) con una diferencia significativa (p<0.001). Quienes tienen menor necesidad de educación sexual son aquellos que platican frecuentemente con sus padres. Conclusión: es necesario que la educación sexual sea integral e impartida desde niveles de educación básica de manera continua; asimismo, capacitar a los padres de familia para que puedan brin-dar más información. De igual forma, fomentar la comunicación entre padres e hijos.

Factibilidad para implementar un sistema electrónico de registros de citología cervical / Feasibility to implement an electronic cervical cytology record system

Introducción: para garantizar la información y la atención de calidad, la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud y las normas oficiales del cáncer cervicouterino y los sistemas de salud en México sugieren fortalecer los sistemas de información en salud con el uso de herramientas tecnológicas. Objetivo: el propósito de este estudio es conocer la factibilidad de un proyecto para la innovación de procesos, a través de un sistema electrónico para los registros de las citologías cervicales. Metodología: estudio observacional, transversal, prospectivo, realizado del 4 al 25 de junio de 2018 en la Unidad de Cuidados Integrales e Investigación en Salud de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, México. Se estudió al universo del personal sanitario que implementa el Programa de Detección Oportuna de Cáncer Cervico Uterino, con 7 participantes: personal directivo (2) y operativo (5). Resultados: las políticas y recursos institucionales permiten la implementación del proyecto, pues consideran tendría impacto positivo en la atención. Conclusiones: actualmente, la totalidad del personal cuenta con las competencias básicas para el manejo de sistemas electrónicos.

Introduction: To guarantee quality information and care, World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization and the Official Standards of Cervical Cancer and Health Systems in Mexico suggest strengthening health information systems with the use of technological tools. Objective: The purpose of the study is to know the feasibility of a project for process innovation, through an electronic system for records of cervical cytologies. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, prospective study conducted from June 4 to 25, 2018 in the Unit of Integral Care and Health Research of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. The universe of health personnel that implements the Timely Detection of Cervical Cancer Program was studied, 7 participants: managerial staff (2) and operative staff (5). Results: Institutional policies and resources allow for the implementation of the project, as they consider it would have a positive impact on care. Conclusions: Currently, all the staff has the basic skills for the management of electronic systems.

Prevalencia y caracterización genotípica de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina aisladas en un hospital regional mexicano / Prevalence and genotypic characterization of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in a Mexican regional hospital

Resumen Introducción: Staphylococcus aureus es uno de los patógenos con mayor prevalencia en el mundo, asociado a una alta tasa de mortalidad y un rápido desarrollo de resistencia a los antimicrobianos. A pesar de su patogenicidad, su seguimiento epidemiológico en México es escaso. Objetivo: Analizar la epidemiología molecular local y determinar el origen clonal de cepas resistentes a meticilina (RM) aisladas de pacientes internados en el Hospital Central "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto". Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo de corte transversal, de julio a diciembre de 2016. La caracterización de las cepas se realizó mediante genotipificación Spa, la determinación por RPC punto final de la frecuencia de genes de virulencia específicos y su antibiograma. Resultados: A partir de estos datos, se obtuvo que la prevalencia de S. aureus RM fue de 25,7%, destacando la presencia del tipo Spa t895 en 76% de las cepas resistentes y un patrón similar de susceptibilidad a antimicrobianos. Conclusión: Los resultados de este estudio indican que la prevalencia regional de SARM no se ha modificado en los últimos 10 años y proporcionan información valiosa del origen clonal y los factores de virulencia de las cepas de S. aureus aisladas en la región.

Abstract Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of most prevalent pathogens in the world associated with a high mortality rate and a rapid development of resistance to antibiotics. Despite its pathogenicity, epidemiological monitoring in Mexico is scarce. Aim: To analyze the local molecular epidemiology and determine the clonal origin of methicillin-resistant (MR) strains isolated from patients admitted to Hospital "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto". Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out from July to December 2016. The characterization of the strains was carried out by Spa genotyping, frequency of specific virulence genes by PCR and antibiogram. Results: The prevalence of MRSA was 25.7%, highlighting the presence of the Spa type t895 in 76% of the resistant strains and a similar pattern of susceptibility to antibiotics. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the regional prevalence of MRSA has not changed in the last 10 years and provide valuable information on the clonal origin and the virulence factors of the strains of S. aureus isolated in the region.

Coleta de amostra para identificação de DNA do papilomavírus: conhecimento e habilidades / Toma de muestra para identificación de ADN del papilomavirus: conocimiento y habilidades / Sample taking for identification of papilomavirus DNA: skills and knowledge

Resumo Objetivo Estabelecer a relação entre o conhecimento e as habilidades dos profissionais da saúde em coletar amostras para a identificação do DNA do papilomavírus. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado entre março e junho de 2017, com uma população de 313 pessoas. A amostra probabilística foi calculada considerando um r=0,306, 95% de confiança e poder de 90%, equivalente a 90 trabalhadores de 23 centros de saúde. Um teste de conhecimento e um checklist foram administrados para avaliar as habilidades na coleta de amostra utilizando o teste de Captura Híbrida 2 (teste HPV-CH2). Para análise dos dados, foi utilizada a correlação de Pearson e ANOVA. Resultados Foi encontrada uma correlação entre conhecimento e habilidades (r=0,438) (p<0,001). Quanto ao conhecimento, não houve diferença significativa nas médias obtidas nos três grupos de participantes (enfermeiros versus estagiários 3,27 p=0,557, médicos vs. enfermeiros 2,17 p=0,852, e médicos vs. estagiários 5,45 p=0,441). Quanto às habilidades, não houve diferença entre as médias obtidas entre médicos e enfermeiros (4,27 p=0,388), nem entre enfermeiros e estagiários (4,54 p=0,179), mas houve diferença entre médicos e estagiários (8,81 p=0,041). Conclusão Houve correlação entre o conhecimento e as habilidades em coletar amostras para a identificação do DNA do papilomavírus. Não houve diferenças significativas no conhecimento entre os grupos estudados, mas uma diferença em relação às habilidades foi encontrada entre médicos e estagiários.

Resumen Objetivo establecer la relación entre el conocimiento y las habilidades de los profesionales de la salud para tomar muestras para identificación del ADN del papilomavirus. Métodos estudio transversal realizado entre marzo y junio de 2017, con una población de 313 personas. El muestreo probabilístico fue calculado considerando un r=0,306, 95% de confianza y poder de 90%, equivalente a 90 trabajadores de 23 centros de salud. Se aplicó una prueba de conocimiento y una checklist para evaluar las habilidades de toma de muestra utilizando la prueba de captura de híbridos 2 (prueba HPV-CH2). Para el análisis de datos se utilizó la correlación de Pearson y ANOVA. Resultados se encontró una correlación entre conocimiento y habilidades (r=0,438) (p<0,001). Con relación al conocimiento, no hubo diferencia significativa en los promedios obtenidos en los tres grupos de participantes (enfermeros vs. practicantes 3,27 p=0,557, médicos vs. enfermeros 2,17 p=0,852 y médicos vs. practicantes 5,45 p=0,441). Respecto a las habilidades, no hubo diferencia en los promedios obtenidos entre médicos y enfermeros (4,27 p=0,388), ni entre enfermeros y practicantes (4,54 p=0,179), pero hubo diferencia entre médicos y practicantes (8,81 p=0,041). Conclusión hubo correlación entre el conocimiento y las habilidades para tomar muestras para identificar el ADN del papilomavirus. No hubo diferencias significativas en el conocimiento entre los grupos estudiados, pero se encontró una diferencia con relación a las habilidades entre médicos y practicantes.

Abstract Objective To establish the relationship between the knowledge and skills of health personnel in taking samples for the identification of papillomavirus DNA. Methods Cross-sectional study, conducted between March and June of 2017. Population of 313 people, the probabilistic sample was calculated considering a r = 0.306 expected, 95% confidence, and power of 90%, which equated to 90 workers from 23 health centers. A knowledge test and checklist were administered to evaluate sampling skills, with the hybrid capture method (HPV-CH2 test). For data analysis, Pearson's and the ANOVA correlation were used. Results A correlation between knowledge and skills was found (r=0.438) (p<0.001). Regarding knowledge, there was no significant difference in the means obtained from the three groups of participants (nurses vs. interns 3.27 p=0.557, physicians vs. nurses 2.17 p=0.852, physicians vs. interns 5.45 p=0.441). Regarding skills, there was no difference between the means obtained between physicians and nurses (4.27 p=0.388), nor between nurses and interns (4.54 p=0.179), but there was a difference between physicians and interns (8.81 p=0.041). Conclusion There was a correlation between the knowledge and skills in taking samples for the identification of papillomavirus DNA. There were no significant differences in knowledge between the groups studied; but a difference in means for skills was found between physicians and interns.

Altered erythrocyte morphology in Mexican adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus evaluated by scanning electron microscope.

AIM: To evaluate the erythrocyte morphology in people with prediabetes, T2DM and healthy subjects in a Mexican population and its association with biochemical parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional study consisted of three groups: healthy (HG), people with prediabetes (PG) and with T2DM (DMG). A blood sample was obtained from all participants to assess the erythrocyte morphology, and levels of HbA1c, glucose and lipid profile. Anthropometrical parameters were also evaluated. RESULTS: It was observed that compared with healthy individuals, people with prediabetes presented a significant decrease in the diameter (-0.08 µm, P = 0.014) and height (-0.07 µm, P = 0.004), as well as people with T2DM (-0.33 µm, P < 0.001 in diameter; and -0.36 µm, P < 0.001 in height). Besides, it was found a significant difference in diameter (-0.25 µm, P < 0.001) and height (-0.29 µm, P < 0.001) between the PG and DMG. No significant differences in the axial ratio between groups. Also, HbA1c, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, weight, BMI, waist and hip circumference were significantly associated with diameter and height. CONCLUSIONS: Erythrocyte morphological alterations can serve as an indicator of early diagnosis of T2DM and a factor implicated in the course of the clinical condition, so the correction of these alterations could serve as a treatment for prediabetes and T2DM. It is essential to promote constantly checkups of biochemical and anthropometrical parameters, as well as erythrocyte morphological alterations to prevent the onset of prediabetes and T2DM and possible clinical complications.

Situación futura de la cardiopatía isquémica en el estado de San Luis Potosí: un modelo dinámico predictivo / Future status of ischaemic heart disease in the state of San Luis Potosí: A predictive dynamic model

Resumen Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo dinámico predictivo para generar y analizar la situación futura de la tasa de incidencia de la enfermedad isquémica del corazón en población de 25 años y mayores en México, en función de la variación en el tiempo de algunos factores de riesgo. Método: Estudio ecológico retrospectivo durante el periodo 2013-2015, en la ciudad de San Luis Potosí (México). Se utilizaron bases de datos secundarias con indicadores oficiales de los 58 municipios que conforman el estado de San Luis Potosí, los cuales corresponden a los años 2000, 2005 y 2010. Se analizaron 8 indicadores a nivel municipio, por medio de los métodos de análisis de componentes principales, modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, modelaje dinámico y software de simulación. Resultados: Fueron extraídos 3 componentes que en conjunto explican el 80.43% de la varianza total de los indicadores oficiales utilizados; el segundo componente tiene un peso de 16.36 unidades que favorecen el incremento de la enfermedad analizada; este componente está integrado solo por el indicador EDAD 60-64 y el escenario esperado del mismo va en aumento. El modelo estructural confirma que los indicadores explican el 42% de la variación de esta enfermedad; los posibles escenarios para los años 2015, 2020 y 2025 son de 195.7, 240.7 y 298, respectivamente, por cada 100,000 habitantes de 25 años y mayores. Conclusiones: Se espera un incremento exponencial en la tasa de incidencia de la enfermedad isquémica del corazón; la edad de 60-64 años se identificó como el factor de riesgo de más peso. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Abstract Objective: To develop a predictive dynamic model to generate and analyse the future status of the incidence rate of ischaemic heart disease in a population of 25 years and over in Mexico, according to the variation in time of some risk factors. Method: Retrospective ecological study performed during the period 2013-2015, in San Luis Potosí City, Mexico. Secondary databases that corresponded to the years 2000, 2005, and 2010, were used along with official indicators of the 58 municipalities of the state of San Luis Potosí. Eight indicators were analysed at municipality level, using principal components analysis, structural equation modelling, dynamic modelling, and simulation software methods. Results: Three components were extracted, which together explained 80.43% of the total variance of the official indicators used. The second component had a weight of 16.36 units that favoured an increase of the disease analysed. This component was integrated only by the indicator AGE 60-64 and the expected stage of it increasing. The structural model confirmed that the indicators explain 42% of the variation of this disease. The possible stages for the years 2015, 2020, and 2025 are 195.7, 240.7, and 298.0, respectively for every 100,000 inhabitants aged 25 and over. Conclusions: An exponential increase in the incidence rate of ischaemic heart disease is expected, with the age of 60-64 years being identified as the highest risk factor. © 2017 Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

[Future status of ischaemic heart disease in the state of San Luis Potosí: A predictive dynamic model]. / Situación futura de la cardiopatía isquémica en el estado de San Luis Potosí: un modelo dinámico predictivo.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a predictive dynamic model to generate and analyse the future status of the incidence rate of ischaemic heart disease in a population of 25 years and over in Mexico, according to the variation in time of some risk factors. METHOD: Retrospective ecological study performed during the period 2013-2015, in San Luis Potosí City, Mexico. Secondary databases that corresponded to the years 2000, 2005, and 2010, were used along with official indicators of the 58 municipalities of the state of San Luis Potosí. Eight indicators were analysed at municipality level, using principal components analysis, structural equation modelling, dynamic modelling, and simulation software methods. RESULTS: Three components were extracted, which together explained 80.43% of the total variance of the official indicators used. The second component had a weight of 16.36 units that favoured an increase of the disease analysed. This component was integrated only by the indicator AGE 60-64 and the expected stage of it increasing. The structural model confirmed that the indicators explain 42% of the variation of this disease. The possible stages for the years 2015, 2020, and 2025 are 195.7, 240.7, and 298.0, respectively for every 100,000 inhabitants aged 25 and over. CONCLUSIONS: An exponential increase in the incidence rate of ischaemic heart disease is expected, with the age of 60-64 years being identified as the highest risk factor.

Calidad de los registros en programa de detección oportuna de cáncer cervicouterino / Quality of records in a timely screening program for cervical cancer

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer cervicouterino es un problema de salud pública en México, en 2012 se estimaron 528 000 nuevos casos. Una línea de investigación con relación al programa de cáncer cervicouterino, es la calidad de los registros en cuanto a su legibilidad, completitud y precisión. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de los registros realizados por el personal de salud en el servicio de Detección de Cáncer Cervicouterino. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio transversal, realizado en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de San Luis Potosí, México, entre agosto de 2012 a septiembre de 2013. Ante un universo de 4139 registros, hoja de solicitud y resultados de la citología cervical, realizados durante enero a noviembre de 2012, se aplicó un muestreo probabilístico estratificado (1115 registros). Se utilizó una lista de verificación con 32 ítems divididos en siete apartados. Para analizar los datos se utilizaron tres indicadores: precisión, legibilidad y completitud. Se estableció una escala ordinal con el puntaje obtenido: bajo (0-64), medio (65-128) y alto (129-192). Se aplicó la prueba t de student para comparar los puntajes en la calidad de los registros. Resultados: En legibilidad se obtuvo un nivel medio en la calidad de los registros (80,6%), en la completitud un 59,6% en el nivel alto y en la precisión un 40,4% en el nivel medio. El personal de enfermería obtuvo mejor calificación en la calidad de los registros que los cito-tecnólogos (p= 0,05). Conclusión: La calidad de los registros realizados por el personal de salud es media. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):59-65.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cervical cancer is a public health problem in Mexico, in 2012 528 000 new cases. One line of research related to the cervical cancer program is the quality of records in terms of readability, completeness, and accuracy. Objective: To evaluate the quality of the records made by the health personnel in the Cervical Cancer Detection Service. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out at the Mexican Social Security Institute of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, from august 2012 to september 2013. The universe of records, application forms and results of cervical cytology performed during january to november of 2012 was 4139. A stratified probabilistic sampling (1 115 records) was applied. We used a checklist with 32 items divided into 7 sections. Three indicators were used to analyze the data: accuracy, readability and completeness. An ordinal scale was established with the score obtained: low (0-64), medium (65-128) and high (129-192). Student's t-test was used to compare scores on the quality of the records. Results: Readability reached a median level in the quality of the records (80.6%), in the completeness 59.6% in the high level and in the precision 40.4% in the average level. Nurses received better quality of records than cytotechnologists (p = 0.05). Conclusion: The quality of the records made by the health personnel is medium. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):59-65.

Impact of Applying a Learning Strategy to Improve the Sample Quality in Cervical Screening in Nursing Staff in Social Service.

OBJECTIVES: The study sought to assess the impact of applying a learning strategy to improve the quality of sample collection during cervical screening by students from the Nursing Degree Program doing social service. METHODS: This was a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study with the participation of 23 interns from the Nursing Degree Program at a public university from San Luis Potosí, Mexico. The work assessed knowledge of practical skills in taking cervical cytology tests and the quality of samples before and after applying a learning strategy that included 10 h of theoretical training and 22 h of practices on themes related to sample collection in cervical screening. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was obtained in improved knowledge (t = -12.8 p<0.001) and practical skills (t = -8.86 p<0.001) after the intervention. The increased percentage of suitable samples from 30.43% to 82.60% was attributed to the application of the learning strategy in the pre- and post-intervention phases (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Training is effective to improve knowledge and practical skills to collect samples in cervical screening, as well as the quality of the samples for their interpretation.

[The burden of cervical cancer in patients with limited access to health services]. / Repercusión del cáncer cervicouterino en pacientes con limitaciones de acceso a los servicios de salud.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is caused by high-risk HPV, a sexually transmitted virus. In Mexico, this disease represents a public health problem. San Luis Potosi is located within ten states with the highest rates in the country. Indigenous women of Mexico will likely to develop cervical cancer due to inequality in access to health services and their determinants. Epidemiological studies can be supported by investigations of diverse geographical nature to undertake the identification and analysis of spatial patterns of disease. OBJECTIVE: To locate by geographical distribution of Huasteca Potosina women high-risk HPV positive to observe the burden of disease in patients with limited access to health services and propose specific primary prevention activities was made with a sample of 605 women. Cervico-vaginal specimens were taken. High-risk HPV infection was determined by hybrid capture. Age and date of the last Papanicolaou were obtained through a structured poll. It was use descriptive statistics and georeference was made in a map using the software ILWIS 3.3. RESULTS: Countyes with the highest and lowest percentages of infection were found. The prevalence of infection with high-risk HPV was 9.9% and age groups with the highest percentages of infection were in 51-60 and 41-50 years. Most women had been made the Papanicolaou at time of the present study. CONCLUSIONS: Georeferenceas like epidemiological tool for generating risk profiles allowed suggest strategies for improve prevention, early detection and control of the cervical cancer.

[Health staff performance taking of smear: knowledge, skills and practice]. / Desempeño del personal de salud en la toma de las citologías cervicales: conocimientos teóricos y ejecución práctica.

BACKGROUND: The quality of cervical cytology is one of the factors involved in the optimal performance of screening programs for cervical cancer in México, so it is necessary to design indicators to improve the skills of health personnel in this procedure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of the health workers to take the Pap smear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study made in the period 2006-2007 in San Luis Potosí, México, in 21 health centers in a health jurisdiction. We studied the universe of professionals who take the Pap: 100 nurses, doctors and interns. A knowledge test and a check list were applied. The correlation of Pearson, Student's t and ANOVA was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There is a correlation between knowledge and qualification in the take of the Pap smear (r = 0.340) (p = 001). Providers have a performance on average 62.2% in knowledge and 78.5% in practice. Doctors obtained knowledge that the nurses (6.80) (p = .000) and trainees (4.14) (p = 014). In the practical implementation, there was no difference between the doctors and the nurses (2.68) (p = .718) but there was difference between the doctors and interns (6.47) (p = .036). To know one or more sections of the knowledge influences the qualification of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the service provider is regular. There is heterogeneity in the knowledge and practical skills. Educational interventions are needed to raise the skills.

[Performance of health staff in Papanicolauo test: theoretical knowledge and practical implementation]. / Desempeño del personal de salud en la toma de las citologías cervicales: conocimientos teóricos y ejecución práctica.

BACKGROUND: The quality of cervical cytology is one of the factors involved in the optimal performance of screening programs for cervical cancer in Mexico, so it is necessary to design indicators to improve the skills of health personnel in this procedure. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of the health workers to take the Pap smear. METHODOLOGY: cross-sectional study made in the period 2006-2007 in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, in 21 health centers in a health jurisdiction. We studied the universe of professionals who take the Pap: 100 nurses, doctors and interns. A knowledge test and a check list were applied. The correlation of Pearson, Student's t and ANOVA was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There is a correlation between knowledge and qualification in the take of the Pap smear (r = 0.340) (p = 0.001). Providers have a performance on average 62.2% in knowledge and 78.5% in practice. Doctors obtained higher score in the knowledge that the nurses (6.80) (p = 0.000) and trainees (4.14) (p = 0.014). In the practical implementation, there was no difference between the doctors and the nurses (2.68) (p = 0.718) but there was difference between the doctors and interns (6.47) (p = 0.036). To know one or more sections of the knowledge influences the qualification of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the service provider is regular. There is heterogeneity in the knowledge and practical skills. Educational interventions are needed to raise the skills.