Asociación entre Presencia de Levaduras del Género Candida y Factores del Paciente Adulto Mayor con y sin Estomatitis Protésica / Association between Presence of Candida Yeasts and Elderly Patient Factors with and without Denture Stomatitis

La estomatitis protésica (ESP) es una alteración de la mucosa de soporte de diverso grado de severidad, que puede complicarse clínicamente con la presencia de levaduras del género Candida (LGC). Factores del individuo, del ambiente oral y del microorganismo favorecen la infección, que de no tratarse oportunamente puede evolucionar hacia lesiones hiperplásicas. Los objetivos fueron establecer relación clínico ­ microbiológica entre especies de LGC y ESP, asociar condiciones sistémicas (CS) prevalentes de pacientes portadores de prótesis con presencia y cantidad de LGC y efecto en la severidad de ESP; y asociar factores locales: uso continuo de prótesis y antigüedad protésica, con prevalencia de LGC y severidad de ESP. Un estudio observacional analítico fue realizado en 93 pacientes, edad promedio 67 años, 26% hombres y 74% mujeres, atendidos en el área de Prótesis Removible (Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile), seleccionados de acuerdo a criterios de inclusión y firma del consentimiento informado. La recolección muestral de saliva no estimulada y mucosa oral se realizó considerando las variables del estudio. Estas muestras fueron procesadas de acuerdo a protocolos preestablecidos. El análisis microscópico permitió verificar desarrollo de colonias macromorfológicamente compatibles con LGC. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizaron test ANOVA y Kruskall Wallis. Existe relación clínica microbiológica entre presencia de LGC y ESP. El aumento de LGC se relaciona con severidad de ESP. La especie dominante es Candida albicans sobre no albicans. La presencia de ambas se asocia con aumento de la severidad de ESP. Al asociar las CS se observa asociación con depresión, no así con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus. En relación a los factores locales protésico continuo y antigüedad protésica, existe relación entre antigüedad y presencia de LGC en pacientes con ESP, sin diferencias estadísticas entre presencia de LGC y uso protésico continuo en pacientes con ESP.

Denture stomatitis (DS) is a change of the support mucous of diverse severity that can get clinically complex with the presence of yeasts of the Candida genus (YCG). Individual's factors of the oral and microorganism environment favor the infection, which can evolve to hyperplasic lesions if not treated early. The aims were to establish clinical-microbiological relationship between YCG and DS species, associate systematic conditions (SC) prevalent of patients using prosthesis with presence and quantity of YCG and effect on DS severity; and associate local factors: continuous use of prosthesis and age of the prosthesis (AP), with YCG prevalence and DS severity. An analytical observational study was performed in 93 patients, average age 67 years old, 26% male and 74% female, treated at the Removable Prosthesis Area (Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile), selected according to inclusion criteria and signature of informed consent. The unstimulated saliva and oral mucous sample recollection was performed considering the study's variables. The microscopic analysis allowed to check macro morphologically YCG compatible colonies development. For the statistical analysis, ANOVA and Kruskall Wallis tests were used. There is a microbiological clinical relationship between the presence of YCG and DS. The increase of YCG is related to the severity of DS. The dominant species is Candida albicans over not albicans. The presence of both is associated with the increase of DS severity. By associating the SC, a relation with depression is observed, but not with arterial hypertension and mellitus diabetes. As for the continuous local prosthetic factors and AP, a relationship exists between AP and presence of YCG in patients with DS, without statistical differences between YCG and continuous prosthetic use in patients with DS.

[Impact of drug-free care in posterior cortical atrophy: Preliminary experience with a psycho-educative program]. / Prise en charge non médicamenteuse de l'atrophie corticale postérieure : expérience préliminaire d'un programme psychoéducatif.

INTRODUCTION: Criteria for the diagnosis of posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) are well established, but little is known about the impact of drug-free care for patients and caregivers. METHODS: We designed an adapted and specific psycho-educative program for four patients and their caregivers who participated in six sessions, one every 2 months. RESULTS: Patients and caregivers improved their knowledge about the PCA syndrome; level of anxiety was slightly reduced among caregivers. CONCLUSION: A specific psycho-educative program can be offered to PCA patients and their caregivers.

Asociación entre maloclusiones y posición de la cabeza y cuello / Association between Malocclusion and Position of the Head and Neck

Con la finalidad de contrastar la hipótesis nula "no hay asociación entre maloclusiones y alteraciones posturales de cabeza y cuello" se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en pacientes que consultaron por tratamiento de ortodoncia. La muestra consistió en 116 pacientes con maloclusión atendidos en el Programa de Especialización en Ortodoncia y Ortopedia Dento Máxilo Facial 2007-2009 de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile. Se analizaron las fichas de cada uno de ellos y se buscó asociación entre los valores del Análisis Cráneo Cervical de Rocabado, el cefalograma, estudio de modelos y la evaluación funcional de la lengua. Se encontró asociaciones estadísticas débiles entre la rotación anti horaria del cráneo (ángulo cráneo vertebral y distancia intervertebral C0-C1 disminuidas), con clase III esqueletal que además tenían rotación posterior mandibular y que eran dólico faciales. Altos valores del triángulo hioideo, se asociaron débilmente, con Clase II esqueletal, junto con alteraciones de la posición de la lengua en reposo y retrusión dentaria. Se concluye que en pacientes con maloclusión existe una asociación estadísticamente débil con alteraciones de la postura craneocervical.

In order to test the null hypothesis "there is no association between malocclusion and postural alterations in head and neck" a non-experimental analytical study was carried out in patients with clinical orthodontic treatment. The sample consisted of 116 patients with malocclusion treated at the Specialization Program in Orthodontics and Dento Maxillo Facial Orthopedics from 2007 to 2009, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile. We analyzed the records of each patient, for search partnership between the values of Cervical Skull Rocabado Analysis, the cephalogram and study models. We found weak statistical associations between anti-rotation time of the cranium (skull, vertebral angle and distance diminished intervertebral C0-C1), with skeletal class III also had mandibular posterior rotation and were dolicho facial. High values of the hyoid triangle, were weakly associated with skeletal Class II, along with changes in tongue position at rest and dental retrusion. We conclude that in patients with malocclusion there is a statistically weak association with altered craniocervical posture.

[Prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders in adolescent girls in Reus (Spain)]. / Prevalencia de anorexia nerviosa, bulimia nerviosa y otros TCA en adolescentes femeninas de Reus.

INTRODUCTION: Eating disorders are characterized by changes in eating patterns associated with a series of psychosocial conflicts, low self-esteem and poor empathy, and an obsession with slimming. OBJECTIVES: The aims of the present study were: 1. To determinate the prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders in a representative sample of adolescent girls between the ages of 12 and 21 living in the city of Reus (Spain). 2. To evaluate the association between eating disorders and alterations on the Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40), Body Attitudes Test (BAT), and the Aesthetic Body Shape Questionnaire (CIMEC). MATERIAL AND METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional observational study in a random sample of adolescent girls aged between 12 and 21 years old. Information was gathered from a structured questionnaire on demographic and anthropometric factors (age, place of birth, education, etc.), clinical examination, clinical interview, DMS-IV diagnostic criteria, and three self-administered tests: EAT-40, BAT and CIMEC. RESULTS: A total of 551 adolescents were analyzed. The mean age was 17.6+/-2.5 years. Diagnostic criteria of anorexia nervosa were found in 0.9% (95% CI: 0.4-2.4), bulimia nervosa in 2.9% (95% CI: 1.7-4.7), and other eating disorders in 5.3% (95% CI: 3.6-7.5). The test showing the greatest alterations was the CIMEC (38%), followed by the BAT (27.1%) and EAT-40 (23.1%). All the adolescents that met the diagnostic criteria of anorexia nervosa showed alterations in all three tests. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of eating disorders indicates the need for greater direct involvement among health professionals. The EAT-40, BAT and CIMEC are effective screening instruments for these disorders.

Prevalencia de anorexia nerviosa, bulimia nerviosa y otros TCA en adolescentes femeninas de Reus / Prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders in adolescent girls in Reus (Spain)

Introducción. Los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario (TCA) se caracterizan por una alteración en la alimentación asociada a una serie de conflictos psicosociales, baja autoestima y escasa empatía con una obsesión por adelgazar. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de anorexia nerviosa (AN), bulimia nerviosa (BN) y otros TCA en adolescentes femeninas de 12 a 21 años de Reus (Tarragona). Evaluar la asociación entre los TCA y el grado de alteración en los test Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40), Body Attitudes Test (BAT) y Cuestionario de Influencia del Modelo Estético Corporal (CIMEC). Los tres cuestionarios han sido validados en castellano por el Departamento de Psiquiatría del Hospital Clínico de Barcelona. Material y método. Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal con una muestra aleatoria poblacional de adolescentes femeninas de entre 12 y 21 años de edad. La información fue recogida, por un lado, mediante un cuestionario estructurado sobre datos sociodemográficos y antropométricos, examen clínico, anamnesis, criterios diagnósticos del Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales (DSM-IV) de TCA, cumplimentación de un cuestionario estructurado (edad, lugar de nacimiento, nivel de estudios, etc.) y, por otro, mediante la autocumplimentación de los tests EAT-40, BAT y CIMEC. Resultados. Se analizaron 551 adolescentes con una media de edad de 17,6 años (derivación estándar [DE], 2,6). Presentaron criterios diagnósticos de anorexia nerviosa del 0,9 % (intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC 95 %]: 0,4-2,4), de bulimia nerviosa del 2,9 % (IC 95 %: 1,7-4,7), y de otros TCA del 5,3 % (IC 95 %: 3,6-7,5). El CIMEC presentó más alteraciones, el 38,0 %; el BAT, el 27,1 %, y el EAT, el 23,1 %. El 100 % de las jóvenes evaluadas con criterios diagnósticos de anorexia nerviosa presentaron los tres tests alterados. Conclusiones. La elevada prevalencia de TCA merece la implicación más directa de los profesionales sanitarios. Los tests EAT-40, BAT, Y CIMEC son un buen instrumento de cribado de estas enfermedades

Introduction. Eating disorders are characterized by changes in eating patterns associated with a series of psychosocial conflicts, low self-esteem and poor empathy, and an obsession with slimming. Objectives. The aims of the present study were: 1. To determinate the prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders in a representative sample of adolescent girls between the ages of 12 and 21 living in the city of Reus (Spain). 2. To evaluate the association between eating disorders and alterations on the Eating Attitudes Test-40 (EAT-40), Body Attitudes Test (BAT), and the Aesthetic Body Shape Questionnaire (CIMEC). Material and method. We performed a cross-sectional observational study in a random sample of adolescent girls aged between 12 and 21 years old. Information was gathered from a structured questionnaire on demographic and anthropometric factors (age, place of birth, education, etc.), clinical examination, clinical interview, DMS-IV diagnostic criteria, and three self-administered tests: EAT-40, BAT and CIMEC. Results. A total of 551 adolescents were analyzed. The mean age was 17.6 ± 2.5 years. Diagnostic criteria of anorexia nervosa were found in 0.9 % (95 % CI: 0.4-2.4), bulimia nervosa in 2.9 % (95 % CI: 1.7-4.7), and other eating disorders in 5.3 % (95 % CI: 3.6-7.5). The test showing the greatest alterations was the CIMEC (38 %), followed by the BAT (27.1 %) and EAT-40 (23.1 %). All the adolescents that met the diagnostic criteria of anorexia nervosa showed alterations in all three tests. Conclusions. The high prevalence of eating disorders indicates the need for greater direct involvement among health professionals. The EAT-40, BAT and CIMEC are effective screening instruments for these disorders

Efecto de la capsaicina sobre la producción de FNTmenos alfa; en células mononucleares. Estudio piloto / Effect of capsaicin on TNF-á production in mononuclear cells. A pilot study

Objetivo: Evaluar la acción antiinflamatoria de la capsaicina en la producción del factor de necrosis tumoral de tipo alfa (TNF menos alfa) en células mononucleares de sangre periférica de rata (CMSP), previamente estimuladas con lipopolisacáridos (LPS). Materiales y métodos: Las CMSP provinieron de ratas hembras de la cepa Sprague-Dawley de 8-14 semanas, se obtuvieron por gradiente de centrifugación y se estimularon o no con LPS (100 ng/mL) por 24 h considerándolas como grupos control positivo y negativo de la producción de TNF menos alfa;, respectivamente. Dos horas antes de la estimulación con LPS otros grupos de CMSP fueron tratados con capsaicina (pureza mínima de 97 por ciento, SIGMA) a concentraciones de 0,01 µM; 0,1 µM y 1µM (grupos de evaluación). Los niveles de TN menos alfa; se determinaron por ELISA en el sobrenadante del cultivo celular. El análisis estadístico se realizó por ANOVA y prueba de Tukey para comparaciones múltiples. Resultados: Los niveles de TNF menos alfa; a las concentraciones de capsaicina de 0,01 µM y 0,1 µM no mostraron cambios significativos respecto al control positivo; sin embargo, a 1µM se produjo una disminución de 21,9 por ciento (p<0,05) de esta citokina. Conclusión: La capsaicina evidencia un efecto antiinflamatorio al disminuir los niveles de TNF menos alfa; una citokina pro inflamatoria en un modelo in vitro en cultivos celulares

Objective: Anti-inflammatory actions of capsaicine for the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-á) in lipopolysaccharide (LPPS)-stimulated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of rats. Material and methods: The aforementioned cells were obtained from Sprague-Dawley female rats, 8 to 14 weeks old, they were obtained using a centrifugation gradient and some of them were stimulated with LPPS (100 ng/mL), and some were not, so they were classified as positive and negative control groups according to TNF-á production. Two hours before stimulation with LPPS, other groups of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of rats were treated with capsaicine (minimal purity, 97, SIGMA) in 0,01 ìM, 0,1 ìM, and 1 ìM concentrations (groups for assessment). TNF-á levels were determined using an ELISA test in the supernatant of the cell culture. Statistical tests were performed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons. Results: TNF-á levels at 0,01 and 0,1 ìM capsaicine concentrations did not show significant changes with respect to positive controls; however, at 1 ìM there was a 21,9% reduction (p<0.05) in TNF-á levels. Conclusion: There is evidence showing that capsaicine exerts an anti-inflammatory effect when TNF-á levels are reduced, being the latter a pro-inflammatory cytokine in an in vitro model using cell cultures.

Heavy metals in human bones in different historical epochs.

The concentration of the metals lead, copper, zinc, cadmium and iron was determined in bone remains belonging to 30 individuals buried in the Region of Cartagena dating from different historical periods and in eight persons who had died in recent times. The metals content with respect to lead, cadmium and copper was determined either by anodic stripping voltammetry or by atomic absorption spectroscopy on the basis of the concentrations present in the bone remains. In all cases, zinc and iron were quantified by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The lead concentrations found in the bone remains in our city are greater than those reported in the literature for other locations. This led to the consideration of the sources of these metals in our area, both the contribution from atmospheric aerosols as well as that from the soil in the area. Correlation analysis leads us to consider the presence of the studied metals in the analysed bone samples to be the consequence of analogous inputs, namely the inhalation of atmospheric aerosols and diverse contributions in the diet. The lowest values found in the studied bone remains correspond to the Neolithic period, with similar contents to present-day samples with respect to lead, copper, cadmium and iron. As regards the evolution over time of the concentrations of the metals under study, a clear increase in these is observed between the Neolithic period and the grouping made up of the Bronze Age, Roman domination and the Byzantine period. The trend lines used to classify the samples into 7 periods show that the maximum values of lead correspond to the Roman and Byzantine periods. For copper, this peak is found in the Byzantine Period and for iron, in the Islamic Period. Zinc shows an increasing tendency over the periods under study and cadmium is the only metal whose trend lines shows a decreasing slope.

Development and characterization of DNA sequence OmyP9 associated with the sex chromosomes in rainbow trout.

This work describes the construction and characterization of a sequence characterized amplified DNA region (SCAR DNA), designated OmyP9, that was derived from a RAPD marker associated with the sex chromosomes in rainbow trout. A RsaI restriction fragment length polymorphism in OmyP9 identifies variants A, B and C. We found six OmyP9 variant phenotypes - A, B, C, AB, BC and ABC, in 186 individuals of seven different rainbow trout strains. The patterns of inheritance of OmyP9 in 139 fingerlings from 10 crosses of three strains of rainbow trout were studied. The males had a greater representation of the A variant (93.3%) suggesting an association with the Y chromosome. All male fingerlings analysed inherited the A variant from their male parents. These results support the hypothesis that OmyP9 is located on the sex chromosomes of rainbow trout, and that for the males studied the A variant is located on the Y chromosome in a region close to sex determinants and/or in a sector where the genetic recombination between X and Y is restricted. The present evidence also supports our previous hypothesis that OmyP9 is organized as a tandem repeated sequence in the sex chromosomes of rainbow trout. We feel that the OmyP9 RsaI marker can be used for sex identification in crosses where it is possible to determine the phenotype of the parents.

Characterization of sex chromosomes in rainbow trout and coho salmon using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

With the aim of characterizing the sex chromosomes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and to identify the sex chromosomes of coho salmon (O. kisutch), we used molecular markers OmyP9, 5S rDNA, and a growth hormone gene fragment (GH2), as FISH probes. Metaphase chromosomes were obtained from lymphocyte cultures from farm specimens of rainbow trout and coho salmon. Rainbow trout sex marker OmyP9 hybridizes on the sex chromosomes of rainbow trout, while in coho salmon, fluorescent signals were localized in the medial region of the long arm of one subtelocentric chromosome pair. This hybridization pattern together with the hybridization of a GH2 intron probe on a chromosome pair having the same morphology, suggests that a subtelocentric pair could be the sex chromosomes in this species. We confirm that in rainbow trout, one of the two loci for 5S rDNA genes is on the X chromosome. In males of this species that lack a heteromorphic sex pair (XX males), the 5S rDNA probe hybridized to both subtelocentrics. This finding is discussed in relation to the hypothesis of intraspecific polymorphism of sex chromosomes in rainbow trout.

Identification of sex chromosome molecular markers using RAPDs and fluorescent in situ hybridization in rainbow trout.

The goal of this work is to identify molecular markers associated with the sex chromosomes in rainbow trout to study the mode of sex determination mechanisms in this species. Using the RAPD assay and bulked segregant analysis, two markers were identified that generated polymorphic bands amplifying preferentially in males of the Mount Lassen and Scottish strains of rainbow trout. Chromosomal localization using fluorescent in situ hybridization of a 900 bp probe developed from one of these markers revealed a brightly defined signal on a chromosome that could morphologically be classified as the Y chromosome.

Association of Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus with Larval Mortalities of Scallop (Argopecten purpuratus)

A bacteriological study was carried out in a hatchery of Argopecten purpuratus located in northern Chile which had been affected by severe larval mortalities. The phenotypic characterization of the bacterial strains revealed that Vibrio alginolyticus was the predominant species isolated in the majority of samples taken from the different units of the hatchery (microalgae, swimming larvae, seawater of larval culture tanks, and a reservoir tank of 50-µm filtered seawater). However, the bacterial population of dying larvae was composed of only Aeromonas hydrophila strains which proved to be resistant to most of the chemotherapeutic agents tested. The bioassays conducted to evaluate the effect of these bacteria on larval survival showed that all of the isolated Vibrio and Aeromonas strains possessed a high degree of pathogenicity, since they produced dying larvae on concentrations ranging from 5.5 x 10(4) to 5.5 x 10(2) cells/ml. The possible virulence mechanism of these bacteria is discussed, as well as the potential use of drugs to prevent larval mortalities.

Obesidad, una enfermedad compleja

Se describen 99 pacientes obesos. Se evalúan los factores relacionados con la génesis, progresión, manejo previo, estados patológicos asociados, hábitos alimentarios y antropometría. 96 por ciento de los pacientes fueron mujeres, de 46.3 más o menos 13.7 años. El inicio del exceso de peso se relacionó con el embarazo, la infancia y aumento de la ingesta. El 56 por ciento habían sido tratados por períodos variables, abandonándolos por efectos colaterales y fracaso. El 70 por ciento acudieron por orden médica. la obesidad fue muy frecuente en la familia. Los hábitos alimentarios fueron patológicos en el 20 por ciento e ingestión excesiva en el 40 por ciento. El peso, 148 por ciento del ideal, correspondía a un riesgo moderado o mayor. La ingesta calórica fue superior a la de la población general. Sólo regresaron a control el 22 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusión: 1) La obesidad tiene una génesis multicausal, predominando los factores genéticos, embarazo y comportamiento alimentario. 2) La morbilidad asociada es muy frecuente. 3) La morfología y grado de obesidad están relacionadas al alto riesgo. 4) Se hace necesario un trabajo mayor para lograr la redducción de peso y del riesgo

Consumo energético y de 9 nutrientes en obesos y su relación con las recomendaciones para la población colombiana

La obesidad es una entidad de difícil manejo, debido con frecuencia al desconocimiento de sus hábitos alimentarios, los cuales fueron estudiados en un grupo de pacientes obesos de bajos recursos. Fueron evaluados mediante interrogatorio alimentario utilizando medidas caseras y conversión a macro y micronutrientes mediante las tablas de composión de los alimentos: valor calórico total, proteínas, grasas, glúcidos, calcio, hierro, fósforo, vitamina C, tiamina y fibra. Se estudiaron 182 pacientes (170 mujeres) de 46ñ13.7 años, talla 152.6ñ7.4cm (H=164ñ6.8 versus M=152ñ6.7, p<0.0001) y peso de 77,8ñ14 Kg (H Vs M, p=0.053), que correspondió al 147 por ciento del peso ideal. En las mujeres fueron inferiores el consumo energético (7839 Vs 10487 Kjul/d, p=0.011) y proteico (57.3 Vs 73.1 g/d, p=0.024). El consumo de proteína animal fue superior del vegetal (1.8:1), con un rango entre 0 y 20:1. El consumo global de calcio fue inferior al recomendado (463ñ258 mg/d) y el consumo de fibra fue muy bajo (4.7ñ3.1 g/d). La ingestión calórica y de calcio fueron inferiores a las recomendadas en el 72 por ciento y 90 por ciento respectivamente; para los demás nutrientes lo fue en menor proporción, 28 al 64 por ciento. El 19 por ciento de los pacientes consumían menos de 5016 kjul/d (<1200 kcal/d) y el consumo fue inferior a los recomendados en una alta proporción de los pacientes para todos los nutrientes estudiados. El consumo energético en los obesos es ligeramente superior al de la población genral (+836 kjul/d), aunque en el 19 por ciento el consumo energético es muy bajo (<1200k jul/d). El consumo de macro y micronutrientes se encuentra por debajo de los recomendados en forma muy frecuente en los pacientes obesos