Strengthening mother-child interactions among mothers and children with behavior problems at early development.

The present study examined the effectiveness of a personalized remote video feedback parenting program to improve mother-child interactions and child behavior outcomes among mothers of children with behavior problems in comparison to counterparts with no behavior problems. The sample comprised 60 mothers and their 2-to-6-year-old children, including children with behavior problems (BP = 19) and children without behavior problems (NoBP = 41). The Strengthening Bonds program included one in-person group session and remote personalized video feedback about their mother-child interactions in a play situation via smartphone for six weeks. Mother-child interactions were the primary outcome, and children's behaviors were the secondary outcome. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were performed. The mother-child interactions were recorded during free- and structured-play situations and were then analyzed by the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO) and the Dynamics of the dyad activity coding system. Additionally, the mothers answered the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The results showed that, in the post-intervention, the mother-child interaction pattern improved in the BP group, especially in the teaching dimension of the PICCOLO. Also, after the program, more children with normal classification were in the BP group.

Trends in Autism Spectrum-Related Motherhood Research: A Bibliometric Study.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties in socialization. The amount of scientific research results on motherhood related to ASD has grown exponentially; however, there are no bibliometric studies in this field. Objective: This article aimed to analyze scientific research on motherhood related to the autism spectrum published in WoS. Articles on motherhood related to ASD were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS). The advanced search interface used was "Title of the article, Abstract, Keywords". The analysis and visualization of the selected documents and their data were performed using a wide range of tools and software such as MS Excel (v16.0), VOS viewer (version 1.6.15), and R packages (Biblioshiny, version 2.0). A total of 1660 articles were included in this study. Most of the publications were original articles. The United States published the most significant number of articles among the countries identified. P.R. Hastings, M.M. Seltzer, and J. Van de Water were the main authors. The Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders was the most productive and impactful journal. The main research topics were related to mental health and social support in the role of motherhood. This desk study provides researchers with a comprehensive understanding of ASD-related maternity research trends by evaluating relevant publications in recent decades. The results of this bibliometric analysis can serve as a basis and orientation for new studies.

Maternal History of Adversity and Subsequent Mother-Child Interactions at Early Ages: A Systematic Review.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can negatively impact physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development, consequently affecting the next generation. The aim of the present study was to systematically review evidence from empirical studies on the association between maternal history of adversity in childhood (maltreatment and household dysfunction) and subsequent mother-child interactions at an early age. A search was performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO databases to identify studies, including measures of maternal childhood adversities and mother-child interaction, published between 2016 and 2022. Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that in 90% of the studies, maternal childhood adversities negatively impacted subsequent mother-child interactions in early childhood, reducing maternal displays of affection, emotional availability, sensitivity, mother-child communication, and bonding. Biological factors (e.g., genetic and hormonal) and maternal emotional recognition moderated these associations. In addition, biological factors (i.e., neurobiological and hormonal) and psychosocial factors (e.g., depression, executive functioning, and violence) acted as mediators. Preventive interventions should be implemented to break out of the intergenerational cycle of violence that impacts mother-child interactions.

Interação mãe-criança e o desenvolvimento da linguagem: proposta de um roteiro investigativo / Mother-child interaction and language development: proposal for an investigative script / Interacción madre-hijo y desarrollo del lenguaje: propuesta de guía investigativa

A mãe é considerada coautora no desenvolvimento comunicativo de seu filho, inserindo-o na cultura da linguagem durante momentos de interação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi construir um roteiro que investigue a interação diádica, relacionando-a com o desenvolvimento da linguagem. Para a elaboração do roteiro, realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica selecionando artigos e documentos acadêmicos nacionais na íntegra, sem período específico de publicação. Foram selecionadas oito publicações utilizadas para a construção de perguntas relacionadas às situações e contextos comunicativos entre mães e filhos. Após construído, o instrumento foi analisado e teve a concordância de três juízes. O roteiro foi dividido em quatro partes: 1) identificação; 2) cuidados diários; 3) comunicação mãe-criança; e 4) interação e brincadeiras, com a opção de respostas na forma dissertativa e de múltipla escolha. Conclui-se que o roteiro elaborado pode ser um instrumento que auxilie na investigação a estimulação da linguagem entre a díade nos diferentes contextos de vida

Mother is considered coauthor in her child's communicative development, inserting him/her into the language culture during moments of interaction. The objective of the present study was to develop a script that investigates dyadic interaction, relating it to language development. For the elaboration of the script, bibliographic research was carried out, selecting articles and national academic documents in their entirety, without a specific period of publication. Eight publications were selected, used to address questions related to communicative situations and contexts between mothers and children. After construction, the instrument was analyzed and had the agreement of three judges. The script was divided into four parts: 1) identification; 2) Daily care; 3) Mother-child communication; 4) Interaction and play. There are options for answers in essays and multiple choice. It is concluded that the elaborate script can be an instrument that helps in the investigation of the stimulation of language between the dyad in different contexts of life

La madre es considerada coautora en el desarrollo comunicativo de su hijo, insertándolo en la cultura del lenguaje en los momentos de interacción. El objetivo del presente estudio fue construir un guión que investigue la interacción diádica, relacionándola con el desarrollo del lenguaje. Para la elaboración del guión se realizó una investigación ibliográfica, seleccionando artículos y documentos académicos nacionales en su totalidad, sin un período específico de publicación. Se seleccionaron ocho publicaciones, utilizadas para la construcción de preguntas relacionadas con situaciones y contextos comunicativos entre madres e hijos. Después de la construcción, el instrumento fue analizado y contócon la conformidad de tres jueces. El guión se dividió en cuatro partes: 1) identificación; 2) Cuidado diario; 3) comunicación madrehijo; y 4) Interacción y juegos, con opción de respuestas en ensayo y opción múltiple. Se concluye que el guión elaborado puede ser un instrumento que ayude en la investigación de la estimulación del lenguaje entre la díada en diferentes contextos de vida

Maternal Communication with Preschool Children about Morality: A Coding Scheme for a Book-Sharing Task.

Background: Preventing interpersonal violence requires understanding the moral development and determinants of child aggression. Communication about moral values and concerns by parents is theoretically important in this process. We aimed to develop a coding system to measure mothers' communication about morality with young children and test its psychometric properties. Method: The cross-sectional study included a subsample (n = 200) of mothers and their four-year-old children in a population-based Brazilian birth cohort. Mothers and children were filmed while looking at a picture book together, containing events of aggression, taking away without asking, and several prosocial behaviours. Films were transcribed and a coding system, including 17 items, was developed to measure the maternal moral judgements and the explanations communicated to their children. Inter-rater reliability was estimated, and exploratory factor analysis performed. Results: Mothers judged acts of physical aggression as wrong more frequently than taking away material goods without asking; most mothers communicated about the emotional consequences of wrong behaviour with their child. Two latent factors of moral communication were identified, interpersonal moral concern and the expression of material moral concern. There was excellent inter-rater reliability between the two coders. Conclusions: Parent-child book-sharing provides a means to measure maternal communication about morality with their children. The coding system of this study measures both communication about interpersonal moral concern and material moral concern. Further studies with larger samples are suggested to investigate the importance of these dimensions of caregiver moral communication for children's moral development.

Traumatic Experiences in Childhood and Maternal Depressive Symptomatology: Their Impact on Parenting in Preschool.

The goal of this study is to describe and analyze the relationship between childhood trauma and depressive symptoms and its relation to the parental interactions of mothers (19-47 years) with their 3-4 year old preschool children. Parental interactions, traumatic experiences in mothers' childhood, and current depressive symptoms were measured using the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ), and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I), respectively. A nonclinical sample of 81 Chilean mothers with their children was used. Results show that the presence of trauma in mothers' childhood has an impact on parenting; specifically, mothers with an emotional neglect experience showed greater difficulties in adequately promoting autonomy in their children.

The Quality of Mother-Toddler Communication Predicts Language and Early Literacy in Mexican-American Children from Low-Income Households.

This longitudinal study documents the key role of early joint engagement in the language and early literacy development of Mexican-American children from low-income households. This rapidly growing population often faces challenges as sequential Spanish-English language learners. Videos of 121 mothers and their 2.5-year-old children interacting in Spanish for 15 min were recorded in 2009-2011 in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. Researchers reliably rated general dyadic features of joint engagement-symbol-infused joint engagement, shared routines and rituals, and fluency and connectedness-that have been found to facilitate language development in young English-speaking children. The construct respeto, a valued aspect of traditional Latino parenting, was also rated using two culturally specific items-the parent's calm authority and the child's affiliative obedience. In addition, three individual contributions-maternal sensitivity, quality of maternal language input, and quality of child language production-were assessed. General features of joint engagement at 2.5 years predicted expressive and receptive language at 3.6 years and receptive language and early literacy at 7.3 years, accounting for unique variance over and above individual contributions at 2.5 years, with some effects being stronger in girls than boys. The level of culturally specific joint engagement did not alter predictions made by general features of joint engagement. These findings highlight the importance of the quality of early communication for language and literacy success of Mexican-American children from low-income households and demonstrate that culturally specific aspects of early interactions can align well with general features of joint engagement.

Nivel de cumplimiento de apego precoz durante el puerperio inmediato: El Caso del Hospital General Docente Calderón / Compliance of rooming-in during the immediate postpartum period: the case of the Calderon General Teaching Hospital

Introducción: Según el artículo 45 de la Política Nacional de Lactancia materna del Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador (MSP), el cumplimiento del apego precoz es obligatorio; sin embargo, varios estudios visualizan su falta de cumplimiento. Objetivo: Analizar el cumplimiento del apego precoz durante el puerperio inmediato, y el grado de conocimiento y nivel de satisfacción que las madres de un hospital de Quito tienen sobre el apego precoz. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal en 116 diadas madre-hijo atendidas en el Hospital General Docente Calderón en el periodo Octubre 2018-Marzo 2019, para evaluar el porcentaje de cumplimiento de la norma de apego precoz del MSP (inmediatez, privacidad, eficacia, y continuidad) mediante observación del parto y establecer el conocimiento y nivel de satisfacción con el apego precoz a través de encuestas a la madre. La relación entre la satisfacción del apego precoz con el grado de felicidad de la madre fue evaluada usando chi cuadrado y Phi Crammer (P >0.05). Resultados: : Los parámetros de inmediatez, privacidad y eficacia se cumplen en 81%, 86% y 92%, respectivamente, mientras que la continuidad se cumple en un 48%. El tiempo de permanencia del recién nacido con la madre no supera los 60 minutos en el 52% de diadas madre-hijo. El mayor grado de felicidad se observa el 92% de las madres satisfechas con en el apego precoz. Conclusiones: El apego precoz como práctica integrada en el Protocolo Normativo del MSP entre la madre y su recién nacido durante el parto céfalo-vaginal sin riesgo, se cumple parcialmente

Background:According to article 45 of the National Maternal Breastfeeding Policy of the Ministry of Public Health of Ecuador, rooming-in and early mother-child interaction is mandatory; however, several studies visualize its lack of fulfillment. Objective: To analyze the accomplishment about rooming-in during the immediate postpartum period in a hospital in Quito, the degree of knowledge, and the level of satisfaction that mothers have about this practice. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional design in 116 mother-child dyads attended at the Calderon General Teaching Hospital in the period October 2018-March 2019, in order to evaluate rooming-in care accomplishment in each mandatory step such as immediacy, privacy, efficacy, and continuity. Knowledge and satisfaction level with rooming-in and early mother-child interaction were established through surveys and evaluated by chi square and Phi Crammer (P >0.05). Results: This study showed the immediacy, privacy and efficacy parameters are accomplished in 81%, 86% and 92%, respectively; while the continuity parameter is fulfilled in 48%. Time between the newborn and mother does not exceed 60 minutes in 52% of mother-child dyads. The highest degree of happiness is observed in 92% of mothers satisfied with rooming-in practice. Conclusions: Rooming-in and early mother-child interaction as a practice integrated in the Ecuadorian Ministry of Health Normative Protocol during the postpartum from a cephalo-vaginal delivery without risk, is partially fulfilled.

Baja calidad de interacción madre-hijo/a en lactantes en riesgo psicosocial se asocia con riesgo de retraso del desarrollo / Low quality of mother-child interaction in infants at psychosocial risk is associated with risk of developmental delay

INTRODUCCIÓN: La infancia temprana es un período fundamental en el desarrollo de los niños y depende en gran parte de las interacciones que establecen con sus cuidadores principales. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la asociación entre riesgo de retraso del desarrollo psicomotor (RDSM) con calidad de interacción madre-hijo/a, síntomas depresivos postparto y otros factores relacionados al cuidado y contexto, en lactantes sanos en riesgo psicosocial. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio transversal analítico en 181 madres en riesgo psi- cosocial y sus hijo/as menores de un año, atendidas en Atención Primaria de Salud. Se determinó la presencia de riesgo de RDSM utilizando Ages & Stages Questionnaire y se estudió su asociación con calidad de interacción (CARE Index), síntomas depresivos postparto (Escala de Depresión Postparto Edimburgo) y otros factores relacionados al contexto y cuidado (cuestionario aplicado a la madre) mediante análisis bivariados y multivariados, ajustando por variables confundentes. RESULTADOS: 20% de los lactantes presentó riesgo de RDSM. Se observó un mayor riesgo de presentar riesgo de RDSM, después de ajustar por variables de control predefinidas, con: baja calidad de la interacción madre- hijo/a (OR = 2,46, p = 0,03), lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) < 6 meses (OR = 2,58, p = 0,01) y pareja no ayuda con el cuidado del niño (OR = 2,97, p = 0,03). No se observó una asociación significativa con síntomas depresivos postparto. CONCLUSIONES: En lactantes sanos en riesgo psicosocial se asocian a mayor riesgo de RDSM una baja calidad interacción madre-hijo/a, LME < 6 meses y no involucramiento del padre en el cuidado del hijo/a.

INTRODUCTION: Early childhood is a fundamental period in children's development and depends largely on their in teractions with their main caregivers. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between risk of psycho motor developmental delay (PDD) with mother-child interaction quality, postpartum depressive symptoms, and other factors related to care and environment in healthy infants at psychosocial risk. PATIENS AND METHOD: Analytical cross-sectional study in 181 mothers at psychosocial risk and their children aged under one year seen in Primary Health Care. The presence of risk of PDD was deter mined using the Ages & Stages Questionnaire and its association with interaction quality (CARE In dex), postpartum depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale), and other factors related to environment and care (questionnaire applied to the mother) was studied through bivariate and multivariate analyses, adjusting for confusing variables. RESULTS: 20% of infants were at risk of PDD. There was an increased risk of presenting risk of PDD after adjusting for predefined control variables with: low-quality mother-child interaction (OR = 2.46, p = 0.03), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) <6 months (OR = 2.58, p = 0.01), and partner does not help with childcare (OR = 2.97, p = 0.03). No significant association was observed with postpartum depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy infants at psychosocial risk, low-quality mother-child interaction, EBF <6 months, and the non-involvement of the father in the childcare are associated with a higher risk of PDD.

Mother-child interaction: implications of chronic maternal anxiety and depression.

BACKGROUND: The literature has few studies on the quality of the mother-child interaction when mothers suffer from chronic anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare characteristics of the interaction between 14-month-old children and their mothers who presented symptoms of chronic anxiety or depression with those of 14-month-old children and their mothers who did not present mental problems. METHOD: The sample consisted of 40 mother-infant dyads selected from a prospective cohort study. They were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, at three time points: during pregnancy and at 6 months and 14 months of the infant's life. Three groups were formed: 10 mothers with symptoms of chronic anxiety, 8 mothers with symptoms of chronic depression, and a control group of 22 mothers without mental health problems. The mothers responded to a socioeconomic questionnaire, and then a 7-min episode of the dyad interaction was recorded and assessed using categories indicated in a dyadic interaction assessment protocol. This consisted of six categories that evaluate the behavior of the caregiver and four categories that evaluate the child's behavior. RESULTS: A significantly higher percentage of mothers with chronic depressive symptoms had not completed high school and did not live with a partner. When comparing the interaction behaviors of the three groups, mothers with symptoms of chronic depression were significantly less sensitive, were more disengaged, and showed less positive affect than those in the control group. They also engaged in significantly fewer stimulations and displayed more negative affect compared with both the control group and mothers with chronic anxiety symptoms. Anxious mothers presented greater intrusiveness compared with mothers in the control group. Regarding the children, those with mothers showing symptoms of chronic depression interacted significantly less than those with mothers showing symptoms of chronic anxiety and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that mother-infant interaction is most severely compromised among mother-infant dyads comprised of mothers with chronic depressive symptoms, compared with dyads of mothers with chronic anxiety symptoms and dyads of control group mothers without mental health problems.

Mother-child interaction: implications of chronic maternal anxiety and depression

Abstract Background: The literature has few studies on the quality of the mother-child interaction when mothers suffer from chronic anxiety and depression. This study aimed to compare characteristics of the interaction between 14-month-old children and their mothers who presented symptoms of chronic anxiety or depression with those of 14-month-old children and their mothers who did not present mental problems. Method: The sample consisted of 40 mother-infant dyads selected from a prospective cohort study. They were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, at three time points: during pregnancy and at 6 months and 14 months of the infant's life. Three groups were formed: 10 mothers with symptoms of chronic anxiety, 8 mothers with symptoms of chronic depression, and a control group of 22 mothers without mental health problems. The mothers responded to a socioeconomic questionnaire, and then a 7-min episode of the dyad interaction was recorded and assessed using categories indicated in a dyadic interaction assessment protocol. This consisted of six categories that evaluate the behavior of the caregiver and four categories that evaluate the child's behavior. Results: A significantly higher percentage of mothers with chronic depressive symptoms had not completed high school and did not live with a partner. When comparing the interaction behaviors of the three groups, mothers with symptoms of chronic depression were significantly less sensitive, were more disengaged, and showed less positive affect than those in the control group. They also engaged in significantly fewer stimulations and displayed more negative affect compared with both the control group and mothers with chronic anxiety symptoms. Anxious mothers presented greater intrusiveness compared with mothers in the control group. Regarding the children, those with mothers showing symptoms of chronic depression interacted significantly less than those with mothers showing symptoms of chronic anxiety and the control group. Conclusions: The results indicate that mother-infant interaction is most severely compromised among mother-infant dyads comprised of mothers with chronic depressive symptoms, compared with dyads of mothers with chronic anxiety symptoms and dyads of control group mothers without mental health problems.

Impacto da Creche para a Interação Mãe-Criança e para o Desenvolvimento Infantil / Effects of Childcare Centers on Mother-Child Interaction and Child Development

RESUMO Buscou-se investigar o impacto da creche na interação mãe-criança e no desenvolvimento infantil nos dois primeiros anos de vida da criança. Participaram 44 crianças (M= 6,4 meses; DP= 1,6) e suas mães (M= 34,1 anos; DP= 5,2), divididas em dois grupos: Grupo Creche (21 crianças que frequentavam a creche) e Grupo Não Creche (23 que não frequentavam). Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento aos 6, 12 e 18 meses da criança e a interação mãe-criança aos 12 e 18 meses. Os resultados revelaram que a frequência à creche não interferiu na qualidade da interação mãe-criança e não diferenciou os grupos quanto ao desenvolvimento infantil (cognitivo, linguagem, socioemocional), indicando que famílias de classes média e alta e creches com qualidade suficiente podem se igualar em seus eventuais benefícios.

Abstract The present study investigated the impact of childcare centers on mother-child interaction and on child development in the first two years of a child's life. The study was comprised of 44 children (M=6.4months, SD=1.6) and their mothers (M=34.1years, SD=5.2) divided into two groups: Childcare Center Group (N=21) and Non-Childcare Center Group (N=23). The infant development was evaluated at 6, 12 and 18 months and mother-child interaction was assessed at the 12th and 18th months. The results revealed that childcare centers did not affect the quality of mother-child interaction and did not set apart the groups in relation to child development (cognitive, language, socioemotional), indicating that middle and upper class families and qualified childcare centers can be equally beneficial.

Estilos maternos y procesos de simbolización en interacciones lúdicas madre- niño preescolar / Interactive maternal styles and its relationship with the child´ s symbolization process

Se presentan resultados de un programa de investigación acreditado y financiado por UBACyT que se realiza desde 2001 en el marco de la Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Este programa se basa en una investigación observacional sistematizada que presenta nuevos instrumentos que aportan herramientas para la comprensión acerca de la transformación interactiva mutua entre el niño y su madre, y acerca de su influencia en algunos aspectos del desarrollo infantil, tales como los procesos de simbolización y la regulación afectiva. Los resultados presentados focalizan sobre el concepto de Estilos maternos de interacción, en sus aspectos facilitantes y restricitvos, y la relación de esta variable materna con los niveles de simbolización en el juego de los niños de edad preescolar con sus madres.

We present results of a research program, accredited and funded by UBACyT in its different stages. The current program develops since 2001 in the Faculty of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires (UBA). This program bases on systematic observational research, which provides new tools that contribute to the understanding of the mutual interactive transformation between the child and his primary caregiver, and about its influence on child development. The aim of this paper is to present relevant results of our last research that shows the incidence of maternal variables, especially the Interactive Maternal Styles in its facilitating and restrictive aspects in preschool child´s symbolization processes.

Predictores de una interacción eficaz entre madre e hijo/a en contextos de riesgo psicosocial / Predictors of an Efficient Interaction between Mother and Child in Psychosocial Risk

RESUMEN Este estudio analiza la influencia de las prácticas, las metas, la representación materna de las propias acciones y la predictibilidad de prácticas y metas según los hijos/as sobre la interaccion madre-hijo/a observada en una tarea colaborativa. Las participantes fueron 82 diadas en riesgo psicosocial. Las madres reportaron las prácticas y las metas en situaciones hipotéticas y la representación de la propia acción en la interacción; los hijos/as, la predictibilidad de las prácticas y las metas de las propias madres. Los modelos de regresión muestran la influencia negativa de las prácticas coercitivas y restrictivas, la influencia positiva de la representación de la acción y de la predictibilidad de prácticas y metas en la dinámica de la interacción madre-hijo/a.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the influence of the practices, goals, maternal representation of their action and the child's readability of practices and goals on the mother-child interaction observed during a collaborative task. The participants were 82 dyads at psychosocial risk. The mothers reported their practices and goals in hypothetical situations and the representation of their actions in the interaction. Children reported the readability of mothers' practices and goals. The regression models showed the negative influence of the coercitive and restrictive practices, the positive influence of the maternal representation of their child-rearing actions and the child's readability of the practices and goals on the dynamic of the mother-child interaction.

Contribuições da Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) para o cuidado materno de recém-nascidos pré-termo / Contribution of the Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) for the maternal care of preterm neonates

INTRODUCTION: In the care of preterm newborn, practices that favor the participation of mothers in care are recommended. The use of appropriate instruments by professionals can contribute to strengthen maternal participation. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the contributions of the use of the Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) for the maternal care of preterm neonates. METHODS: Descriptive qualitative study, using participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 14 mothers of preterm newborns who underwent NBO. Data was submitted to content analysis, assinted by the software MAXQda 12. RESULTS: It was found that the mothers' prior perceptions of the newborn´s capacities or how they react to environmental stimuli do not differ from what was observed and reported by them after NBO. However, it was verified that NBO confirms this perception and broadens the mothers' understanding of the meaning of the newborn's behavior. Participating in the NBO helped the mothers to identify strategies to find the needs of the newborn, qualifying the care already performed by them and opening new possibilities for maternal care. CONCLUSION: The NBO is an instrument that favors the mother's learning about the behavior of the newborn and contributes to the construction of practices with potential to be used by them within daily care. This allows us to consider it as a tool that favors the mother-baby relationship, contributes to the mother's participation in the care, and supports the mother in the construction of her autonomy for the continuity of the newborn's care after hospital discharge.

INTRODUÇÃO: Na assistência ao recém-nascido pré-termo são recomendadas práticas que favorecem a participação das mães no cuidado. O uso de instrumentos apropriados pelos profissionais pode contribuir para o fortalecimento da participação materna. OBJETIVO: Analisar as contribuições do uso da Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) para o cuidado materno de recém-nascidos prematuros. MÉTODO: Estudo qualitativo descritivo, utilizando observação participante e entrevista semi-estruturada, com 14 mães de recém-nascidos pré-termo que realizaram a NBO. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática de conteúdo, assistida pelo software MAXQda 12. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que a percepção prévia das mães em relação às capacidades do recém-nascido ou ao modo como ele reage aos estímulos do ambiente não difere do que foi observado e relatado por elas após a NBO. Entretanto, verifica-se que a realização da NBO confirma essa percepção e amplia a compreensão das mães acerca do significado do comportamento do recém-nascido. Participar da NBO favoreceu que as mães identificassem estratégias para atender às necessidades de cuidado do recém-nascido, qualificando o cuidado já realizado por elas e abrindo novas possibilidades para o cuidado materno. CONCLUSÃO: A NBO é um instrumento que favorece o aprendizado da mãe sobre o comportamento do recém-nascido e contribui para a construção de práticas com potencial para serem utilizadas por elas no cotidiano do cuidado. Isso nos permite considerá-la um instrumento que favorece a relação mãe-filho, contribui para a participação da mãe no cuidado, e apóia a mãe na construção da sua autonomia para a continuidade do cuidado do recém-nascido após a alta hospitalar.

Adaptação materna ao transtorno do espectro autismo: relações entre crenças, sentimentos e fatores psicossociais / Maternal adaptation to autism spectrum disorder: relationships between beliefs, feelings and psychosocial factors / Adaptación materna al trastorno del espectro autista: las relaciones entre las creencias, los sentimientos y los factores psicosociales

Crenças e sentimentos relacionados ao desenvolvimento do filho com Transtorno do Espectro Autismo (TEA) exercem importante papel na adaptação materna. Entretanto, estes fatores nem sempre são compreendidos com base nos aspectos psicossociais associados. OBJETIVO: investigar crenças e sentimentos de mães de crianças com TEA relacionando-os a fatores psicossociais, com base no metamodelo biopsicossocial de Bradford. Delineamento: estudo de casos múltiplos, transversal e exploratório. Participantes: quatro mães (idade: 38 a 45 anos) de meninos com TEA (idades: 3 anos e 5 meses a 6 anos e 9 meses). Instrumentos: Entrevista de Percepção Materna, Entrevista de Dados Demográficos e Desenvolvimento Infantil e Questionário de Saúde Geral de Goldberg (QSG). RESULTADOS: crenças maternas sobre o desenvolvimento infantil, capacidade para identificar habilidades e seu senso de autoeficácia relacionam-se a diversos fatores psicossociais, como percepção dos recursos intra e extrafamiliares, qualidade dos sistemas de saúde. Discute-se que o impacto do diagnóstico pode ser mediado pelos fatores psicossociais.

The beliefs and feelings associated with the development of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) play an important part in maternal adaptation. However, these factors are not always comprehended based on associated psychosocial aspects. OBJECTIVE: to investigate the beliefs and feelings of mothers of ASD children, associating them to various psychosocial factors based on Bradford’s biopsychosocial metamodel. Boundaries: transversal and exploratory study of multiple cases. Participants: four mothers (aged 38 to 45 years) of ASD boys (ages between 3 years and 5 months and 6 years and 9 months). Instruments: Maternal Perception of Child Interview, Demographic Data and Child Development Interview, Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). RESULTS: mothers’ beliefs about child development, ability to indentify children’s skills and their own sense of auto-efficiency are related to many psychosocial factors: perception of intra and extra-family resources and quality of health-care systems. It is discussed that the diagnosis impact may be mediated by psychosocial factors.

Las creencias y los sentimientos relacionados con el desarrollo del niño con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) tienen un papel importante en la adaptación materna. Sin embargo, estos factores no son siempre entendidos en base a los aspectos psicosociales. OBJETIVO: investigar las creencias y sentimientos de las madres de niños con TEA y relacionarlos con factores psicosociales, basado en el metamodelo biopsicosocial del Bradford. Diseño: estudio múltiples casos, transversal y exploratoria. Participantes: cuatro madres (edad: 38-45 años) los niños con ASD (edades: 3 años y 5 meses a 6 años y 9 meses). Instrumentos: Entrevista Percepción Materna, Entrevista de Datos Demográficos y del Desarrollo Infantil y Cuestionario de Salud General de Goldberg (QSG). RESULTADOS: las creencias maternas sobre el desarrollo infantil, la capacidad para identificar habilidades y su sentido de autoeficacia se relacionan con varios factores psicosociales, como la percepción de los recursos intra y extrafamiliares, la calidad de los sistemas de salud. Se argumenta que el impacto del diagnóstico puede estar mediada por factores psicosociales.

Obediência infantil: orientação comportamental para mães de crianças com dermatite atópica / Child's compliance: behavioral orientation to mothers of children with atopic dermatitis / Obediencia infantil: guía de conduta para las madres de los niños con dermatitis atópica

Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de um programa de orientação comportamental breve para mães de crianças portadoras de dermatite atópica. Participaram quatro crianças entre 5 e 12 anos, diagnosticadas com a doença; e suas mães. As mães foram orientadas, individualmente, sobre como deveriam agir mediante comportamentos de obediência e de desobediência da criança às suas instruções para realizar o tratamento médico. A avaliação foi conduzida por meio de observação direta da interação mãe e criança, em situação de tratamento, elaborada para a finalidade da pesquisa. Os resultados mostraram que as mães seguiram as orientações dadas durante o procedimento de intervenção comportamental. Mais especificamente, o estudo mostrou que o uso de instruções diretas e de elogios descritivos, contingentes ao comportamento da criança de executar o tratamento, aumentou a frequência de obediência infantil. Estes resultados indicam que intervenções comportamentais breves podem ser eficazes na orientação do cuidador sobre como instruir crianças com dermatite atópica a realizarem tratamento médico. A instrução direta, enquanto evento antecedente, pode aumentar a probabilidade de que as crianças obedeçam seus cuidadores. Os elogios descritivos podem promover a manutenção da obediência infantil e a aprendizagem de comportamentos de cuidado com a pele.(AU).

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a brief behavioral orientation program for mothers of children with atopic dermatitis. The participants were four children between 5 and 12 years, diagnosed with the disease and their mothers. Mothers were instructed individually on how they should act upon behaviors of compliance and noncompliance of children to their instructions to provide medical treatment. The evaluation was conducted through direct observation of mother and child, during treatment, prepared for the purpose of research. The results showed that mothers followed the guidance given during the procedure of behavioral intervention. More specifically, the study showed that the use of direct instruction and descriptive praise, contingent on the child's behavior to perform the treatment, increased the frequency of childlike obedience. These results indicate that brief behavioral interventions can be effective to guide caregivers how to instruct children with atopic dermatitis to undertake medical treatment. The direct instruction, while antecedent event, may increase the likelihood that children obey their caregivers. Descriptive praise may promote the maintenance of childlike obedience and learning behaviors of skin care.(AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar lo s efectos de un breve programa de orientación conductual para las ma dres de los niños con dermatitis atópica. Los participantes fueron cuatro niños entre 5 y 12 años, con diagnóstico de la enfermedad, y sus madres. Las madres fueron instruidos individualmente sobre cómo deben actuar sobre los comportamientos de la obediencia y la desobediencia de los hijos a sus instrucciones de proporcionar tratamiento médico. La evaluación se realizó a través de la observación directa de la madre y el niño, en tratamiento, preparado para el propósito de la investigación. Los resultados mostraron que las madres siguieron la orientación dada durante el procedimiento de intervención en el comportamiento. Más específicamente, el estudio mostró que el uso de la instrucción directa y la alabanza descriptiva, depende de la conducta del niño para realizar el tratamiento, el aumento de la frecuencia de la obediencia infantil. Estos resultados indican que las intervenciones conductuales breves pueden ser eficaces para guiar a los médicos cómo instruir a los niños con dermatitis atópica a realizar un tratamiento médico. La instrucción directa, en tanto que acontecimiento antecedente, puede aumentar la probabilidad de que los niños obedezcan a sus cuidadores. Elogio descriptivo puede favorecer el mantenimiento de la obediencia infantil, y el aprendizaje de conductas de cuidado de la piel.(AU)

A comparative study about mother-child interaction with groups of asthmatic, congenital heart disease and healthy children / Estudio comparativo sobre la interacción madre-hijo entre grupos de niños asmáticos, cardiópatas congénitos y sanos / Um estudo comparativo sobre a interação mãe-filho em grupos de crianças asmáticas, com doenças cardíacas congênitas, e saudáveis

Mother-child interaction has been extensively examined by theoretical, empiricaland clinical studies. Nonetheless, to date little has been reported about the impact ofchildhood chronic illness on mother-child interaction. A chronic childhood illness is amedical condition that is long term or permanent, is rarely able to be completely cured andis doubling in prevalence. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare mother-childand stranger-child interaction in different childhood health conditions using micro analyticcoding of videotaped mother-child interactions. Two groups of children (M age = 4 years)suffering from chronic illness: asthma and congenital heart disease (CHD) were comparedwith a group of healthy children in a sequence of videotaped play interaction with themother and with a stranger. The findings revealed significant differences in the mutualinteraction between mother and the asthmatic child compared to the heart disease andhealthy groups. Mothers of the asthmatic group were significantly more directive of theirchild in the play situation compared to the other groups. There were no differences amongthe three groups of children when interacting with the stranger. The findings suggest thatthere are specific dynamics associated with asthmatic child-mother dyads(AU)

La interacción madre-hijo ha sido ampliamente analizado en estudios teóricos,empíricos y clínicos. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, poco se ha informado sobre el impactode la cronicidad de las enfermedades en la infancia en la interacción madre-hijo. Laenfermedad crónica infantil es una condición médica de largo plazo o permanente, raravez se puede curar completamente. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la interacciónmadre-hijo (Media de edad = 4 años de edad) y la interacción del niño con un desconocido en diferentes condiciones de salud de los niños, mediante el proceso de micro análisis delas interacciones grabadas en vídeo. Dos grupos de niños que sufren de enfermedadescrónicas: asma y enfermedad cardiaca congénita (ECC) se comparan con un grupo deniños sanos en una secuencia de interacción en una situación de juego, documentada envideo con la madre y el extraño. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en lainteracción entre la madre y los niños asmáticos en comparación con el grupo de niñoscon ECC y el de niños saludables. Las madres del grupo de asma se muestansignificativamente más directivas en relación a los niños en la situación de juego, encomparación con los otros grupos. No hubo diferencias entre los tres grupos de niñospara interactuar con el extraño. Los resultados sugieren que existe una dinámica específicaasociada con el asma díadas madre-hijo(AU)

A interação mãe-filho tem sido amplamente analisada em estudos teóricos,empíricos e clínicos. No entanto, até o momento, pouco é relatado sobre o impacto dacronicidade de uma doença na infância sobre a interação mãe-filho. A doença crônicainfantil é uma condição médica de longa duração ou permanente, raramente pode sercompletamente curada e está dobrando em prevalência. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo écomparar a interação mãe-filho (M Idade = 4 anos) e a interação dessa criança com umapessoa estranha, em diferentes condições de saúde na infância, utilizando o processo demicro análise de interações gravadas em vídeo. Dois grupos de crianças que sofriam dedoenças crônicas: asma e doença cardíaca congênita (DCC) são comparados com umgrupo de crianças saudáveis em uma sequência de interação, numa situação de brinquedo,gravada em vídeo com a mãe e com a estranha. Os resultados mostram diferençassignificativas na interação entre a mãe e a criança asmática em relação aos grupos comdoença cardíaca e saudáveis. As mães do grupo de asmáticos mostam-sesignificativamente mais diretivas em relação à criança, na situação de brinquedo, emcomparação com as dos outros grupos estudados. Não há diferenças entre os três gruposde crianças ao interagir com a estranha. Os resultados sugerem que há uma dinâmicaespecífica associada com as díades mãe-criança asmática(AU)

Práticas de socialização maternas e problemas externalizantes de pré-escolares: um estudo longitudinal / Maternal socialization practices and externalizing behaviors in preschoolers: a longitudinal study

Este estudo avaliou a estabilidade e as mudanças nas práticas de socialização maternas, nos problemas externalizantes e o impacto das práticas, aos 18 e 36 sobre os problemas externalizantes aos 36 e 48 meses da criança. Participaram do estudo 22 mães que responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas e ao CBCL. Verificou-se um aumento de práticas coercitivas dos 18 para os 36 meses e uma redução nos problemas externalizantes dos 36 para os 48 meses. As punições verbais e físicas estiveram positivamente correlacionadas aos problemas externalizantes, enquanto explicações e negociações estiveram negativamente correlacionadas a essas queixas. Discute-se a influência do desenvolvimento da linguagem da criança sobre as práticas de socialização maternas, e a influência dessas práticas sobre os problemas externalizantes

This study evaluated stability and changes in maternal socialization practices, in externalizing behaviors and the impact of maternal practices at 18 and 36 on externalizing behaviors at 36 and 48 months of child. Participants in the study were 22 mothers who answered an interview about practices and the CBCL. It was founded an increase of coercive practices from 18 to 36 months and a reduction in total externalizing behaviors from 36 to 48 months. Verbal and physical punishments were positively correlated with externalizing behaviors, while explanations and negotiations were negatively correlated to those complaints. The influence of language development in children on the maternal socialization practices, and the influence of these practices on externalizing problems are discussed

O impacto da responsividade materna aos oito meses da criança sobre as práticas de socialização maternas aos 18 meses / The impact of maternal responsiveness at childrens' eight months of on maternal socialization practices at sons' 18 months / El impacto de la sensibilidad materna a los ocho meses del niño en las prácticas de socialización materna a los 18 meses

Este estudo examinou o impacto da responsividade materna, aos oito meses, sobre as práticas de socialização maternas, aos 18 meses da criança. Participaram 23 díades mãe-criança. Aos oito meses foi realizada uma observação da interação mãe-criança e, aos 18, uma entrevista sobre as práticas de socialização. Os resultados revelaram que a responsividade às vocalizações dos filhos esteve positivamente correlacionada às práticas de socialização facilitadoras, enquanto a não responsividade ao sorriso dos bebês esteve negativamente correlacionada ao mesmo tipo de prática. É possível que a maior sensibilidade da mãe às tentativas de comunicação do bebê indique maior capacidade de empregar estratégias verbais não coercitivas na regulação do comportamento da criança em etapas posteriores do seu desenvolvimento...

This study examined the impact of maternal responsiveness, at eight month, on the maternal socialization practices at 18 months of the child. Twenty-three mother-child dyads participated. An observation of mother-child interaction, at eight months, and an interview about the socialization practices at 18 were performed. The results revealed that the responsiveness to sons' vocalizations was positively correlated to facilitators socialization practices, while the non-responsiveness to the babies' smile was negatively correlated to the same type of practice. It is possible that the greater sensitivity of the mother attempts to communicate baby indicate greater ability to employ non-coercive verbal strategies in the regulation of children's behavior in later stages of their development...

Este estudio examinó el impacto de la sensibilidad materna, a los ocho meses, las prácticas de socialización materna de los niños a los 18 meses. Participaron 23 diadas madre-hijo. A los ocho meses, se realizaron observación de la interacción madre-hijo y en los 18, una entrevista sobre las prácticas de socialización. Los resultados revelaron que la sensibilidade a las vocalizaciones de los niños se correlacionó positivamente con las prácticas de socialización facilitadores, mientras que la no sensibilidad a la sonrisa de los bebés se correlacionó negativamente con el mismo tipo de práctica. Es posible que la mayor sensibilidad de la madre a los intentos de comunicación del bebé indican una mayor capacidad de emplear estrategias verbales no coercitivas en la regulación del comportamiento de los niños en las etapas posteriores de su desarrollo...