The impact of severity of motor delay, timing of task mastery, and START-play intervention on the development of means-end problem solving in young children.

BACKGROUND: Children with motor delays are at increased risk for delayed means-end problem-solving (MEPS) performance. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate children with motor delays: 1) the impact of motor delay severity and MEPS mastery timing on developmental trajectories of MEPS; and 2) the effectiveness of Sitting Together And Reaching To Play (START-Play) intervention for improving MEPS. METHODS: This represents a secondary analysis from a multi-site randomized controlled trial, with blinded assessors and prospective registration. Children with mild or significant motor delays (n = 112, mean age=10.80, SD=2.59 months at baseline) were randomly assigned to START-Play or usual care early intervention (UC-EI) and assessed at five visits across one year using the Means-End Problem-Solving Assessment Tool that included three 30-second MEPS trials per visit. Task mastery occurred at the first visit the child achieved the highest level of performance in at least two of the three trials. Multilevel analyses evaluated trajectories of MEPS outcomes dependent upon the timing of MEPS mastery, motor delay severity, and intervention group. RESULTS: At baseline, children with mild motor delays demonstrated better MEPS than children with significant delays, but this difference was only observed for children who achieved mastery late. Children with significant delays demonstrated greater improvements in MEPS in the post-intervention phase compared to children with mild delays. No MEPS differences were found between START-Play and UC-EI. CONCLUSION: Motor delay severity and timing of task mastery impacted MEPS trajectories, whereas START-Play intervention did not impact MEPS for children with motor delays. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY IDENTIFIER: NCT02593825 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02593825).

The nonlinearity of pupil diameter fluctuations in an insight task as criteria for detecting children who solve the problem from those who do not.

Insights, characterized by sudden discoveries following unsuccessful problem-solving attempts, are fascinating phenomena. Dynamic systems perspectives argue that insight arises from self-organizing perceptual and motor processes. Entropy and fractal scaling are potential markers for emerging new and effective solutions. This study investigated whether specific features associated with self-organization in dynamical systems can distinguish between individuals who succeed and those who fail in solving insight tasks. To achieve this, we analyzed pupillary diameter fluctuations of children aged 6 to 12 during the 8-coin task, a well-established insight task. The participants were divided into two groups: successful (n = 24) and unsuccessful (n = 43) task completion. Entropy, determinism, recurrence ratio, and the ß scaling exponent were estimated using Recurrence Quantification and Power Spectrum Density analyses. The results indicated that the solver group exhibited more significant uncertainty and lower predictability in pupillary diameter fluctuations before finding the solution. Recurrence Quantification Analysis revealed changes that went unnoticed by mean and standard deviation measures. However, the ß scaling exponent did not differentiate between the two groups. These findings suggest that entropy and determinism in pupillary diameter fluctuations can identify early differences in problem-solving success. Further research is needed to determine the exclusive role of perceptual and motor activity in generating insights and investigate these results' generalizability to other tasks and populations.

Resolutividade no Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SASI-SUS): análise em um serviço de referência no Amazonas, Brasil / Problem-solving in the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem (SASI-SUS): analysis in a reference service in Amazonas, Brazil

Resumo A resolutividade é um dos princípios do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil, com sua capacidade de resolver os problemas da população nos diferentes níveis de complexidade da saúde. O Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena (SASI-SUS) integra este sistema, respeitando as especificidades das populações indígenas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a percepção dos profissionais e gestores de uma Casa de Saúde Indígena (CASAI) a respeito da resolutividade no subsistema quanto às circunstâncias da pandemia. Pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter descritivo, à luz da Política Nacional de Atenção à Saúde dos Povos Indígenas (PNASPI) e da teoria hermenêutica de Paul Ricoeur. Foram realizadas entrevistas entre os participantes a fim de registrar as experiências no processo de trabalho dos atores que cuidam dos indígenas referenciados à Manaus, Amazonas. Foram identificadas, pelas entrevistas, quatro temáticas essenciais: cuidado cultural; educação permanente em saúde & educação em saúde; negociação & improviso e; acolhimento & infraestrutura. A CASAI é uma instituição que vai além de um centro de apoio ou alojamento, sendo ponto de articulação entre os diferentes níveis de atenção aos indígenas e local de produção de cuidados e de saberes, tal como da construção de suas relações, resultando em um espaço resolutivo.

Abstract Problem-solving is one of the principles of the Unified Health System (SUS) in Brazil, with its ability to solve the health problems of the population at different levels of complexity. The Indigenous Health Care Subsystem (SASI-SUS) is part of this service, respecting the specificities of indigenous populations. The scope of this article is to analyze the perception of professionals and managers of an Indigenous Health Center (CASAI) regarding its ability to cope with the circumstances of the pandemic. It involved qualitative and descriptive research under the National Health Care Policy for Indigenous Peoples (PNASPI) and Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutic theory. Interviews were conducted with participants in order to record the experiences in the work process of the actors who assist the indigenous people housed at CASAI. Four essential themes were identified in the interviews: cultural care; permanent education in health & health education; negotiation & improvisation; and reception & infrastructure. CASAI is an institution that is more than a support center or accommodation, being a crossover point between the different levels of care and knowledge production of the indigenous people, as well as a place for establishing a relationship, resulting in a problem-solving space.

Resolutividade no Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena no Brasil: revisão de escopo / Resolubility in the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem in Brazil: scope review / Resolución en el Subsistema de Atención de la Salud Indígena en Brasil: revisión del alcance

RESUMO: A resolutividade relaciona-se à capacidade de solução dos problemas de saúde nos serviços. Em 1999, o Subsistema de Atenção à Saúde Indígena foi integrado ao Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil, passando a seguir os seus princípios e diretrizes. Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar e mapear os desafios ou problemas relacionados às práticas em saúde para a resolutividade no Subsistema de Saúde Indígena após a integração. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo que utilizou seis bases de dados nacionais e internacionais. Os estudos elegíveis tiveram como critério base o mnemônico PCC (P: população indígena; C: desafios ou problemas para a resolutividade; C: subsistema de saúde indígena brasileiro). Foram encontrados 1.748 estudos e selecionados 33, com predomínio de estudos qualitativos. Os desafios ou problemas sensíveis para o processo da resolutividade foram encontrados nos aspectos que tangem à educação em saúde, à interculturalidade, ao acesso universal e aos recursos em gestão. O saber tradicional é pouco valorizado pelo sistema de saúde. A deficiência de recursos humanos e materiais, a falta de efetiva educação permanente e de capacitações para trabalhar no contexto intercultural produzem barreiras de acesso e comprometem a resolutividade nos serviços, aumentando assim as iniquidades em saúde.

ABSTRACT: Resolubility relates to the ability to solve health problems in services. In 1999, the Indigenous Health Care Subsystem was integrated into the Brazilian Unified Health System, following its principles and guidelines. The objective of this study was to identify and map the challenges or problems related to health practices for solving in the Indigenous Health Subsystem after integration. This is a scope review that used six national and international databases. Eligible studies were based on mnemonic PCC (P: indigenous population; C: challenges or problems for resolution; C: Brazilian indigenous health subsystem). A total of 1,748 studies were found and 33 were selected, with predominance of qualitative studies. The challenges or problems that are sensitive to the resolution process were found in the aspects that are related to health education, interculturality, universal access and management resources. Traditional knowledge is underrated by the health system. The deficiency of human and material resources, the lack of effective permanent education and capacitations to work in the intercultural context, produce barriers to access and compromise the resolubility in services, thus increasing the inequities in health.

RESUMEN: La resolución se refiere a la capacidad de resolver problemas de salud en los servicios. En 1999, el Subsistema de Atención de Salud Indígena se integró en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil, siguiendo sus principios y directrices. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y mapear los desafíos o problemas relacionados con las prácticas de salud para resolver en el Subsistema de Salud Indígena después de la integración. Esta es una revisión de alcance que utilizó seis bases de datos nacionales e internacionales. Los estudios elegibles se basaron en PCC mnemónicos (P: población indígena; C: desafíos o problemas para la resolución; C: subsistema de salud indígena brasileño). Se encontraron 1.748 estudios y se seleccionaron 33, con predominio de estudios cualitativos. Los desafíos o problemas que son sensibles al proceso de resolución se encontraron en los aspectos que están relacionados con la educación en salud, la interculturalidad, el acceso universal y los recursos de gestión. El conocimiento tradicional es subestimado por el sistema de salud. La deficiencia de recursos humanos y materiales, la falta de educación permanente efectiva y de capacitaciones para trabajar en el contexto intercultural, producen barreras para acceder y comprometer la solubilidad en los servicios, aumentando así las desigualdades en salud.

Dedução, Indução e a Arte do Raciocínio Clínico na Educação Médica: Revisão Sistemática e Proposta Bayesiana / Deduction, Induction and the Art of Clinical Reasoning in Medical Education: Systematic Review and Bayesian Proposal

Resumo Fundamento O raciocínio clínico está no centro da prática médica e emaranhado em uma confusão conceitual.A teoria da dualidade da probabilidade permite analisar seus aspectos objetivos e subjetivos. Objetivos Fazer revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o raciocínio clínico para tomada de decisão na educação médica e uma proposta chamada "Pensamento Conforme a Regra de Bayes" (PCRB). Métodos A revisão sistemática foi realizada na base PubMed até a data de 27/02/2022, seguindo metodologia rigorosa, por pesquisador experiente em revisão sistemática. A proposta PCRB, apresentada na discussão, foi elaborada no trabalho de conclusão de graduação em Filosofia na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Usou-se a insuficiência cardíaca como exemplo. Resultados De 3340 artigos encontrados, incluíram-se 154 artigos: 24 tratando da condição de incerteza; 87 tratando de conceitos vagos (discussão de casos, heurística, lista de vieses cognitivos, escolha com sabedoria) incluídos sob o termo 'arte'; e 43 discutindo a ideia geral de raciocínio indutivo ou dedutivo. PCRB oferece regras de coerência e reprodutibilidade, inferência sob incerteza e regra de aprendizado, e pode, por meio da perspectiva subjetiva sobre a probabilidade, incorporar aqueles termos vagos classificados como 'arte', bem como argumentos e evidências. Conclusões A revisão sistemática mostra que o raciocínio é fundado na incerteza, predominantemente probabilístico; além de mostrar algumas possibilidades de erro do pensamento hipotético-dedutivo. O PCRB é um pensamento probabilístico em duas etapas que pode ser ensinado. A regra de Bayes é uma ferramenta linguística, uma regra geral de raciocínio, de diagnóstico, de comunicação científica e de revisão do conhecimento médico conforme novas evidências.

Abstract Background Clinical reasoning is at the core of medical practice and entangled in a conceptual confusion. The duality theory in probability allows to evaluate its objective and subjective aspects. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of the literature about clinical reasoning in decision making in medical education and to propose a "reasoning based on the Bayesian rule" (RBBR). Methods A systematic review on PubMed was conducted (until February 27, 2022), following a strict methodology, by a researcher experienced in systematic review. The RBBR, presented in the discussion section, was constructed in his undergraduate dissertation in Philosophy at Minas Gerais Federal University. Heart failure was used as example. Results Of 3,340 articles retrieved, 154 were included: 24 discussing the uncertainty condition, 87 on vague concepts (case discussion, heuristics, list of cognitive biases, choosing wisely) subsumed under the term "art", and 43 discussing the general idea of inductive or deductive reasoning. RBBR provides coherence and reproducibility rules, inference under uncertainty, and learning rule, and can incorporate those vague terms classified as "art", arguments and evidence, from a subjective perspective about probability. Conclusions This systematic review shows that reasoning is grounded in uncertainty, predominantly probabilistic, and reviews possible errors of the hypothetico-deductive reasoning. RBBR is a two-step probabilistic reasoning that can be taught. The Bayes theorem is a linguistic tool, a general rule of reasoning, diagnosis, scientific communication and review of medical knowledge according to new evidence.

Analyses of the Self-monitoring Scale with the Problem Solving Inventory / Análise da Escala de Automonitoria com o Inventário de Resolução de Problemas Sociais / Análisis de la Escala de Autocontrol con el Inventario de Resolución de Problemas Sociales

Self-monitoring regulates the expression of behavior, which can facilitate relationships in different contexts. The aim of this study was to confirm the factorial structure of the exploratory analysis of the Self-monitoring Scale (SMS) and investigate the effect of the independent variable Self-monitoring on the dependent variable Social Problem Solving. Participants were 400 university students of different degrees, both sexes, aged between 18 and 58 years (M=31.3 and SD=9.4) and with data collected on the spot. Confirmatory Factor Analysis found fit indexes that support the two-factor model, corroborated by the literature. The regression analysis demonstrated that Self-monitoring predicted the Resolution of Social Problems regarding the Problem Orientation (PO) factor, suggesting that students with a higher PO would be less aware of the context to regulate behavior. The study showed the functioning of the instruments that measure concepts that are still little explored in Higher Education studies. (AU)

A automonitoria autorregula a expressão do comportamento, o que pode facilitar os relacionamentos em diferentes contextos. O objetivo do estudo foi confirmar a estrutura fatorial da análise exploratória da Escala de Automonitoria (EA) e investigar o efeito da variável independente Automonitoria na variável dependente Resolução de Problemas Sociais. Participaram 400 universitários, ambos os sexos, idade entre 18 e 58 anos (M = 31,3 e DP = 9,4) e os dados foram coletados in loco. A análise fatorial confirmatória encontrou índices de ajuste que sustentam o modelo de dois fatores, corroborado pela literatura. A análise de regressão apontou que a Automonitoria predisse a Resolução de Problemas Sociais quanto ao fator Orientação de Problema (OP), sugerindo que alunos com maior OP estariam menos atentos ao contexto para regular o comportamento. O estudo mostrou o funcionamento dos instrumentos que mensuram conceitos ainda pouco explorados nas pesquisas na Educação Superior. (AU)

El autocontrol regula la expresión del comportamiento, lo que puede facilitar las relaciones en diferentes contextos. El objetivo del estudio fue confirmar la estructura factorial del análisis exploratorio de la Escala de Autocontrol (EA) e investigar el efecto de la variable independiente Autocontrol sobre la variable dependiente Resolución de Problemas Sociales. Participaron 400 estudiantes universitarios, de ambos sexos, con edades entre 18 y 58 años (M = 31,3 y DS = 9,4) y con datos recolectados en loco. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio encontró índices de ajuste que apoyan el modelo de dos factores, corroborado por la literatura. El análisis de regresión señaló que Autocontrol predijo la Resolución de Problemas Sociales con respecto al factor de Orientación al Problema (OP), sugiriendo que los estudiantes con mayor OP serían menos conscientes del contexto para regular la conducta. El estudio mostró el funcionamiento de instrumentos que miden conceptos aún poco explorados en la investigación en la Educación Superior. (AU)

Perspectives on mathematics competitions and their relationship with mathematics education.

The nature of the area of mathematical competitions as a design science is considered, historical roots of mathematical problem-solving competitions are traced, the complementary aspects of mathematics as theory building and as problem solving are touched upon in relation to the practice of competitions. Two historical figures, Euler and Erdos, emerge, and the appropriateness of many of Euler's mathematical ventures are seen as role models for competition mathematics as first put into practice in mathematical competitions towards the end of the nineteenth century. Distinctions and definitions are made, a venture into identifying competition syllabi and the principal types of reasoning employed in solving competition problems is explored, and a description of the many different types of competitions is considered. Interaction between the field of mathematics itself and problem-solving competitions is briefly explored, as are the possibilities that open when competitions and their access to huge amounts of data, both national and international, are taken into account in research belonging to mathematics education. Finally, the range of topics addressed in this special issue of ZDM is covered, along with some possible conclusions relating to the components of the overview.

Niños y adultos armando un rompecabezas digital e interactivo en el hogar / Children and Adults Assemblig a Digital and Interactive Puzzle at Home / Crianças e adultos montando um quebra-cabeça digital e interativo em casa

Esta investigación se propuso explorar y analizar las características que presenta la interacción entre niños y adultos con un juego digital e interactivo que implica la solución de un problema, el armado de rompecabezas en una tablet. Se realizaron observaciones seminaturalísticas en los hogares y se indagó mediante un cuestionario la tenencia y hábitos de uso de tecnologías. Las interacciones se analizaron con un sistema de categorías construido inductivamente. Adultos y niños participaron de manera activa en la tarea. Los adultos ayudaron a los niños en su mayo-ría por medio de preguntas, guías e informaciones, acompañadas con frecuencia de acciones no verba-les como señalamientos y arrastre de las piezas. Las intervenciones infantiles fueron en su mayoría no verbales. A pesar de encontrar una fuerte presencia de tecnologías en los hogares, se diferenciaron dos grupos respecto a hábitos de uso: un grupo reportó un bajo uso y los niños no accedían a tablets, otro expresó mayor uso y los niños las utilizabancon frecuencia. Las intervenciones en el armado del rompecabezas se diferenciaron en función de la experiencia infantil con tecnologías. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de investigaciones previas sobre la interacción adulto-niño con herramientas analógicas y digitales.

This study aimed to explore and analyze the charac-teristics of the interaction between children and adults with a digital and interactive game that involves solv-ing a problem, that is, assembling puzzles on a tablet. Semi-naturalistic observations of the interactions in the homes were carried out, and the possession and the habits of the use of were investigated through a survey. The interactions were analyzed with an induc-tively constructed category system. Adults and chil-dren actively participated in the task. Adults helped the children mainly through questions, guidance, and information, accompanied frequently by nonverbal actions, such as pointing at and sliding the pieces. Most of the children's interventions were nonverbal. Despite finding a significant technology presence in the homes, two groups were differentiated regard-ing their habits of use. One group reported little use of technology and no access to tablets for children. Another one expressed that the children used tablets frequently. The interventions in the task differed ac-cording to the children's experience with technologies. The results were discussed considering previous research on adult-child interaction with analogical and digital tools.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo explorar e analisar as características da interação entre crianças e adultos com um jogo digital e interativo que envolve a resolução de um problema, a montagem de quebra-cabeças em um tablet. Observações seminaturalísticas foram feitas nas residências e a posse e hábitos de uso de tecnologia foram indagados por meio de um questio-nário. As interações foram analisadas com um sistema de categorias construído indutivamente. Adultos e crianças participaram ativamente da tarefa. Os adul-tos ajudavam seus filhos principalmente por meio de perguntas, orientações e informações, muitas vezes acompanhadas de ações não verbais, como apontar e arrastar as peças. As intervenções das crianças foram em sua maioria não verbais. Apesar de constatar uma forte presença de tecnologias nas residências, dois grupos se diferenciaram quanto aos hábitos de uso. Um grupo relatou baixo uso e as crianças não acessavam tablets, outro grupo expressou maior uso e as crianças os utilizavam com frequência. As intervenções na montagem do quebra-cabeça foram diferenciadas de acordo com a experiência da criança com as tecnologias. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de pesquisas anteriores sobre a interação adulto-criança com ferramentas analógicas e digitais.

Students With High Metacognition Are Favourable Towards Individualism When Anxious.

Metacognitive ability has been described as an important predictor of several processes involved in learning, including problem-solving. Although this relationship is fairly documented, little is known about the mechanisms that could modulate it. Given its relationship with both constructs, we decided to evaluate the impact of self-knowledge on PS. In addition, we inspected whether emotional (self-reported anxiety) and interpersonal (attitudes towards social interdependence) variables could affect the relationship between metacognition and problem-solving. We tested a sample of 32 undergraduate students and used behavioural tasks and self-report questionnaires. Contrary to the literature, we found no significant relationship between metacognition and problem-solving performance, nor a significant moderating effect when including emotional and interpersonal variables in the model. In contrast, we observed a significant moderating model combining metacognition, self-reported anxiety and attitudes towards social interdependence. It was found that participants with high metacognition reported attitudes unfavourable towards interdependence when they felt high anxiety. These results suggest that already anxious individuals with high metacognition would prefer to work alone rather than with others, as a coping mechanism against further anxiety derived from cooperation. We hypothesise that in anxiogenic contexts, metacognition is used as a tool to compare possible threats with one's own skills and act accordingly, in order to maximise one's own performance. Further studies are needed to understand how metacognition works in contexts adverse to learning.

Discrete mathematics as a resource for developing scientific activity in the classroom.

In this paper we present a theoretical discussion on how problems issued from discrete mathematics can develop the attitudes, skills, and knowledge required for scientific mathematical activity in the classroom. We do so via the research situation for the classroom model by performing mathematical and didactical analyses of a problem issued from discrete geometry, and we present the results of a preliminary experiment conducted with Chilean students between the ages of 11 and 13. Our chosen problem asked students to tile a fixed square with a finite number of smaller squares. From the theoretical analysis and the preliminary experimentation, we conclude that this problem, and problems issued from discrete mathematics in general, can induce genuine mathematical activity in lower-secondary school students. In particular, we conclude that this problem is effective in developing the knowledge, skills and attitudes advocated in the Chilean mathematics curriculum.

La enseñanza problémica: su aplicación en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares / Problem-solving teaching: its application to the teaching-learning process in cerebrovascular diseases

RESUMEN Introducción: La revolución de la enseñanza ha permitido pasar de los métodos pasivos a los productivos, basados en la enseñanza a través de la actividad de los estudiantes. Entre estos últimos se destaca, de manera particular, la enseñanza problémica. Objetivo: Analizar la enseñanza problémica en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de revisión bibliográfica a través del motor de búsqueda Google Académico, en español e inglés, y sin límite de tiempo. Se emplearon los términos: enseñanza, aprendizaje, problémica y métodos. Se incluyeron aquellos estudios que trataban sobre la enseñanza problémica; también, libros impresos y programas de estudio al respecto. Se incluyeron todos los artículos de revisión bibliográfica o investigación original que tratasen algún aspecto relacionado con la enseñanza problémica, y que estuviesen escritos en español o inglés, con suficiente actualidad y calidad científica. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la enseñanza problémica se aplica al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la medicina tanto en pregrado como en posgrado. En la especialización, le permite al residente, frente a un paciente con enfermedad cerebrovascular u otra incluida en el programa de estudio, desarrollar mayor independencia y creatividad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The revolution of teaching has made it possible to move from passive to productive methods, based on teaching through student activity. Among the latter, problem-solving teaching stands out particularly. Objective: To analyze problem-solving teaching in the teaching-learning process of cerebrovascular diseases. Methods: A literature review study was carried out through the Google Scholar search engine, in Spanish and English, and without time limit. The following terms were used: enseñanza [teaching], aprendizaje [learning], problémica [problem-solving] and métodos [methods]. Studies that dealt with problem-solving teaching were included, together with printed books and study programs on the subject. All bibliographic review or original research articles were also included, if they dealt with any aspect related to problem-solving teaching, written in Spanish or English and with enough scientific update and quality. Conclusions: Problem-solving teaching is concluded to be applicable to the teaching-learning process of medicine both in undergraduate and postgraduate levels. In specialization, it allows the resident, when faced with a patient with cerebrovascular disease or another one including in the study program, to develop greater independence and creativity.

The intervention of Brain Gym in the mathematical abilities of high-school students: A pilot study.

Introduction: The learning process of Mathematics is a challenge in Latin America; therefore, it is of vital importance to conduct actions that improve the performance in this science. Methods: This article is reporting on quasi-experimental research, where, through the use of Brain Gym, the objective is to improve: the definition of rational numbers, problem-solving ability, mathematical order relationships, and equivalent fractions. We worked with 67 students between 12 and 14 years old, organized into an experimental group (n = 35) and a control group (no participation group; n = 32). Results: We made pre and post-test measurements and found that the control group students improved in their problem-solving ability F(1,65) = 8.76, p = 0.04, η 2 = 0.12 and equivalent fractions F(1,65) = 4.54, p = 0.03, η 2 = 0.06. Discussion: In conclusion, the importance of applying innovative processes to improve the teaching and learning of Mathematics can be affirmed. It is important to note that both the control and experimental groups improved their learning, however, the experimental group did so to a greater extent than the students in the control group, who received a traditional educational process, and they did learn, but not at the level of the experimental group.

Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Are Required for Contending Strategy Selection While Solving Spatial Navigation Problems.

How do animals adopt a given behavioral strategy to solve a recurrent problem when several effective strategies are available to reach the goal? Here we provide evidence that striatal cholinergic interneurons (SCINs) modulate their activity when mice must select between different strategies with similar goal-reaching effectiveness. Using a cell type-specific transgenic murine system, we show that adult SCIN ablation impairs strategy selection in navigational tasks where a goal can be independently achieved by adopting an allocentric or egocentric strategy. SCIN-depleted mice learn to achieve the goal in these tasks, regardless of their appetitive or aversive nature, in a similar way as controls. However, they cannot shift away from their initially adopted strategies, as control mice do, as training progresses. Our results indicate that SCINs are required for shaping the probability function used for strategy selection as experience accumulates throughout training. Thus, SCINs may be critical for the resolution of cognitive conflicts emerging when several strategies compete for behavioral control while adapting to environmental demands. Our findings may increase our understanding about the emergence of perseverative/compulsive traits in neuropsychiatric disorders with a reported SCIN reduction, such as Tourette and Williams syndromes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Selecting the best suited strategy to solve a problem is vital. Accordingly, available strategies must be compared across multiple dimensions, such as goal attainment effectiveness, cost-benefit trade-off, and cognitive load. The striatum is involved in strategy selection when strategies clearly diverge in their goal attainment capacity; however, its role whenever several strategies can be used for goal reaching-therefore making selection dependent on additional strategy dimensions-remains poorly understood. Here, we show that striatal cholinergic interneurons can signal strategy competition. Furthermore, they are required to adopt a given strategy whenever strategies with similar goal attainment capacity compete for behavioral control. Our study suggests that striatal cholinergic dysfunction may result in anomalous resolution of problems whenever complex cognitive valuations are required.

Animal Creativity as a Function of Behavioral Innovation and Behavior Flexibility in Problem-solving Situations.

A natural approach of animal creativity through insightful problem-solving may offer a panel of how physiological, contextual, cultural and developmental variables related to each other to produce new behaviors. The spontaneous interconnection of acquire behaviors is an Insightful Problem-Solving model based on the new combination and/or chaining of behaviors that were previously and independently trained. This model seems to offer an integrative alternative for the studies of Innovation and Behavioral Flexibility because it allows the research on innovation in a scenario in which the response that solves the problem situation is not available by trial-and-error. Measuring task-appropriateness by behavior flexibility and novelty by behavior innovation under insightful problem-solving paradigm can contribute for the integration of decades of evidence in Cognitive Psychology, Neuro-ethology, Behavior Analysis and Behavioral Neurosciences. The Insightful Problem-Solving allows the independent test of behavioral innovation and behavioral flexibility as it measures the behavioral innovation inside insightful test and tests if the BF depends on variables arranged in the problem-situation and/or on the previous training (e.g. familiarity with access to appetitive stimulus in the pre-test, the number of distinct behaviors trained, and contingency changes in the post-test).

Aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual: quais são as queixas mais recorrentes dos usuários e suas possíveis relações com ajustes finos? / Hearing aids: what are the most recurrent complaints from users and their possible relationship with fine tuning?

RESUMO Objetivo identificar as queixas mais recorrentes dos usuários de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual (AASI) e estabelecer possíveis relações que auxiliem a busca de soluções de problemas no processo de adaptação desses dispositivos. Métodos estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo, realizado mediante questionário on-line, respondido por 176 fonoaudiólogos. Após computação e organização das respostas, realizou-se uma codificação e foram descritos 30 termos mais recorrentes, referentes às queixas dos usuários. Foram estabelecidas quatro categorias para verificar cada termo relatado e sua correspondência com o problema apontado em cada questão. Para o direcionamento das possíveis relações entre as queixas e suas resoluções, os termos foram divididos nos seguintes aspectos principais do processo de adaptação de AASI: adaptação física, ajuste das características eletroacústicas e características intrínsecas do usuário. Resultados foram descritos 30 termos representativos das queixas, com maior número de ocorrências para o termo "Aparelho muito alto/Som muito alto", que apareceu 223 vezes. O termo "Não escuta nada" apareceu com menor número de ocorrências, 25 vezes. No total, foram encontradas seis queixas relacionadas a aspectos físicos, 17 a ajustes de características eletroacústicas, quatro que poderiam estar relacionadas a ambos os aspectos e duas a características intrínsecas do indivíduo. Conclusão foi possível elencar as queixas mais referidas pelos usuários de AASI. Observou-se que é viável, a partir de uma queixa, direcionar um suposto aspecto relacionado à adaptação e auxiliar os fonoaudiólogos a levantar soluções, apesar de ser clara a necessidade de um olhar individualizado para cada paciente e situação.

ABSTRACT Purpose To identify the most frequent complaints from hearing-aid users and establish possible relationships that might help audiologists solve some problems. Methods Cross-sectional, descriptive and quantitative study, carried out through an online questionnaire, answered by 176 audiologists. After analyzing the responses and computing the terms, coding was performed and the 30 most frequent complaints were described. Four categories were established to verify each reported term and its correspondence with the problem pointed out in each question. To address the possible relationships between complaints and their solutions, the terms were divided into the following main aspects of the hearing aid fitting process: physical adaptation, adjustment of electroacoustic characteristics and user's intrinsic characteristics. Results 30 representative terms of complaint were described due to their high number of occurrences : the term "very loud device / very loud sound" appeared 223 times whereas the term "I cannot hear anything" had the fewest number of occurrences, 25 appearances. In total, there were six complaints related to physical aspects, 17 to adjustments of electroacoustic characteristics, four that could be related to both aspects and two to intrinsic characteristics of the individual. Conclusion It was possible to identify the most frequently reported complaints of hearing aid users. . It was observed that it is feasible, based on a complaint, to address a supposedly related aspect of adaptation and help audiologists find solutions. However, each particular patient and situation must be given individualized attention.

Fundamentos para resolução de problemas morais e/ou éticos nos comitês de ética em pesquisa / Fundamentals for solving moral and/or ethical problems in research ethics committees / Fundamentos para la resolución de problemas morales y / o éticos en los comités de ética en investigación

Objetivo: Analisar os fundamentos utilizados por membros de Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa, na resolução dos problemas éticos e/ou morais vivenciados durante suas atividades nestes Comitês. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, com uso de questionário online autoaplicado na Plataforma Google Forms, que envolveu 39 membros efetivos de 10 Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa, de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Dados analisados a partir da Configuração Triádica, Humanista, Existencialista, Personalista. Resultados: Entre os fundamentos utilizados por membros dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa para resolução de problemas morais e/ou éticos vivenciados, estão as instruções e documentos normativos no âmbito da pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, bioética, princípios e valores. Conclusão: Os membros dos Comitês de Ética utilizam normativas e princípios bióticos para solução de problemas morais e/ou éticos vivenciados em suas atividades, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento de Pesquisas em consonância com os aspectos éticos e científicos adequados. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the fundamentals used by members of Research Ethics Committees in solving ethical and/or moral problems experienced during their activities in these Committees. Methods: Qualitative study, using a self-administered online questionnaire on the Google Forms Platform, which involved 39 effective members of 10 Research Ethics Committees, from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Data analyzed from the Triadic, Humanist, Existentialist, Personalist Configuration. Results: Among the foundations used by members of the Research Ethics Committees to solve moral and/or ethical problems experienced are the instructions and normative documents within the scope of research involving human beings, bioethics, principles and values. Conclusion: The members of the Ethics Committees use norms and bioethics principles to solve moral and/or ethical problems experienced in their activities, with a view to developing research in line with the appropriate ethical and scientific aspects. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar los fundamentos utilizados por los miembros de los Comités de Ética en Investigación en la resolución de problemas éticos y / o morales experimentados durante su actuación en estos Comités. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, utilizando un cuestionario en línea autoadministrado en la plataforma Google Forms, que involucró a 39 miembros efectivos de 10 Comités de Ética en Investigación, de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Datos analizados desde la Configuración Triádica, Humanista, Existencialista, Personalista. Resultados: Entre los fundamentos que utilizan los miembros de los Comités de Ética en Investigación para resolver los problemas morales y / o éticos vividos se encuentran las instrucciones y documentos normativos en el ámbito de la investigación con seres humanos, bioética, principios y valores. Conclusión: Los miembros de los Comités de Ética utilizan normas y principios bióticos para resolver problemas morales y/o éticos vividos en sus actividades, con miras a desarrollar la investigación en línea con los aspectos éticos y científicos adecuados (AU)

Habilidades de autorregulação emocional e resolução de problemas interpessoais em pré-escolares: relato de experiência / Emotional self-regulation skills and interpersonal problem-solving skills in preschoolers: experience report / Habilidades de autorregulación emocional y resolución de problemas interpersonales en niños en edad preescolar: relato de experiencia

Este trabalho relata a experiência de um grupo de graduandas, vinculadas ao Programa de Educação Tutorial do Ministério da Educação, sobre a imple-mentação de um projeto de promoção das habilidades de autorregulação emocional e resolução de problemas interpessoais em uma escola de educação infantil. Considera-se a idade pré-escolar como estratégica para intervenções de prevenção e promoção em saúde mental e a escola como o contexto mais propício para intervenções proativas. Participaram aproximadamente 80 alunos, com média de 5 anos de idade, de quatro turmas do segundo período de uma escola municipal de educação infantil da cidade de Juiz de Fora/MG. A intervenção subdividiu-se em dois eixos de trabalho: autorregulação emocional e resolução de problemas interpessoais, realizada mediante seis encontros semanais para cada eixo, com a utilização de recursos lúdicos e audiovisuais. A atividade foi avaliada de forma bastante positiva pelas docentes, que rela-taram a apropriação e utilização dos conteúdos pelas crianças, bem como a sua transposição para a sala de aula. Conclui-se que projetos dessa natureza devem ser estimulados com maior frequência na escola, considerando seu potencial de prevenção de comportamentos agressivos e promoção de desenvolvimento socioemocional na infância.

This paper reports on the experience of a group of students, associated with the Tutorial Education Program of the Ministry of Education in Brazil, with a project to promote emotional self-regulation skills and interpersonal problem--solving skills in a preschool. Pre school is known as a strategic period for prevention and promotion actions in mental health and schools are the most proper environment for proactive actions. About 80 students participated, with an average age of 5 years old, from four second period classes of a public city preschool in the city of Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais. The intervention was subdivided into two axes: emotional self-regulation and interpersonal problem-solving. Each axis was developed through six weekly meetings, using playful and audiovisual resources. The intervention was assessed positively by the teachers, who reported that the children learned and used the concepts, applying them in the classroom. In conclusion, projects like this should be stimulated more often in schools, given their potential for preventing aggressive behaviors and promoting socio-emotional development in early childhood.

Este trabajo relata la experiencia de un grupo de estudiantes de pregrado vinculados al Programa de Educación Tutorial del Ministerio de Educación, en Brasil, acerca de la implementación de un proyecto para promover las habili-dades de autorregulación emocional y resolución de problemas interpersonales en una escuela de educación infantil. La edad preescolar es estratégica para intervenciones de prevención y promoción en salud mental y la escuela es el contexto más propicio para intervenciones proactivas. Participaron aproxi-madamente 80 alumnos, con una edad promedio de 5 años, de cuatro clases del segundo período de una escuela municipal de Educación Infantil de la ciudad de Juiz de Fora, estado de Minas Gerais. La intervención se subdividió en dos ejes de trabajo: autorregulación emocional y resolución de problemas interpersonales, realizada a través de seis encuentros semanales para cada eje, con el uso de recursos lúdicos y audiovisuales. La actividad fue evaluada de manera muy positiva por las profesoras, quienes informaron la apropia-ción y uso del contenido por parte de los niños, así como su transposición a la clase. Se concluye que proyectos de esta naturaleza deben ser estimulados con mayor frecuencia en la escuela, considerando su potencial para prevenir conductas agresivas y promover el desarrollo socioemocional en la infancia.

Correlates between sexual desire and disposition to sexual fantasies with inhibitory control and cognitive planning in young Colombians / Correlación del deseo sexual y disposición a fantasías sexuales con control inhibitorio y planificación cognitiva en jóvenes colombianos

Abstract Objective: the research was oriented to investigate the correlation between some executive functions (inhibitory control, risk-benefit calculation, cognitive flexibility, the planning ability, and decision making) and the general, dyadic and solitary sexual desire, sexual desire inhibition and disposition to sexual fantasies in a 17-to-30-year-old people sample. Method: An observational cross-sectional study in a purposive sample of 64 young college students, aged between17 and -30, who were in a couple relationship at the time of the study and gave their consent for their participation in the research. The participants completed the Neuropsychological Battery of Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes tasks (BANFE for its abbreviation in Spanish): Stroop, card games, card classification and Hanoi Tower, and it was administered the Inhibited Sexual Desire Test, the Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI-2) and the Scale of Attitude Towards Sexual Fantasies. Results: The results indicate a correlation between the executive functions and sexual desire; it was found a correlation between total and dyadic sexual desire and disposition towards sexual fantasies with inhibitory control; and the inhibited sexual desire was correlated to planning ability and inhibitory control. Discussion: Although the study presents some methodological limitations (size of the sample and need of a more rigorous validation of instruments in the Colombian population), the results confirm previous research findings, allowing to formulate new hypotheses in the field of sexuality and neurosciences. The study findings draw attention to the educational implications aimed to develop the executive functions in adolescents and young people to prevent risky sexual behavior.

Resumen Objetivo: El estudio se orientó a indagar la relación entre algunas funciones ejecutivas (FE) (control inhibitorio, cálculo de riesgo-beneficio, flexibilidad cognitiva, habilidad de planeación y toma de decisiones) con el deseo sexual general, diádico y solitario, inhibición del deseo sexual y disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales en una muestra de jóvenes entre 17 y 30 años. Método: Estudio de enfoque cuantitativo de corte transversal. Mediante un muestreo intencional por conveniencia se seleccionaron 64 jóvenes entre 17 y 30 años, estudiantes universitarios que se encontraban en una relación de pareja. Para evaluar las variables de las FE se utilizaron tareas de la Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE): Stroop, juego de cartas, clasificación de cartas y Torre de Hanoi, y las variables relacionadas con el deseo sexual fueron valoradas mediante el Test del Deseo Sexual Inhibido, el Inventario del Deseo Sexual (SDI-2, sigla de Sexual Desire Inventory) y la Escala de la Actitud hacia las Fantasías Sexuales. Resultados: Se encontraron correlaciones entre las variables del deseo sexual, disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales y el deseo sexual inhibido; deseo sexual total y diádico y disposición hacia las fantasías sexuales correlacionó con el control inhibitorio; y el deseo sexual inhibido correlacionó con la planificación y el control de impulsos. Discusión: Los hallazgos del estudio llaman la atención sobre las implicaciones educativas encaminadas a desarrollar las funciones ejecutivas en adolescentes y jóvenes con el fin prevenir conductas sexuales de riesgo.

Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Sharing Results and Data Obtained from the Ames Test.

We present a resource for instructors that contains results and data sets from the Ames test. Our aim is to share the results we have collected in previous semesters with other instructors, so they will be able to "conduct" the Ames test without the need to set foot in a laboratory classroom. Instructors will be able to use our online resource to perform the test remotely, as a supplement to their laboratory classroom, or even under hybrid circumstances. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought many changes, including the way we, as instructors, were able to carry out our educational curricula, since access to laboratory classrooms was not always possible. While COVID-19 restrictions are still in place, and thus access to laboratory classrooms is limited or null, instructors can use our online resource, without the need to set foot in a laboratory classroom. When COVID-19 restrictions are lifted and access to laboratory classrooms is permitted, instructors can follow the procedures we describe and compare their results with ours, which appear in Results and Discussion, or use our data sets as take-home assignments for their students. In addition to its use in detecting the potential mutagenicity of different samples, we have found the Ames test to be extremely useful for developing problem-solving skills by means of exercises like the ones included in this resource. Furthermore, the potential of this test as a starting point for problem-based learning is remarkable. Some suggestions for its use in active learning settings are provided.

Evolución histórica del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje en Atención integral a la Familia II / Historic Evolution of the process teaching learning in integral Attention to the Family II / Evolução histórica do processo ensino-aprendizagem na Atenção Integral à Família II

RESUMEN Introducción: el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Familia II sufrió trasformaciones en los diferentes planes de estudio por los que transitó la carrera de estomatología. Objetivo: ilustrar la evolución histórica de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Familia II en la carrera de estomatología, a través de la enseñanza problémica y la educación en el trabajo como vía de adquirir y desarrollar los modos de actuación en estudiantes del cuarto año. Métodos: durante el curso 2018- 2019, en la Facultad de Estomatología de Granma se realizó una investigación educativa con enfoque histórico sobre el tema, utilizando como método teórico el histórico-lógico, inducción- deducción y analítico-sintético. Resultados: se determinaron las regularidades y tendencias a través del diagnóstico fáctico y de las diferentes etapas declaradas en la evolución histórica del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en esta asignatura. Conclusiones: existe variabilidad en la utilización del método y en la forma de enseñanza desde el objeto de la profesión, con insuficiente sistematización teórico- práctica según planes de estudio, lo que mantiene el carácter tradicionalista del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y limita la actuación profesional independiente en el futuro estomatólogo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the teaching-learning process of the Comprehensive Family Care II subject underwent transformations in the different study plans through which the stomatology career passed. Objective: to illustrate the historical evolution of the Comprehensive Family Care II course in stomatology, through problem teaching and education at work as a way of acquiring and developing modes of action in fourth-year students. Methods: during the 2018-2019 academic year, at the Faculty of Stomatology of Granma an educational research with a historical approach was carried out on the subject, using historical-logical, induction-deduction and analytical-synthetic as theoretical methods. Results: the regularities and trends were determined through the factual diagnosis and the different stages declared in the historical evolution of the teaching-learning process in this subject. Conclusions: there is variability in the use of the method and in the way of teaching from the object of the profession, with insufficient theoretical-practical systematization according to study plans, which maintains the traditionalist nature of the teaching-learning process and limits professional performance independent in the future stomatologist.

RESUMO Introdução: o processo ensino-aprendizagem da disciplina Atenção Integral à Família II passou por transformações nos diferentes planos de estudos pelos quais passou a carreira em Estomatologia. Objetivo: ilustrar a evolução histórica do curso de Atendimento Integral à Família II em Estomatologia, através do problema de ensino e educação no trabalho como forma de adquirir e desenvolver modos de atuação em alunos do quarto ano.: Durante o ano letivo 2018-2019, em Na Faculdade de Estomatologia do Granma foi realizada uma pesquisa educacional com abordagem histórica sobre o assunto, utilizando como métodos teóricos histórico-lógico, indução-dedução e analítico-sintético. Resultados: as regularidades e tendências foram determinadas através do diagnóstico factual e das diferentes etapas declaradas na evolução histórica do processo de ensino-aprendizagem nesta disciplina. Conclusões: há variabilidade na utilização do método e na forma de ensino a partir do objeto da profissão, com insuficiente sistematização teórico-prática de acordo com os planos de estudos, o que mantém o caráter tradicionalista do processo ensino-aprendizagem e limita a atuação profissional independente no futuro estomatologista.