Supercritical Technology as an Efficient Alternative to Cold Pressing for Avocado Oil: A Comparative Approach.

Avocado oil is rich in nutrients beneficial to human health, such as monounsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, tocopherol, and carotenoids, with numerous possibilities for application in industry. This review explores, through a comparative approach, the effectiveness of the supercritical oil extraction process as an alternative to the conventional cold-pressing method, evaluating the differences in the extraction process steps through the effect of temperature and operating pressure on bioactive quality and oil yield. The results reveal that supercritical avocado oil has a yield like that of mechanical cold pressing and superior functional and bioactive quality, especially in relation to α-tocopherol and carotenoids. For better use and efficiency of the supercritical technology, the maturation stage, moisture content, fruit variety, and collection period stand out as essential factors to be observed during pre-treatment, as they directly impact oil yield and nutrient concentration. In addition, the use of supercritical technology enables the full use of the fruit, significantly reducing waste, and adds value to the agro-industrial residues of the process. It produces an edible oil free of impurities, microorganisms, and organic solvents. It is a green, environmentally friendly technology with long-term environmental and economic advantages and an interesting alternative in the avocado market.

Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds from Brazilian Green Propolis Using Ultrasound-Assisted Associated with Low- and High-Pressure Extraction Methods.

The demand for bee products has been growing, especially regarding their application in complementary medicine. Apis mellifera bees using Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C. (Asteraceae) as substrate produce green propolis. Among the examples of bioactivity of this matrix are antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral actions. This work aimed to verify the impact of the experimental conditions applied in low- and high-pressure extractions of green propolis, using sonication (60 kHz) as pretreatment to determine the antioxidant profile in the extracts. Total flavonoid content (18.82 ± 1.15-50.47 ± 0.77 mgQE·g-1), total phenolic compounds (194.12 ± 3.40-439.05 ± 0.90 mgGAE·g-1) and antioxidant capacity by DPPH (33.86 ± 1.99-201.29 ± 0.31 µg·mL-1) of the twelve green propolis extracts were determined. By means of HPLC-DAD, it was possible to quantify nine of the fifteen compounds analyzed. The results highlighted formononetin (4.76 ± 0.16-14.80 ± 0.02 mg·g-1) and p-coumaric acid (

Sequential Biorefining of Bioactive Compounds of High Functional Value from Calafate Pomace (Berberis microphylla) Using Supercritical CO2 and Pressurized Liquids.

A biorefinery process was developed for a freeze-dried pomace of calafate berries (Berberis microphylla). The process consisted of extraction of lipophilic components with supercritical CO2 (scCO2) and subsequent extraction of the residue with a pressurized mixture of ethanol/water (1:1 v/v). scCO2 extracted oil from the pomace, while pressurized liquid extraction generated a crude extract rich in phenols and a residue rich in fiber, proteins and minerals. Response surface analysis of scCO2 extraction suggested optimal conditions of 60 °C, 358.5 bar and 144.6 min to obtain a lipid extract yield of 11.15% (d.w.). The dark yellow oil extract contained a good ratio of ω6/ω3 fatty acids (1:1.2), provitamin E tocopherols (406.6 mg/kg), and a peroxide index of 8.6 meq O2/kg. Pressurized liquid extraction generated a polar extract with good phenolic content (33 mg gallic acid equivalents /g d.w.), anthocyanins (8 mg/g) and antioxidant capacity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test = 25 µg/mL and antioxidant activity = 63 µM Te/g). The extraction kinetics of oil by scCO2 and phenolic compounds were optimally adjusted to the spline model (R2 = 0.989 and R2 = 0.999, respectively). The solid extracted residue presented a fiber content close to cereals (56.4% d.w.) and acceptable values of proteins (29.6% d.w.) and minerals (14.1% d.w.). These eco-friendly processes valorize calafate pomace as a source of ingredients for formulation of healthy foods, nutraceuticals and nutritional supplements.

Optimization Studies and Compositional Oil Analysis of Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) Almonds by Supercritical CO2 Extraction.

Caryocar brasiliense Cambess (pequi) is the fruit of the pequizeiro tree found in the Brazilian Cerrado (savanna). Supercritical fluids have been used to effectively extract bioactive chemicals. In light of the paucity of research on the supercritical extraction of pequi, in this study, experimental tests were conducted on the extraction of pequi almond oil using supercritical CO2; the optimal extraction conditions were determined, and the fatty acids and active compounds in the oil were characterized. The experiments were conducted using the Box-Behnken experimental design of a three-variable system: pressure (15, 20, and 25 MPa), temperature (303.15, 318.15, and 333.15 K), and flow rate (2, 3, and 5 g.min-1). The optimal extraction conditions were 318.15 K, 25 MPa, and 5.0 g.min-1, which yielded 27.6 wt% of oil. The experimental kinetic curves were described using a second-order quadratic model (based on the Sovová model), which demonstrated a satisfactory correspondence with the kinetic curves. Significant amounts of squalene, stigmasterol, oleic fatty acids, and palmitic fatty acids were detected in pequi almond oil.

Obtaining an Oily Ingredient Rich in PUFAS and Tocopherols and a High-Nutritional-Value Flour from Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by Supercritical CO2 Extraction.

The objective of this work was to carry out a preliminary study of the fractionation by supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2) extraction of two varieties of Peruvian beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), white (WB) and red (RB), to obtain two novel products: an oil rich in essential fatty acids and tocopherols and a defatted flour with high nutritional value and amino acids. The extraction temperature and pressure were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) and the extraction kinetics were optimized using the Spline equation. The results revealed that the best extraction conditions for WB and RB were 396.36 Bar, 40.46 °C, with an efficiency of 1.65%; and 391.995 Bar, 44.00 °C, with an efficiency of 1.12%, respectively. The WB and RB oils presented a high degree of polyunsaturation (63.2 and 52.8%, respectively), with oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids prevailing. Gamma-tocopherol was the predominant antioxidant in both oils. The residual flours (WB and RB) obtained after extraction with sc-CO2 had a high average content of proteins (23%), carbohydrates (61%), and minerals (3%). The limiting amino acids of WB were: Fen + Tyr, Leu, Lys, and in RB, only Leu was limiting. The viscosity of the solutions (20%) of the WB and RB flours mainly adjusted to the Waele's Ostwald model (r = 0.988). It is concluded that both products (oil and bean flour) obtained in an optimized manner using an eco-friendly technology with sc-CO2 have high nutrient and bioactive component content and can be used in the development of new ingredients and healthy foods of plant origin.

Metabolomic profiling and correlations of supercritical extracts of guarana.

A previous optimization of supercritical extraction from guarana seeds was performed applying orthogonal array design (OA9(34)). The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these extracts, as well as metabolomic profiling and correlations from the compounds by statistical analysis were determined. Extracts 1 (40% ethanol; 20 min; 40 °C and 100 bar), 2 (40% methanol; 60 min; 40 °C and 200 bar), and 8 (40% methanol; 40 min; 60 °C and 100 bar) had the highest combined values of antioxidant capacity for the DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and xanthine oxidase system methods, and were identified by chemometric analysis. Similar chemical profiles of the extracts were obtained by LC-DAD-MS, and were identified: methyl-xanthine, (epi)catechin and dimers and trimers of type A and B proanthocyanidins. The heat map analysis showed positive correlation between antioxidant methods DPPH, FRAP and ABTS and with flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins. Extract 3 was active against Gram-negative and -positive bacteria and Candida tropicalis.

Caferana seeds (Bunchosia glandulifera) as a new source of nutrients: Evaluation of the proximal composition, solvent extraction, bioactive compounds, and δ-lactam isolation.

The proximal composition, amino acid, carbohydrate, and volatile profiles of caferana (Bunchosia glandulifera) seeds flour were here assessed. Seeds were also subjected to the following extraction processes: one with pressurized ethanol (PLE) and two with ethanol + supercritical CO2 mixture at different temperatures and pressures (SC1 and SC2). Extracts were characterized in terms of caffeine, total phenolic, and δ-lactam. The characterization of caferana seed and its extracts is unprecedented in terms of carbohydrate and volatiles profiles, besides the δ-lactam identification/isolation. SC2 extract exhibited a higher caffeine (9.3 mg/g) and δ-lactam (29.4 mg/g) content, whereas the PLE extract contained a higher total phenolic amount (3.0 mgGAE/g). Caferana is regionally associated to protective effects on mental health. Its byproduct (seed) revealed to be a promising source of bioactive compounds, and a potential raw material of nutritive extracts and flours that can be incorporated into pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and food products.

Activity of Ethanolic and Supercritical Propolis Extracts in Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and Its Associated Biofilm.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the etiological agent of caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants, a chronic disease characterized by the development of granulomas in superficial and visceral lymph nodes as well as in several organs. An important characteristic of the infection with this bacterium is the formation of a biofilm and the absence of effective antibiotic therapy against the disease. From this scenario, the objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of C. pseudotuberculosis to conventional antibiotics and to red, green, and brown propolis extracts obtained by the supercritical and ethanolic extraction methods as well as its activity in the bacterial biofilm. The results of the sensitivity test using antibiotics indicated a sensitivity of C. pseudotuberculosis strains to the antimicrobial agents. The ethanolic extract of green propolis and the supercritical red propolis extract showed the best antibacterial activities against planktonic C. pseudotuberculosis. A lower antimicrobial activity of the brown propolis extract was identified. Propolis extracts were effective in interfering with the formation of the C. pseudotuberculosis biofilm but had little activity on the consolidated biofilm. In conclusion, propolis extracts are more effective against C. pseudotuberculosis in the planktonic stage, being able to interfere with the formation of bacterial biofilm. However, the action of propolis extracts in a sessile and structured microbial biofilm is reduced.

Synthesis of EPA- and DHA-Enriched Structured Acylglycerols at the sn-2 Position Starting from Commercial Salmon Oil by Enzymatic Lipase Catalysis under Supercritical Conditions.

There is consistent evidence that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) belonging to the n-3 series, i.e., eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3, DHA) acids, decrease the risk of heart, circulatory and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the bioavailability of such fatty acids has been shown to depend on their location in triacylglycerol (TG) molecules at the sn-2 position. Consequently, great attention has been accorded to the synthesis of structured acylglycerols (sAG), which include EPA or DHA at the sn-2 position. The aim of this work was to synthesize sAG starting from deodorized refined commercial salmon oil. For this, immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (nonspecific) was used as a catalyst for the intra-interesterification process under CO2 supercritical conditions (CO2SC). According to the CO2SC reaction time, three different fractions including sAG compounds were obtained. The location of EPA and DHA at the sn-2 position in the resulting glycerol backbone was identified by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis. In all fractions obtained, a marked decrease in the starting TG content was observed, while an increase in the DHA content at the sn-2 position was detected. The fraction obtained after the longest reaction time period (2 h) led to the highest yield of sn-2 position DHA in the resulting sAG molecule.

Extraction of Galphimines from Galphimia glauca with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide.

The anti-depressive and anxiolytic effect of galphimine B (isolated from Galphimia glauca) has been demonstrated by researchers. Therefore, it is necessary to explore extraction techniques that produce materials with adequate quality for pharmaceutical applications. In this work, supercritical extractions of galphimines from Galphimia glauca were performed in the presence of carbon dioxide. Pressure, temperature, particle diameter, and flow rate effects were examined to explore the conditions with the highest yield and the concentration profile of galphimines in the studied interval. The identification of the nor-seco triterpenoids and galphimine B and E was carried out by HPLC analyses. The mathematical modeling of the extraction curves was attained by the approaches proposed by Sovová and Papamichail et al. According to results, the highest yield 2.22% was obtained at 323.15 K, 326 µm, 3 L/min, and 33.75 MPa. Meanwhile, the content of galphimine B in the extract was, on average, 19.5 mg·g-1.

Inhibitory Effect of Supercritical Extracts from Arctium lappa L. on the Lectin Pathway of the Complement System.

The complement system participates in host defense by eliminating microorganisms and triggering inflammation. However, insufficient control or exacerbated complement activation contributes to inflammatory diseases. Since promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have been identified in Arctium lappa L. extracts, this study aims to explore the effect of A. lappa extracts on the lectin pathway (LP) of complement activation. Four extracts were obtained by supercritical extraction using scCO2 with or without ethanol as co-solvent, at different temperatures and pressures (E1: 2.2 mg/mL, E2: 2.6 mg/mL and E3: 2.0 mg/mL, E4: 1.5 mg/mL). To evaluate the effect of A. lappa extracts on the LP activation, an ELISA assay using mannose binding lectin pathway of complement was carried out with C4 detection. All extracts showed a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the activation of complement by the LP. The following IC50 were observed for E1, E2, E3 and E4: 179.4 µg/mL, 74.69 µg/mL, 119.1 µg/mL and 72.19 µg/mL, respectively. Our results suggest that A. lappa extracts are potential candidates for the treatment of inflammatory disorders that are complement-related.

Extracción de compuestos solubles de la cascarilla de cacao con CO2 supercrítico. Caso de metilxantinas y grasa / Extraction of soluble compounds from cocoa shell with supercritical CO2 . A methilxantines and fat case

Resumen La extracción supercrítica es una técnica efectiva para separar diversos compuestos desde matrices naturales, por las propiedades que le confiere a los solventes como el CO2en estado supercrítico. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la extracción supercrítica de teobromina, cafeína y grasa de la cascarilla de cacao con CO2supercrítico. Se propuso un diseño 22 con 5 puntos centrales, en condiciones estáticas de extracción, teniendo como factores de estudio, presión (2 000 psi a 6 000 psi) y temperatura (318 K a 333 K). Se analizaron los residuos en la cámara de extracción para evaluar los porcentajes de remoción y residual de grasa, cafeína y teobromina, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron un rendimiento entre 1.72 % a 9.57 %, con una razón de remoción para grasa y cafeína de 61.31 % a 94.54 % y 38.52 % a 78.38 %, respectivamente. La teobromina se retuvo en el polvo de la cascarilla con una razón residual mayor a 90 %. Los efectos de las variables de temperatura y presión para la remoción de grasa fueron predichos a través de un polinomio de primer orden con efectos de interacción, no así para cafeína o teobromina. El método de extracción fue eficiente para remover grasa y cafeína, quedando un residuo en la cámara de extracción considerado como rico en compuestos funcionales.

Abstract Supercritical extraction is an effective technique for separating various compounds from natural matrices due to the properties from solvents, such as CO2, in supercritical state. In the present work, the supercritical extraction of theobromine, caffeine and fat from cocoa shell was carried out with supercritical CO2. A 22 design with 5 central points was proposed, with static operation conditions, having pressure (2 000 psi to 6 000 psi) and extraction temperature (318 K to 333 K) as study factors. The residues were analyzed in the extraction chamber to evaluate the removal and residual percentages of fat, caffeine and theobromine, respectively. The results showed a yield between 1.72 % to 9.57 %, with a removal rate for fat and caffeine of 61.31 % to 94.54 % and 38.52 % to 78.38 %, respectively. The theobromine was retained in the shell powder with a residual ratio greater than 90 %. The effects of temperature and pressure for fat were predicted through a first-order polynomial with interaction effects, but not for caffeine or theobromine. The extraction method was efficient to remove fat and caffeine, leaving a residue powder in the extraction chamber considered as high in functional compounds.

Susceptibility of Malassezia pachydermatis Clinical Isolates to Allopathic Antifungals and Brazilian Red, Green, and Brown Propolis Extracts.

Clinical mycoses treatment is associated with issues such as negative side effects, high cost, prolonged treatment, and resistant strain selection. Malassezia pachydermatis is the most frequently isolated yeast in cases of canine otitis and dermatitis. The number of fungal strains exhibiting primary resistance to several drugs in vitro is increasing. Propolis has a diverse chemical composition and well-known therapeutic properties against mycoses. An alternative method for producing propolis extracts using supercritical fluid has higher selectivity, yielding extracts with fewer pollutant residues. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility profile of M. pachydermatis clinical isolates to precharacterized supercritical and ethanolic extracts. Three types of Brazilian propolis extracts (green, red, and brown) and commercial allopathic antifungals were used in this investigation. We used the microdilution broth technique to evaluate the susceptibility profile of the yeasts. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the brown propolis ethanolic extract was ≥16 µg/mL for all isolates. The MICs of fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B ranged from 8 to >64 µg/mL, 0.032-4 µg/mL, 0.0313-16 µg/mL, and 1-2 µg/mL, respectively. The MICs of ethanolic red propolis extracts were lower than those of supercritical red propolis extracts. However, the green propolis ethanolic extract had more pronounced fungicidal activity. Isolates with lower susceptibility to commercial fungicides were inhibited by red and green propolis extracts. These results indicate that propolis can potentially be used in in vivo experiments as a promising therapeutic agent against M. pachydermatis infections.

Guaraná (Paullinia cupana) seeds: Selective supercritical extraction of phenolic compounds.

Approximately 70% of the Brazilian production of guaraná (Paullinia cupana) seeds is absorbed by the beverage industries. Guaraná has several pharmacological properties: energy stimulant, antimicrobial, chemoprophylactic, antigenotoxic, antidepressive, anxiolytic, and anti-amnesic effects. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive compounds from guaraná seeds was carried out and optimized by an orthogonal array design (OA9(3(4))). The factors/levels studied were: modifier(s) (ethanol and/or methanol), extraction time (20, 40, and 60min), temperature (40, 50, and 60°C), and pressure (100, 200, and 300bar). The statistical design was repeated with increasing proportions of modifiers. The percentage of modifier used was proportional to the amount of polar compounds extracted. The best conditions for the supercritical extraction, based on the content of polyphenols, epicatechin/catechin quantification, yield and operating cost, proved to be: 40% ethanol:methanol during 40min, under 40°C, and 100bar. The temperature had a significant effect on the total phenolic content.

Enhancement of pigment extraction from B. braunii pretreated using CO2 rapid depressurization

Abstract Extraction of compounds from microalgae requires cell disruption as a pretreatment to increase extraction yield. Botryococcus braunii is a microalga with a significant content of carotenoids and other antioxidant compounds, such as chlorophylls. Cell disruption of B. braunii using CO2 rapid depressurization was studied as a pretreatment for the extraction of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments. We studied the effect of temperature (21–49 °C) and pressure (6–13 MPa) during static compression on pigment recovery with supercritical CO2 at 40 °C, 30 MPa and solvent flow of 4.7 L NPT/min. Within the experimental region, the extraction yield of carotenoids and chlorophylls increased by 2.4- and 2.2-fold respectively. Static compression conditions of high pressure and low temperature increased the extraction of carotenoids and especially chlorophylls. We selected 21 °C and 13 MPa as the cell disruption condition, which produced 1.91 g/kg d.s. of carotenoids and 14.03 mg/kg d.s. of chlorophylls. Pretreated microalga gave a 10-fold higher chlorophyll extraction yield compared to the untreated sample. While for carotenoids and tocopherols were 1.25 and 1.14-fold higher, respectively. Additionally, antioxidant activity of pretreated microalga (33.22 mmol TE/kg oil) was significantly higher than the value for the untreated samples (29.11 mmol TE/kg oil) (p ≤ 0.05). Confocal microscopy images showed morphological differences between micro-colonies with and without disruption treatment, suggesting that partial cell disruption by rapid depressurization improved the extraction of microalga compounds.

Enhancement of pigment extraction from B. braunii pretreated using CO2 rapid depressurization

Extraction of compounds from microalgae requires cell disruption as a pretreatment to increase extraction yield. Botryococcus braunii is a microalga with a significant content of carotenoids and other antioxidant compounds, such as chlorophylls. Cell disruption of B. braunii using CO2 rapid depressurization was studied as a pretreatment for the extraction of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments. We studied the effect of temperature (2149 °C) and pressure (613 MPa) during static compression on pigment recovery with supercritical CO2 at 40 °C, 30 MPa and solvent flow of 4.7 L NPT/min. Within the experimental region, the extraction yield of carotenoids and chlorophylls increased by 2.4- and 2.2-fold respectively. Static compression conditions of high pressure and low temperature increased the extraction of carotenoids and especially chlorophylls. We selected 21 °C and 13 MPa as the cell disruption condition, which produced 1.91 g/kg d.s. of carotenoids and 14.03 mg/kg d.s. of chlorophylls. Pretreated microalga gave a 10-fold higher chlorophyll extraction yield compared to the untreated sample. While for carotenoids and tocopherols were 1.25 and 1.14-fold higher, respectively. Additionally, antioxidant activity of pretreated microalga (33.22 mmol TE/kg oil) was significantly higher than the value for the untreated samples (29.11 mmol TE/kg oil) (p 0.05). Confocal microscopy images showed morphological differences between micro-colonies with and without disruption treatment, suggesting that partial cell disruption by rapid depressurization improved the extraction of microalga compounds.(AU)

Enhancement of pigment extraction from B. braunii pretreated using CO2 rapid depressurization.

Extraction of compounds from microalgae requires cell disruption as a pretreatment to increase extraction yield. Botryococcus braunii is a microalga with a significant content of carotenoids and other antioxidant compounds, such as chlorophylls. Cell disruption of B. braunii using CO2 rapid depressurization was studied as a pretreatment for the extraction of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments. We studied the effect of temperature (21-49°C) and pressure (6-13MPa) during static compression on pigment recovery with supercritical CO2 at 40°C, 30MPa and solvent flow of 4.7LNPT/min. Within the experimental region, the extraction yield of carotenoids and chlorophylls increased by 2.4- and 2.2-fold respectively. Static compression conditions of high pressure and low temperature increased the extraction of carotenoids and especially chlorophylls. We selected 21°C and 13MPa as the cell disruption condition, which produced 1.91g/kg d.s. of carotenoids and 14.03mg/kg d.s. of chlorophylls. Pretreated microalga gave a 10-fold higher chlorophyll extraction yield compared to the untreated sample. While for carotenoids and tocopherols were 1.25 and 1.14-fold higher, respectively. Additionally, antioxidant activity of pretreated microalga (33.22mmol TE/kg oil) was significantly higher than the value for the untreated samples (29.11mmol TE/kg oil) (p≤0.05). Confocal microscopy images showed morphological differences between micro-colonies with and without disruption treatment, suggesting that partial cell disruption by rapid depressurization improved the extraction of microalga compounds.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of capsaicinoids from malagueta pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) assisted by ultrasound.

Extracts from malagueta pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) were obtained using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) assisted by ultrasound, with carbon dioxide as solvent at 15MPa and 40°C. The SFE global yield increased up to 77% when ultrasound waves were applied, and the best condition of ultrasound-assisted extraction was ultrasound power of 360W applied during 60min. Four capsaicinoids were identified in the extracts and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The use of ultrasonic waves did not influence significantly the capsaicinoid profiles and the phenolic content of the extracts. However, ultrasound has enhanced the SFE rate. A model based on the broken and intact cell concept was adequate to represent the extraction kinetics and estimate the mass transfer coefficients, which were increased with ultrasound. Images obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that the action of ultrasonic waves did not cause cracks on the cell wall surface. On the other hand, ultrasound promoted disturbances in the vegetable matrix, leading to the release of extractable material on the solid surface. The effects of ultrasound were more significant on SFE from larger solid particles.

Extração do óleo de manjericão usando fluido supercrítico: analise experimental e matemática / Basil oil extraction using supercritical fluidexperimental and mathematical analysis

O óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é valorizado no mercado internacional e amplamente usado nas indústrias de condimentos, cosméticos e medicinais. Entre todos os processos que podem ser aplicados na obtenção do óleo, a extração usando fluido supercrítico (EFS) pode ser um método seletivo e eficiente, dependendo das condições operacionais, como temperatura e pressão, que precisam ser otimizadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência da extração supercrítica, utilizando planejamento experimental, na extração do óleo de manjericão com os métodos convencionais (hidrodestilação e soxhlet). Para a realização da parte experimental, foi utilizado dióxido de carbono como solvente para a EFS e hexano, para aplicação no soxhlet. Foi realizado um delineamento central composto rotacional (DCCR), aplicando três pressões (100, 200 e 300 bar) e três temperaturas (30, 40 e 50ºC). Através da hidrodestilação, obteve-se o menor rendimento (0,26%), usando o Soxhlet, o rendimento foi de 2,39% sendo superior, comparado á EFS, que foi de 0,43%. O DCCR mostrou que, para otimizar o processo, é necessário aumentar a pressão e a temperatura para o alcance de maiores rendimentos. Foi possível constatar que o modelo matemático representou bem o processo de extração, propiciando o "scale-up" deste.(AU)

The essential basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil has been valued in the international market and widely used in industries of condiments, medicines and cosmetics. Among all the processes that can be applied to extract the oil, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be an efficient and selective one, depending on the operational conditions like temperature and pressure. The aim of study was to compare the supercritical extraction method, using an experimental planning, with conventional extractions methods as hydrodistillation and soxhlet. It was used carbon dioxide as solvent in the SFE, and hexane for the soxhlet extraction. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was applied varying three pressures (100, 200 and 300 bar) and three temperatures (30, 40 and 50 °C). The yield using soxhlet was the highest (2.39%), followed by SFE (0.43%) and hydrodistillation with 0.26%. The CCRD showed that to optimize the process, it is necessary to raise the temperature and pressure in order to achieve higher yields. It could be concluded that the mathematical modeling well represented the extraction process, making the scale-up a possible alternative.(AU)

Extração do óleo de manjericão usando fluido supercrítico: analise experimental e matemática / Basil oil extraction using supercritical fluid: experimental and mathematical analysis

O óleo essencial de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.) é valorizado no mercado internacional e amplamente usado nas indústrias de condimentos, cosméticos e medicinais. Entre todos os processos que podem ser aplicados na obtenção do óleo, a extração usando fluido supercrítico (EFS) pode ser um método seletivo e eficiente, dependendo das condições operacionais, como temperatura e pressão, que precisam ser otimizadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficiência da extração supercrítica, utilizando planejamento experimental, na extração do óleo de manjericão com os métodos convencionais (hidrodestilação e soxhlet). Para a realização da parte experimental, foi utilizado dióxido de carbono como solvente para a EFS e hexano, para aplicação no soxhlet. Foi realizado um delineamento central composto rotacional (DCCR), aplicando três pressões (100, 200 e 300 bar) e três temperaturas (30, 40 e 50ºC). Através da hidrodestilação, obteve-se o menor rendimento (0,26%), usando o Soxhlet, o rendimento foi de 2,39% sendo superior, comparado á EFS, que foi de 0,43%. O DCCR mostrou que, para otimizar o processo, é necessário aumentar a pressão e a temperatura para o alcance de maiores rendimentos. Foi possível constatar que o modelo matemático representou bem o processo de extração, propiciando o "scale-up" deste.

The essential basil (Ocimum basilicum) oil has been valued in the international market and widely used in industries of condiments, medicines and cosmetics. Among all the processes that can be applied to extract the oil, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can be an efficient and selective one, depending on the operational conditions like temperature and pressure. The aim of study was to compare the supercritical extraction method, using an experimental planning, with conventional extractions methods as hydrodistillation and soxhlet. It was used carbon dioxide as solvent in the SFE, and hexane for the soxhlet extraction. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) was applied varying three pressures (100, 200 and 300 bar) and three temperatures (30, 40 and 50 °C). The yield using soxhlet was the highest (2.39%), followed by SFE (0.43%) and hydrodistillation with 0.26%. The CCRD showed that to optimize the process, it is necessary to raise the temperature and pressure in order to achieve higher yields. It could be concluded that the mathematical modeling well represented the extraction process, making the scale-up a possible alternative.