Swine slaughterhouse biowaste: an environmental sustainability assessment of composting, amended soil quality, and phytotoxicity.

In this article, the environmental sustainability of a circular economy concept applied to the management of biowaste was studied. To achieve this goal, the composting performance, compost-amended soil health, and phytotoxicity were assessed in the case of management of solid waste from a small swine slaughterhouse. Microorganisms present in a similar composting process were used as inoculums to improve the efficiency of composting. Addition of the inoculum promoted a faster and more efficient composting process than composting without the inoculum. The physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of soil were considered to be improved after compost application. Phytotoxicity tests in soils with and without compost amendment showed that a soil-compost mixture (90:10 and 70:30 mass ratios) was not phytotoxic to the plant species Sorghum saccharatum and Lepidium sativum, and that soil with compost showed higher plant biomass growth than that without compost amendment. The triple bottom line methodology used in this study can help in the assessment of circular economy activity in relation to the environmentally sustainable management of solid waste generated in small swine slaughterhouses.

Toxicity and physicochemical parameters of composts including distinct residues from agribusiness and slaughterhouse sludge.

Composting is useful for treatment of residues from agribusiness, but the potential toxicity of the final compost should be evaluated before its agricultural destination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and the toxicity of agribusiness residues using onion seeds as bioindicators. All tested treatments were composed by sludge from a swine slaughterhouse and sawdust. Besides the control, which included no additional materials, the other treatments included aviary bedding, rice husk and residue from tobacco industries as structuring materials. After 120 days of composting, for all treatments, the temperature inside the composting piles approached the environmental temperature, the physicochemical parameters indicated that the composts were stabilized and, except for the treatment including tobacco residues, that could be used for agriculture without impairing plant germination. Although the treatments including tobacco residues and rice husk showed evidence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity at the beginning of the composting period, that was not observed for the treatment including aviary bedding. Such potential toxicity was not observed at the end of composting for any of the tested treatments.

Contamination of Carcasses and Utensils in Small Swine Slaughterhouses by Salmonella in the Northwestern Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen that constantly threatens food safety in developed countries and underdeveloped countries such as Brazil, where it is responsible for 38% of notified cases of foodborne illness. Swine are one of the main meat-producing species that may asymptomatically carry Salmonella, periodically shedding the bacteria through feces. The state of Rio de Janeiro is not a major producer of swine meat, but small slaughterhouses are operational and produce meat for consumption within the state, although few studies have been conducted in the region. In this context, this study was designed to evaluate Salmonella contamination in carcasses, lymph nodes, feces, utensils, and the environment of three small slaughterhouses in the state of Rio de Janeiro. A total of 344 samples from carcasses, utensils, equipment, water, and the environment were collected from these slaughterhouses in the northwestern region of Rio de Janeiro. Salmonella was isolated from 36 (10.5%) samples: 10 of 48 carcasses, 19 of 96 lymph nodes, 4 of 48 fecal samples, 2 of 6 water samples, and 1 of 6 bleeding knives; 55 isolates were recovered. Serotyping revealed the predominance of Salmonella Typhimurium (20 isolates) followed by Salmonella Abony (10 isolates), Salmonella Give (7 isolates), Salmonella Heidelberg (4 isolates), and Salmonella Infantis (1 isolate). Ten isolates were only partially typeable, with only their O antigen identified, and three isolates had rough, nontypeable colonies. Despite the overall low prevalence of Salmonella in this study, all three slaughterhouses had poor hygienic and sanitary conditions, providing easy routes for carcass and, consequently, meat contamination. Thus, it is imperative to enforce sanitary inspections in these establishments and to apply good manufacture practices to assure the safety of the produced pork.

Frecuencia de lesiones gástricas halladas post mortem en cerdos en la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia) / Freqüência de lesões gástricas post-mortem encontrados em suínos na cidade de Medellín (Colômbia) / Frequency of post mortem gastric ulcer in pigs slaughtered at Medellín (Colombia)

En este estudio se realizó la inspección macroscópica de 900 estómagos de cerdos sacrificados en la Central Ganadera de Medellín (Colombia), durante un periodo de cuatro meses, con el objeto de determinar la frecuencia de lesiones gástricas. El cálculo de la muestra se efectuó considerando una población infinita con un límite de confianza del 99.7% y una seguridad de ± 5%. Para el análisis de los resultados se calcularon las proporciones, el error de muestreo, el intervalo de confianza y la desviación estándar. Para establecer diferencias entre proporciones se utilizó la prueba de Z. La frecuencia de úlcera gástrica fue del 34.88% (314/900) y la pars oesophagea fue la región gástrica más afectada. Las frecuencias de otras lesiones fueron: hiperqueratosis 74.77% (673/900), erosión epitelial 46.50% (419/900), congestión 8.44% (76/900) y hemorragia no ulcerativa 4.22% (38/900). La región geográfica de procedencia de los cerdos con mayor presentación de casos de UGP fue el oriente Antioqueño. Este artículo discute la epidemiología y los factores asociados a la génesis de la úlcera gástrica en los porcinos.

In this study the macroscopic inspection of 900 stomachs from pigs slaughtered in an abattoir at Medellin (Colombia) were performed, with the aim to determine the frequency of gastric injuries. Sample size calculation was made on the basis of an infinite population with a 99.7% confidence interval and a 5% alpha error. The results were analyzed by descriptive statistic and differences between proportions were established by a Z test. The prevalence of gastric ulcer was 34.88% (314/900), the pars oesophagea being the more affected region. Other highly frequent injuries included: hyperkeratosis 74.77% (673/900), epithelial erosion 46.50% (419/900), congestion 8.44% (76/900) and non ulcerative hemorrhage 4.22% (38/900). The geographic region precedence of the pigs with the greater presentation of ulcer was the eastern Antioquia State region. This article discusses the epidemiology and factors associated to genesis of gastric ulcer in pigs.

Este estudo foi realizado por inspeções macroscópicos de 900 estômagos de suínos abatidos na Central de Gado Medellín (Colômbia), por um período de quatro meses, para determinar a freqüência das lesões gástricas. O cálculo da amostra foi considerar uma população infinita com um limite de 99.7% de confiança e de segurança de ± 5%. Para a análise dos resultados foram calculadas proporções, o erro de amostragem, o intervalo de confiança e desvio-padrão. Para estabelecer as diferenças entre as proporções foi utilizado teste Z. A freqüência de úlcera gástrica foi 34.88% (314/900) e pars oesophagea foi a região mais afectada do estômago. As freqüências das outras lesões foram: hiperqueratose 74.77% (673/900), erosão epitelial 46.50% (419/900), o congestionamento 8.44% (76/900) e hemorragia não ulcerativa 4.22% (38/900). A região geográfica de de origem dês porcas com a mais alta apresentação de casos de PMU foi o leste Antioquia. Este artigo discute a epidemiologia e os fatores associados com a gênese da úlcera gástrica em suínos.

Soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em trabalhadores de um matadouro de suínos e em indivíduos com outras atividades na cidade de Palmas, Paraná, Brasil

The risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection in workers of a swine slaughterhouse in Palmas, Paraná, Brazil was compared to other individuals not exposed to these animals and its carcasses. The 174 serum samples were divided in two groups: group 1 - slaughterhouse workers (133), and group 2 - control (41). During blood sampling, workers answered an epidemiological questionnaire with the following variables: sex, age, contact with cats and soil, habit of eating raw or poorly cooked meat, sausages and raw milk. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies anti-T. gondii by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and to the investigation of IgM antibodies anti-T. gondii by IFAT. All the 174 individuals examined were not IgM reacting. In the first group, 48.1% were IgG seroreacting by IFAT and 58.6% by ELISA. In the second group, 39.0% were IgG seroreacting in the IFAT and 51.2%. by ELISA. No statistically significant difference was found between groups 1 and 2 among the majority of the variables, except for the "contact with cats" in group 1 and "raw milk ingestion" in group 2. The results suggest that ingestion of cysts as a consequence of carcass manipulation probably was not the only mechanism involved in the high frequency of reactive serum in the studied population, although it should have contributed in the transmission of the parasite as risk factor, as well as contact with contamined soil or with cats (oocysts).

O risco de infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em trabalhadores de um frigorífico de suínos em Palmas, Paraná, Brasil, foi estudado comparativamente a outros indivíduos que não mantinham contato com animais e suas carcaças. As 174 amostras de soros foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo 1 - funcionários de um matadouro-frigorífico de suínos (133) e grupo 2 - controle (41). No ato da coleta, todos os participantes responderam a um questionário epidemiológico com as seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, contato com gatos e solo, hábito de ingerir carne crua ou mal cozida, embutidos crus e leite cru. Todas as amostras de soros foram submetidas aos testes ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) e RIFI (Reação de imunofluorescência indireta) - IgG anti-T. gondii; por sua vez, para IgM anti-T. gondii, foi utilizada a RIFI. Todos os 174 indivíduos eram IgM soro não-reagentes. No grupo 1, 48,1% eram IgG sororreagentes na RIFI e 58,6% na ELISA. No grupo 2, 39,0% eram IgG sororreagentes na RIFI e 51,2% na ELISA. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos 1 e 2 em todas as variáveis, com exceção de "contato com gatos", para o grupo 1, e de "ingestão de leite cru", para o grupo 2, que foram estatisticamente significativas. Os resultados sugerem que a manipulação de carcaças (cistos) não deve ter sido o único mecanismo de infecção envolvido na alta freqüência de sororeagentes na população estudada, embora possa ter contribuído na transmissão do parasita como fator de risco, assim como o contato com solo contaminado ou com gatos (oocistos).

Soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em trabalhadores de um matadouro de suínos e em indivíduos com outras atividades na cidade de Palmas, Paraná, Brasil

The risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection in workers of a swine slaughterhouse in Palmas, Paraná, Brazil was compared to other individuals not exposed to these animals and its carcasses. The 174 serum samples were divided in two groups: group 1 - slaughterhouse workers (133), and group 2 - control (41). During blood sampling, workers answered an epidemiological questionnaire with the following variables: sex, age, contact with cats and soil, habit of eating raw or poorly cooked meat, sausages and raw milk. Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies anti-T. gondii by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and to the investigation of IgM antibodies anti-T. gondii by IFAT. All the 174 individuals examined were not IgM reacting. In the first group, 48.1% were IgG seroreacting by IFAT and 58.6% by ELISA. In the second group, 39.0% were IgG seroreacting in the IFAT and 51.2%. by ELISA. No statistically significant difference was found between groups 1 and 2 among the majority of the variables, except for the "contact with cats" in group 1 and "raw milk ingestion" in group 2. The results suggest that ingestion of cysts as a consequence of carcass manipulation probably was not the only mechanism involved in the high frequency of reactive serum in the studied population, although it should have contributed in the transmission of the parasite as risk factor, as well as contact with contamined soil or with cats (oocysts).

O risco de infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em trabalhadores de um frigorífico de suínos em Palmas, Paraná, Brasil, foi estudado comparativamente a outros indivíduos que não mantinham contato com animais e suas carcaças. As 174 amostras de soros foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo 1 - funcionários de um matadouro-frigorífico de suínos (133) e grupo 2 - controle (41). No ato da coleta, todos os participantes responderam a um questionário epidemiológico com as seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, contato com gatos e solo, hábito de ingerir carne crua ou mal cozida, embutidos crus e leite cru. Todas as amostras de soros foram submetidas aos testes ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) e RIFI (Reação de imunofluorescência indireta) - IgG anti-T. gondii; por sua vez, para IgM anti-T. gondii, foi utilizada a RIFI. Todos os 174 indivíduos eram IgM soro não-reagentes. No grupo 1, 48,1% eram IgG sororreagentes na RIFI e 58,6% na ELISA. No grupo 2, 39,0% eram IgG sororreagentes na RIFI e 51,2% na ELISA. Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos 1 e 2 em todas as variáveis, com exceção de "contato com gatos", para o grupo 1, e de "ingestão de leite cru", para o grupo 2, que foram estatisticamente significativas. Os resultados sugerem que a manipulação de carcaças (cistos) não deve ter sido o único mecanismo de infecção envolvido na alta freqüência de sororeagentes na população estudada, embora possa ter contribuído na transmissão do parasita como fator de risco, assim como o contato com solo contaminado ou com gatos (oocistos).