Condensed tannins to increase bioactive fatty acids in the milk from Canindé, Repartida, and Saanen goats.

Bioactive fatty acids present in goat milk have the ability to reduce the risks of coronary heart disease in humans, and condensed tannins (CT) can modulate the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) biohydrogenation process in the rumen and consequently increase the levels of these fatty acids. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the inclusion of CT in the diet for Canindé, Repartida, and Saanen goats to increase the level of bioactive fatty acids in milk. Twenty-two lactating does of three genetic groups, six Canindé, eight Repartida, and eight Saanen, were randomly assigned in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of three genetic groups and two diets (control and with 50 g CT/kg DM). The inclusion of CT in the diet did not change (P > 0.05) nutrient intake and performance. However, the inclusion of CT promoted an increase (P < 0.05) in C14:1; cis-9; C18:2n6; C18:3n6; C18:3n3; PUFA; and long-chain fatty acids and reduction (P < 0.05) of C11; C12; C14; ω6/ω3; and atherogenicity index in milk fat. Thus, it is recommended to include CT in the diet for Canindé, Repartida, and Saanen goats to increase the level of bioactive fatty acids in milk. The inclusion of the tannins of Acacia mearnsii promoted an increase in C14:1; cis-9; C18:2n6; C18:3n6; C18:3n3; polyunsaturated fatty acid; and long-chain fatty acids and reduction of C11; C12; C14; ω6/ω3; and atherogenicity index in milk fat.

Relationship between the Composition of Lipids in Forages and the Concentration of Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Cow's Milk: A Review.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), has been shown to have protective effects against various diseases, such as obesity, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, chronic inflammatory diseases, and cancer. This fatty acid in ruminants results from two processes, biohydrogenation, which takes place in the rumen, and de novo synthesis, carried out in the mammary gland, and it has linoleic and α-linolenic acids as its precursors. The amounts of precursors in the diets of animals are related to the amounts of CLA in milk. In the literature review, it was found that the milk of cows fed fresh forage has a higher amount of CLA because they have a higher amount of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid compared to other foods used in the diets of cows. The amount of CLA precursors in pastures can be increased through agronomic practices, such as nitrogen fertilization, and regrowth age. It is also a technique used to increase the amount of CLA in milk to obtain a greater benefit regarding its nutritional value.

Effects of Dietary Babassu Oil or Buriti Oil on Nutrient Intake and Total Tract Digestibility, and Abomasal Digesta Fatty Acid Profile of Lambs.

Our current understanding of the effect of medium-chain FA (MCFA) rich vegetable oils on ruminant nutrition is limited. We assessed the effects of babassu or buriti oil addition to the diet of lambs on intake, nutrient digestibility, FA profile of abomasal digesta content and biohydrogenation (BH) patterns in digestion. The experimental diets were defined by the addition of babassu oil or buriti oil to the diet, as follows: (1) non-supplemented diet (CON); (2) 40 g/kg of babassu oil (BAO, rich in C12:0); and (3) 40 g/kg of buriti oil (BUO, rich in c9 18:1), on a dry matter (DM) basis. During the last five days of the feedlot, samples of orts and feces were individually collected to determine the nutrient and FA digestibility. At the end of the experiment, animals were slaughtered, and the abomasal digesta was collected, freeze-dried and used for FA determinations conducted by gas chromatography. The BAO diet decreased the DM (p = 0.014) and nutrient intake. The lambs fed BUO had the greatest FA intake, followed by the BAO and CON diets. However, BAO increased total FA digestibility, compared with CON, but did not differ from BUO. The BAO diet extensively changed the FA composition of abomasal digesta when compared with both the CON and BUO diets. The BAO diet also increased C12:0 and C14:0, the sum of PUFA and the BH intermediates FA, including the t-10-18:1 but decreased the C18:0 in abomasal digesta. The BUO addition had the greatest total-FA and C18:0 and the lowest biohydrogenation intermediate content in abomasal digesta. The BH was less complete with the BAO diet and a large increase in t10-18:1 and of t10-/t11-18:1 ratio was observed, which indicates the occurrence of t10 possibly shifted rumen BH pathways, probably as a response to bacterial membrane stress induced by the greater C12:0 concentration in the rumen.

Oleate Hydratase in Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBP UFSC 2230 Catalyzes the Reversible Conversion between Linoleic Acid and Ricinoleic Acid.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been the subject of numerous studies in recent decades because of its associated health benefits. CLA is an intermediate product of the biohydrogenation pathway of linoleic acid (LA) in bacteria. Several bacterial species capable of efficiently converting LA into CLA have been widely reported in the literature, among them Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBP UFSC 2230. Over the last few years, a multicomponent enzymatic system consisting of three enzymes involved in the biohydrogenation process of LA has been proposed. Sequencing the genome of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBP UFSC 2230 revealed only one gene capable of encoding an oleate hydratase (OleH), unlike the presence of multiple genes typically found in similar strains. This study investigated the biological effect of the OleH enzyme of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBP UFSC 2230 on the hydration of LA and dehydration of ricinoleic acid (RA) and its possible role in the production of CLA. The OleH was cloned, expressed, purified, and characterized. Fatty acid measurements were made by an internal standard method using a gas chromatography-coupled flame ionization detector (GC-FID) system. It was found that the enzyme is a hydratase/dehydratase, leading to a reversible transformation between LA and RA. In addition, the results showed that L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBP UFSC 2230 OleH protein plays a role in stress tolerance in Escherichia coli. In conclusion, the OleH of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBP UFSC 2230 catalyzes the initial stage of saturation metabolism of LA, although it has not converted the substrates directly into CLA. IMPORTANCE This study provides insight into the enzymatic mechanism of CLA synthesis in L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and broadens our understanding of the bioconversion of LA and RA by OleH. The impact of OleH on the production of the c9, t11 CLA isomer and stress tolerance by E. coli has been assisted. The results provide an understanding of the factors which influence OleH activity. L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LBP UFSC 2230 OleH presented two putative fatty acid-binding sites. Recombinant OleH catalyzed both LA hydration and RA dehydration. OleH was shown to play a role in bacterial growth performance in the presence of LA.

Transient reductions in milk fat synthesis and their association with the ruminal and metabolic profile in dairy cows fed high-starch, low-fat diets.

Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is sometimes observed along with reduced milk fat synthesis. Inconsistent responses may be explained by dietary fat levels. Twelve ruminally cannulated cows were used in a Latin square design investigating the timing of metabolic and milk fat changes during Induction and Recovery from SARA by altering starch levels in low-fat diets. Treatments were (1) SARA Induction, (2) Recovery and (3) Control. Sub-acute ruminal acidosis was induced by feeding a diet containing 29.4% starch, 24.0% NDF and 2.8% fatty acids (FAs), whereas the Recovery and Control diets contained 19.9% starch, 31.0% NDF and 2.6% FA. Relative to Control, DM intake (DMI) and milk yield were higher in SARA from days 14 to 21 and from days 10 to 21, respectively (P < 0.05). Milk fat content was reduced from days 3 to 14 in SARA (P < 0.05) compared with Control, while greater protein and lactose contents were observed from days 14 to 21 and 3 to 21, respectively (P < 0.05). Milk fat yield was reduced by SARA on day 3 (P < 0.05), whereas both protein and lactose yields were higher on days 14 and 21 (P < 0.05). The ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio was lower, and the concentrations of propionate and lactate were higher in the SARA treatment compared with Control on day 21 (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin increased during SARA, whereas plasma non-esterified fatty acids and milk ß-hydroxybutyrate decreased (P < 0.05). Similarly to fat yield, the yield of milk preformed FA (>16C) was lower on day 3 (P < 0.05) and tended to be lower on day 7 in SARA cows (P < 0.10), whereas yield of de novo FA (<16C) was higher on day 21 (P < 0.01) in the SARA group relative to Control. The t10- to t11-18:1 ratio increased during the SARA Induction period (P < 0.05), but the concentration of t10-18:1 remained below 0.5% of milk fat, and t10,c12 conjugated linoleic acid remained below detection levels. Odd-chain FA increased, whereas branched-chain FA was reduced during SARA Induction from days 3 to 21 (P < 0.05). Sub-acute ruminal acidosis reduced milk fat synthesis transiently. Such reduction was not associated with ruminal biohydrogenation intermediates but rather with a transient reduction in supply of preformed FA. Subsequent rescue of milk fat synthesis may be associated with higher availability of substrates due to increased DMI during SARA.

Combination of pelleting and monensin does not affect antioxidant properties and fatty acids in milk of grazing dairy cows supplemented with a concentrate containing soybean seeds.

This study was performed with the main objective of evaluating the effect of the combination of pelleting and monensin on fatty acids (FA) composition, the concentration of total polyphenols and flavonoids, and the oxidative stability of milk in cows fed a concentrate containing soybean seeds. Eight Holstein multiparous cows were distributed in a replicated Latin square design. The four supplement treatments consisted of the combination of two factors (pelleting and monensin) and one concentrate as follows: (1) unpelleted concentrate with no monensin (CO); (2) pelleted concentrate with no monensin (PE); (3) unpelleted concentrate with 96 mg of monensin/kg of dry matter, DM (MO); and (4) pelleted concentrate with 96 mg of monensin/kg of DM (PM). There was no interaction between pelleting and monensin for milk production and concentration of milk protein, lactose, total polyphenols, flavonoids, conjugated dienes (CD), and reducing power. Fat and total solids concentration in milk were decreased when cows were fed pelleted (PE and PM) concentrates. Feeding cows with PE and PM concentrates increased the CD concentration in milk. Regarding milk FA concentration, there was no difference among treatments for total saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA. The most prominent result was that pelleting increased the milk concentration of omega-3 FA. Altogether, the present study suggests that the pelleting process can improve the milk fat quality by increasing the omega-3 FA, while the combination of pelleting and monensin in the diet of grazing dairy cows fed soybean-based concentrate adds no further improvements to FA profiles and oxidative stability of milk.

Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation increased the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen fluid of cattle fed a low-quality tropical forage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of algae and cottonseed meal (CSM) supplementation on the fatty acid (FA) profile in the rumen fluid (RF) of steers fed a low-quality forage. Five Bos indicus crossbred steers, 187±7.5 kg liveweight (LW; mean±SD), were fed a low crude protein speargrass (Heteropogon contortus) hay as the basal diet alone or supplemented with either Spirulina platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa , Dunaliella salina , or CSM in Latin square design. The proportion of individual FA in the RF of steers varied in response to supplement, and these were most likely due to differences in the FA profile in supplements. Steers supplemented with Chlorella pyrenoidosa and CSM had a higher concentration of linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) in RF than unsupplemented steers or steers offered the other supplements, but there was no difference in the concentration in RF in steers supplemented with Chlorella pyrenoidosa and CSM. The concentration of linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) was higher in the RF of unsupplemented steers compared with supplemented steers. Steers receiving Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation showed an increase in total unsaturated FA in the RF compared with other supplemented and unsupplemented steers, which if transferred to meat, could have health related benefits to consumers. None of the supplements led to the formation of isomers known to inhibit fat synthesis.(AU)

Hydrogenation of Halogenated 2'-Hydroxychalcones by Mycelia of Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium raistrickii.

This study describes the chemoselective hydrogenation reaction of halogenated 2'-hydroxychalcones by the marine-derived fungus Penicillium raistrickii CBMAI 931. Initially, 2'-hydroxychalcone was utilized as a model for the selection of the appropriate conditions to perform the biotransformation reactions. The best results were obtained using mycelia and filtered culture broth, and this condition was chosen for the biotransformation reaction of 2'-hydroxychalcones substituted with methoxy and halogen groups. Experiments performed with 2'-hydroxychalcones dissolved in 600 µL-DMSO were more effective than those performed using 300 µL-DMSO, once solubility of the compounds influenced conversion rate in the liquid medium. The halogenated 2'-hydroxy-dihydrochalcones were obtained in good conversions (78-99%) and moderate isolated yields (31-65%). All biotransformation reactions using the marine-derived fungus P. raistrickii CBMAI 931 showed regioselective and chemoselective control for the formation of 2'-hydroxy-dihydrochalcones.

Effect of different roughages sources on performance, milk composition, fatty acid profile, and milk cholesterol content of feedlot feed crossbred cows (Holstein × Zebu).

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different forage sources in diets for feedlot dairy cows and their implications on production, composition, fatty acid profile, and milk cholesterol content. Nine Holstein × Zebu crossbred cows were distributed in three 3 × 3 Latin squares, in three periods of 21 days each, and three diets: elephant grass silage + concentrate, briquette from Brachiaria + concentrate, and sugarcane + concentrate. Elephant grass silage resulted in lower milk production and milk protein content. Cows fed elephant grass silage had lower concentrations of the saturated fatty acids C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, and C15:0 in the milk and higher of the unsaturated fatty acids C15:1, C16:1, C18:1n-9t, C18:1n-9c, C18:3n-6, CLAc9t11, and CLAt10c12 in relation to the other diets. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) and the means were compared by the Tukey's test (P = 0.05). It is recommended to use the briquette from Brachiaria as a forage source for lactating cows, since it led to higher milk yield. On the other hand, the use of elephant grass silage as a forage source is recommended if the farmer is paid for milk with higher concentration of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (CLA) fatty acids, which exerts beneficial effects on human health.

A sustentabilidade na adoção da consorciação de pastagens e sua influência nas propriedades do leite / Sustainability in adoption of the pasture consortium and its influence on the milk properties

O uso de pastagens consorciadas de gramíneas e leguminosas promove uma série de benefícios a todo o sistema de produção. Contudo, seu emprego ainda é modesto e seus benefícios são postos a prova constantemente. Diante disto, o objetivo desta revisão é fomentar a discussão sobre o uso de pastagens consorciadas e sua relação com a produção, composição e características nutricionais do leite, além da sua relação com a sustentabilidade do sistema. De maneira geral, participações entre 20 e 30% de leguminosas no dossel forrageiro são suficientes para promover incrementos de produção de leite em comparação a sistemas exclusivamente de gramíneas. Este aumento está relacionado ao menor percentual de fibras da pastagem, o que permite maior ingestão e digestibilidade da matéria seca. Salienta-se ainda que estes efeitos não sejam lineares e que os percentuais citados devem nortear a condução dos sistemas. Quanto ao perfil nutricional do leite, os níveis de ácidos graxos insaturados (AGI) são maiores nos animais à pasto em relação aos confinados. No entanto, são menos comuns pesquisas que comparem o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite em função de pastagens mistas ou estremes, de maneira geral, leguminosas como os trevos possuem compostos secundários que podem facilitar a passagem de AGI pelo rúmen sem sofrerem ação da biohidrogenação. Além destes efeitos, o uso de pastagens consorciadas permite a redução do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados, aspecto importante do ponto de vista ambiental. O uso de sistemas alimentares a base de pastagem consorciada de gramíneas e leguminosas pode significar melhorias na qualidade nutricional do leite, como o aumento do percentual de AGI, que são veementemente associados a uma alimentação mais saudável.(AU)

The use of intercropped grasses and legumes promotes a number of benefits to the entire production system. However, their employment is still modest and their benefits are constantly put to the test. In view of this, the purpose of this review is to promote the discussion about the use of intercropped pastures and their relationship with milk production, composition and nutritional characteristics, as well as their relationship with the sustainability of the system. In general, participation of 20 to 30% of legumes in the forage canopy is sufficient to promote increases in milk production compared to exclusively grass systems. This increase is related to the lower percentage of grazing fibers, which allows higher intake and dry matter digestibility. It should also be noted that these effects are not linear and that the percentages mentioned should guide the systems. As for the nutritional profile of milk, the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (AGI) are higher in the pasture than in the confined ones. However, research comparing the fatty acid profile of milk as a function of mixed or single pastures is generally less common, as legumes like cloves have secondary compounds that may facilitate the passage of AGI through the rumen without undergoing biohydrogenation. In addition, the use of intercropping pastures allows a reduction in the use of nitrogen fertilizers, an important aspect from the environmental point of view. The use of food systems based on intercropping grasses and legumes can mean improvements in the nutritional quality of milk, such as the increase in the percentage of AGI, which are strongly associated with a healthier diet. (AU)

A sustentabilidade na adoção da consorciação de pastagens e sua influência nas propriedades do leite / Sustainability in adoption of the pasture consortium and its influence on the milk properties

O uso de pastagens consorciadas de gramíneas e leguminosas promove uma série de benefícios a todo o sistema de produção. Contudo, seu emprego ainda é modesto e seus benefícios são postos a prova constantemente. Diante disto, o objetivo desta revisão é fomentar a discussão sobre o uso de pastagens consorciadas e sua relação com a produção, composição e características nutricionais do leite, além da sua relação com a sustentabilidade do sistema. De maneira geral, participações entre 20 e 30% de leguminosas no dossel forrageiro são suficientes para promover incrementos de produção de leite em comparação a sistemas exclusivamente de gramíneas. Este aumento está relacionado ao menor percentual de fibras da pastagem, o que permite maior ingestão e digestibilidade da matéria seca. Salienta-se ainda que estes efeitos não sejam lineares e que os percentuais citados devem nortear a condução dos sistemas. Quanto ao perfil nutricional do leite, os níveis de ácidos graxos insaturados (AGI) são maiores nos animais à pasto em relação aos confinados. No entanto, são menos comuns pesquisas que comparem o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite em função de pastagens mistas ou estremes, de maneira geral, leguminosas como os trevos possuem compostos secundários que podem facilitar a passagem de AGI pelo rúmen sem sofrerem ação da biohidrogenação. Além destes efeitos, o uso de pastagens consorciadas permite a redução do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados, aspecto importante do ponto de vista ambiental. O uso de sistemas alimentares a base de pastagem consorciada de gramíneas e leguminosas pode significar melhorias na qualidade nutricional do leite, como o aumento do percentual de AGI, que são veementemente associados a uma alimentação mais saudável.

The use of intercropped grasses and legumes promotes a number of benefits to the entire production system. However, their employment is still modest and their benefits are constantly put to the test. In view of this, the purpose of this review is to promote the discussion about the use of intercropped pastures and their relationship with milk production, composition and nutritional characteristics, as well as their relationship with the sustainability of the system. In general, participation of 20 to 30% of legumes in the forage canopy is sufficient to promote increases in milk production compared to exclusively grass systems. This increase is related to the lower percentage of grazing fibers, which allows higher intake and dry matter digestibility. It should also be noted that these effects are not linear and that the percentages mentioned should guide the systems. As for the nutritional profile of milk, the levels of unsaturated fatty acids (AGI) are higher in the pasture than in the confined ones. However, research comparing the fatty acid profile of milk as a function of mixed or single pastures is generally less common, as legumes like cloves have secondary compounds that may facilitate the passage of AGI through the rumen without undergoing biohydrogenation. In addition, the use of intercropping pastures allows a reduction in the use of nitrogen fertilizers, an important aspect from the environmental point of view. The use of food systems based on intercropping grasses and legumes can mean improvements in the nutritional quality of milk, such as the increase in the percentage of AGI, which are strongly associated with a healthier diet.

In vitro rumen biohydrogenation kinetics of mixed linoleic and alfa-linolenic acids / Cinética de biohidrogenación ruminal in vitro de los ácidos linoleico y alfa-linolénico mezclados / Cinética de biohidrogenação ruminal in vitro dos ácidos linoleico e alfa-linolênico misturados

Abstract Background: Dietary linoleic (LA) and alpha-linolenic (LN) acids are extensively isomerized and hydrogenated by rumen microbes, and this activity can further contribute to the fatty acid profile of ruminant- derived food products. Objective: To evaluate the effects of LA:LN ratio in lipid supplements on the rumen biohydrogenation kinetics of LA and LN, as well as on the trans-vaccenic acid (VA) production, using an in vitro system. Methods: Rumen fluid was collected from a fistulated steer, diluted with incubation buffer, and then incubated with 500 mg of kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus) supplemented with 16.3 mg of different LA:LN mixtures (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 or 0:100). Incubations were performed in triplicate for a period of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 16 hours. Differences between treatments were evaluated in a completely randomized design. Alternatively, computational chemistry was used to determine the changes in the Gibbs free energy (ΔGrxn) at 39 °C for the principal steps of LA and LN ruminal biohydrogenation. Results: Partial replacement of LA by LN decreased the VA concentration and its accumulation rate; it also increased the stearic acid concentration and the rates of transfer from LA to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and from CLA to VA. The conversion from CLA to VA (ΔGrxn = -2.65 kJ/mol) was more spontaneous than that from trans-11, cis-15 octadecadienoic acid (TA) to VA (ΔGrxn = -0.29 kJ/mol). Conclusion: The LA:LN ratio in lipids can modulate LA and LN biohydrogenation (BH) kinetics, as well as the VA production in the rumen.

Resumen Antecedentes: los ácidos linoleico (LA) y alfa-linolénico (LN) de la dieta son extensivamente isomerizados y biohidrogenados por los microorganismos ruminales, lo cual puede contribuir al perfil de ácidos grasos de los productos derivados de rumiantes. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la relación LA:LN en suplementos lipídicos sobre la cinética de biohidrogenación ruminal del LA y LN, como también sobre la producción del ácido trans-vaccénico (VA), usando un sistema in vitro. Métodos: se colectó fluido ruminal de un toro fistulado, el cual fue diluido con buffer de incubación y posteriormente incubado con 500 mg de pasto kikuyo (Cenchrus clandestinus) suplementado con 16,3 mg de diferentes mezclas de LA:LN (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, o 0:100). Las incubaciones fueron desarrolladas en triplicado durante 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 o 16 horas. Diferencias entre tratamientos fueron evaluadas mediante un modelo completamente al azar. Alternativamente, se determinaron los cambios en energía libre de Gibbs ( Δ Grxn) a 39 °C para los pasos principales de la biohidrogenación del LA y LN, usando química computacional. Resultados: la sustitución parcial de LA por LN disminuyó la concentración de VA y su tasa de acumulación, como también incrementó la concentración de ácido esteárico y las tasas de transferencia de LA para ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) y de CLA para VA. La conversión de CLA para VA ( Δ Grxn = -2,65 kJ/mol) fue más espontánea que la conversión del ácido trans-11, cis-15 octadecadienóico (TA) para VA ( Δ Grxn = -0,29 kJ/mol). Conclusiones: la relación LA:LN en lípidos puede modular la cinética de biohidrogenación (BH) del LA y LN y la producción de VA en el rumen.

Resumo Antecedêntes: o ácido linoleico (LA) e alfa-linolênico (LN) da dieta, são extensivamente isomerizados e biohidrogenados pelos microorganismos do rúmen, o que pode contribuir ao perfil de ácidos graxos dos produtos derivados de ruminantes. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da relação LA:LN em suplementos lipídicos sobre a cinética de biohidrogenação ruminal do LA e LN como também sobre a produção do ácido trans- vaccênico (VA), utilizando um sistema in vitro. Métodos: coletou-se fluido ruminal de um novilho fistulado, o qual foi diluído com tampão de incubação e, em seguida, incubado com 500 mg de pasto kikuyu (Cenchrus clandestinus) suplementado com 16,3 mg de diferentes misturas LA:LN (100:0, 75:25 , 50:50, 25:75 ou 0:100). As incubações foram desenvolvidas em triplicata, durante 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 ou 16 horas. Diferenças entre tratamentos foram avaliadas utilizando-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Alternativamente, foram determinadas as mudanças em energia livre de Gibbs ( Δ Grxn) a 39 °C para as principais etapas da biohidrogenação do LA e LN, utilizando-se química computacional. Resultados: a substituição parcial de LA por LN diminuiu a concentração de VA e sua taxa de acumulação, como também aumentou a concentração de ácido esteárico e as taxas de transferência do LA para o ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e do CLA para VA. A conversão do CLA para VA ( Δ Grxn = -2,65 kJ/ mol) foi mais espontânea que a conversão do ácido trans-11, cis-15 octadecadienóico (TA) para VA ( Δ Grxn = -0,29 kJ/mol). Conclusões: a relação LA:LN em lipídeos pode modular a cinética de biohidrogenação (BH) do LA e LN e a produção de VA no rúmen.

Kinetics of trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid transfer to plasma and milk following an abomasal bolus in lactating dairy cows.

Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potent bioactive fatty acids (FA) that causes milk fat depression in lactating animals. FA are transferred to milk directly through chylomicrons and indirectly by recycling through other tissues. The objective of this study was to characterise the kinetics of trans-10, cis-12 CLA transfer to plasma and milk after a single bolus infusion. Five multiparous mid-lactation cows received a single abomasal bolus infusion of an enriched CLA mixture providing 15 g of trans-10, cis-12 CLA and 15 g of cis-9, trans-11 CLA over a 30-min period. Plasma concentration of trans-10, cis-12 and cis-9, trans-11 CLA peaked 2 h post-bolus, reaching 0·29 and 0·38 % of total plasma FA, respectively, and returned to pre-bolus values at 72 h post-infusion. Milk trans-10, cis-12 CLA yield and concentration peaked 14 h post-bolus (0·25 g/h) and was not detectable in milk after 86 h. Total apparent transfer of trans-10, cis-12 CLA to milk was 41 %, with 73 % transferred to milk through the direct pool (chylomicrons) and the remaining 27 % transferred through the indirect pool (tissue recycling). Compartmental modelling revealed the existence of a transient unavailable pool of trans-10, cis-12 CLA in extravascular tissues represented primarily by the mammary gland, which slowly exchanges with an available pool for secretion in milk fat and transfer to milk. In conclusion, trans-10, cis-12 CLA is predominantly transferred to milk through the direct pathway; however, how this CLA isomer is processed within the mammary gland requires further investigation.

Pelleting and sodium monensin increase milk CLA concentration from dairy cows fed flaxseed / El peletizado y la monensina sódica incrementan la concentración de CLA en leche de vacas suplementadas con linaza / Peletização e monensina sódica aumentam a concentração de CLA no leite de vacas alimentadas com linhaça

Abstract Background: Demand for naturally enriched foods is increasing worldwide. Animal nutrition allows incorporating nutraceutical molecules into milk. These molecules are intended for improving human health. Objective: To evaluate the effects of pelleting and monensin addition to the diet on intake, digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, milk yield and composition, and fatty acids (FA) profile in cows kept on pasture and supplemented with concentrate containing ground flaxseed (GF). Methods: Four Holstein cows were assigned to the following treatments: 1) concentrate with GF; 2) GF + 32.93 mg/Kg monensin (GFM); 3) GF pelleted (GFP); 4) GF pelleted + 32.93 mg/Kg monensin (FMP). Results: Treatments did not show effects on digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients or feed intake, with the exception of ether extract intake, which was reduced by 28% with pelleting. Addition of monensin increased the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration by 47%. Pelleting increased the concentrations of CLA (70%), polyunsaturated FA (PUFA; 25%), and monounsaturated FA (MUFA; 16%), and reduced the concentrations of steric acid (C18) in 19% and total saturated FA (SFA; 14%). Conclusion: Pelleting and monensin does not alter feed intake and digestibility of DM and nutrients. Pelleting of concentrate feed containing flaxseed improves milk FA quality.

Resumen Antecedentes: La demanda por alimentos naturalmente enriquecidos se ha venido incrementado en todo el mundo. A través de la nutrición animal es posible incorporar moléculas nutracéuticas en la leche. El uso de estas moléculas pretende mejorar la salud humana. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la peletización y la monensina sobre la ingesta, digestibilidad de la materia seca (DM) y nutrientes, producción de leche, composición y perfil de ácidos grasos (FA) en leche de vacas en pastoreo que consumen alimento concentrado formulado con linaza molida (GF). Métodos: Cuatro vacas Holstein fueron distribuidas en los siguientes tratamientos: 1) ración conteniendo GF; 2) GF + 32,93 mg/Kg de monensina (GFM); 3) GF en pellets (GFP); 4) GF en pellets + 32,93 mg/Kg de monensina (FMP). Resultados: Los tratamientos no mostraron efectos en el consumo y digestibilidad de la DM y nutrientes, excepto por el consumo de extracto etéreo, con una reducción del 28% en las raciones peletizadas. La monensina incrementó la concentración de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) en 47%. La peletización aumentó el contenido de CLA (70%), FA poliinsaturados (PUFA; 25%) y FA monoinsaturados (16%); y redujo las concentraciones de C18 en 19%, y FA saturados total en 14%. Conclusión: El peletizado y la monensina no alteran la ingesta de alimento ni la digestibilidad de la DM y nutrientes. El proceso de peletizado aplicado a concentrados que contienen linaza mejora la calidad de los ácidos grasos de la leche.

Resumo Antecedentes: A procura por alimentos naturalmente enriquecidos tem aumentado por parte dos consumidores. Através da nutrição animal é possível incorporar ao leite moléculas nutracêuticas, essas moléculas são conhecidas por melhorarem a saúde humana. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da peletização e monensina sobre o consumo, digestibilidade da matéria seca (DM) e nutrientes, produção de leite, composição e perfil de ácidos graxos (FA) no leite de vacas em pastejo e suplementadas com concentrado contendo linhaça moída (GF). Métodos: Quatro vacas Holandesas foram distribuídas nos tratamentos: 1) concentrado contendo GF; 2) GF + 32,93 mg/Kg de monensina (GFM); 3) GF peletizado (GFP); 4) GF peletizado + 32,93 mg/Kg de monensina (FMP). Resultados: Os tratamentos não apresentaram efeitos sobre consumo e digestibilidade da DM e dos nutrientes, exceto para o consumo de extrato etéreo, com redução de 28% com a peletização do concentrado. A adição de monensina aumentou a concentração de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) em 47%. A peletização aumentou os teores de CLA (70%), FA poli-insaturados (25%) e FA monoinsaturados (16%); e reduziu as concentrações de C18 em 19% e AG saturados totais em 14%. Conclusão: Peletização e monensina não alteram o consumo e digestibilidade da DM e dos nutrientes. O processo de peletização aplicado em concentrados contendo linhaça melhora a qualidade dos FA do leite.

Effect of calcium lignosulfonate supplementation on metabolic profiles of confined lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium lignosulfonate associated with whole cottonseed in high-concentrate diets for sheep. Eight Dorper crossbred sheep with an average live weight of 42.5 ± 1.70 kg were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin squares. The following experimental diets were evaluated: control diet (without calcium lignosulfonate) and diets with inclusion of 50, 100, and 150 g of calcium lignosulfonate/kg fresh matter. Diets were composed of soybean meal, ground corn, and whole cottonseed. Feed intake, digestibility, metabolic characteristics, and feeding behavior were evaluated. The intake of nutritional components did not show significant differences as a function of the lignosulfonate levels in the diet; however, the increase in calcium lignosulfonate levels linearly decreased the dry matter digestibility. Rumen ammonia nitrogen concentrations decreased linearly as the lignosulfonate levels in the diets were increased. There was no effect of lignosulfonate levels on blood parameters or feeding behavior of the animals. The use of lignosulfonate associated with cottonseed decreases the digestibility of dry matter and the concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen, but does not change the intake of nutritional components, the blood parameters, or the feeding behavior of sheep.

Biohydrogenation of Linoleic Acid by Lactic Acid Bacteria for the Production of Functional Cultured Dairy Products: A Review.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have attracted significant attention due to their important physiological properties, which have been observed in humans. Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) demonstrate the ability to produce CLA isomers (C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12) from the linoleic acid (LA) present in milk or in synthetic media. CLA isomers can be synthesized in vitro by LAB using vegetable oils rich in LA. The aim of this review is to present an update on the studies that have been conducted on the production of CLA isomers from LA mainly by LAB and of the factors that influence this conversion (source and concentration of LA and fermentation conditions). In addition, this review presents the relationship between the consumption of CLA isomers and their health benefits in humans such as anti-atherosclerosis and anti-carcinogenic effects. There is considerable variation between the studies concerning the beneficial effects of CLA in animal models, which have not been reflected in human studies. This can be attributed to the differences in the doses of CLA isomers used and to the different sources of CLA. Furthermore, the regulatory and scientific information classifying the physiological properties of CLA, which serve as support for the claims of its potential as a functional ingredient, are presented. More research is needed to determine whether CLA production by LAB can be enhanced and to determine the optimal requirements for these microbial cultures. Furthermore, safety and efficacy of CLA consumption have to be investigated in the future.

Effect of Lipid Sources with Different Fatty Acid Profiles on Intake, Nutrient Digestion and Ruminal Fermentation of Feedlot Nellore Steers.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation. Ten rumen and duodenal fistulated Nellore steers (268 body weight±27 kg) were distributed in a duplicated 5×5 Latin square. Dietary treatments were as follows: without fat (WF), palm oil (PO), linseed oil (LO), protected fat (PF; Lactoplus), and whole soybeans (WS). The roughage feed was corn silage (600 g/kg on a dry matter [DM] basis) plus concentrate (400 g/kg on a DM basis). The higher intake of DM and organic matter (OM) (p<0.001) was found in animals on the diet with PF and WF (around 4.38 and 4.20 kg/d, respectively). Treatments with PO and LO decreased by around 10% the total digestibility of DM and OM (p<0.05). The addition of LO decreased by around 22.3% the neutral detergent fiber digestibility (p = 0.047) compared with other diets. The higher microbial protein synthesis was found in animals on the diet with LO and WS (33 g N/kg OM apparently digested in the rumen; p = 0.040). The highest C18:0 and linolenic acid intakes occurred in animals fed LO (p<0.001), and the highest intake of oleic (p = 0.002) and C16 acids (p = 0.022) occurred with the diets with LO and PF. Diet with PF decreased biohydrogenation extent (p = 0.05) of C18:1 n9,c, C18:2 n6,c, and total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA; around 20%, 7%, and 13%, respectively). The diet with PF and WF increased the concentration of NH3-N (p<0.001); however, the diet did not change volatile fatty acids (p>0.05), such as the molar percentage of acetate, propionate, butyrate and the acetate:propionate ratio. Treatments PO, LO and with WS decreased by around 50% the concentration of protozoa (p<0.001). Diets with some type of protection (PF and WS) decreased the effects of lipid on ruminal fermentation and presented similar outflow of benefit UFA as LO.

Composição em ácidos graxos do leite de vacas alimentadas com glicerina de baixa pureza / Fatty acid composition of milk from cows fed low purity glycerin

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de glicerina de baixa pureza na dieta sobre a composição em ácidos graxos do leite de vacas mestiças. Foram utilizadas 15 vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, distribuídas em três Quadrados Latinos 5 x 5, nos seguintes tratamentos: controle (sem inclusão de glicerina na dieta); inclusão de 5% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta; inclusão de 10% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta; inclusão de 15% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta; e inclusão de 20% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta. A inclusão de glicerina na dieta não afetou (P 0,05) a concentração do ácido butírico (C4:0). Em contrapartida, foi observado efeito quadrático (P 0,05) sobre as concentrações dos ácidos graxos caproíco C6:0 (ponto de máxima = 11,33), caprílico C8:0 (ponto de máxima = 9,50) e cáprico C10:0 (ponto de máxima = 6,66) também ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, seguindo a mesma tendência da produção de leite. Houve efeito linear decrescente (P 0,05) sobre as concentrações dos ácidos graxos de cadeia média: os ácidos graxos Láurico C12:0, Mirístico C14:0, Miristoleico C14:1, Pentadecanoico C15:0, Pentadecenoico C15:1, Palmítico C16:0 e Palmitoleico C16:1. Foi observado efeito linear crescente (P 0,05) sobre as concentrações dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e monoinsaturados. Em contrapartida, a concentração dos ácidos graxos saturados decresceu...(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of low purity glycerin in the diet on the fatty acid composition of milk of crossbred cows. We used 15 crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows distributed in three Latin squares 5 x 5, the following treatments: control (no addition of glycerin in the diet); inclusion of 5% glycerin in the diet dry matter; inclusion of 10% glycerol in the diet dry matter; inclusion of 15% glycerol in the diet dry matter, and the inclusion of 20% glycerol in the diet dry matter. The inclusion of glycerin in the diet had no effect (P 0.05) the concentration of butyric acid (C4:0). In contrast, we observed a quadratic effect (P 0.05) on the concentrations of fatty acids caproic C6:0 (= 11.33 the point of maximum), caprylic C8:0 (= 9.50 the point of maximum) and capric C10:0 (= 6.66 the point of maximum) also short chain fatty acids, following the same trend of milk production. Decreased linearly (P 0.05) concentrations of medium chain fatty acids, fatty acids Lauric C12:0, Myristic C14:0, myristoleic C14:1, pentadecanoic C15:0, Pentadecenoico: C15:1, Palmitic C16:0 and palmitoleic C16:1. Was observed increased linearly (P 0.05) on concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated. In contrast, the concentration of saturated fatty acids decreased linearly (P 0.05). The concentration of fatty acids Omega 6 series showed...(AU)

Composição em ácidos graxos do leite de vacas alimentadas com glicerina de baixa pureza / Fatty acid composition of milk from cows fed low purity glycerin

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de glicerina de baixa pureza na dieta sobre a composição em ácidos graxos do leite de vacas mestiças. Foram utilizadas 15 vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, distribuídas em três Quadrados Latinos 5 x 5, nos seguintes tratamentos: controle (sem inclusão de glicerina na dieta); inclusão de 5% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta; inclusão de 10% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta; inclusão de 15% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta; e inclusão de 20% de glicerina na matéria seca da dieta. A inclusão de glicerina na dieta não afetou (P 0,05) a concentração do ácido butírico (C4:0). Em contrapartida, foi observado efeito quadrático (P 0,05) sobre as concentrações dos ácidos graxos caproíco C6:0 (ponto de máxima = 11,33), caprílico C8:0 (ponto de máxima = 9,50) e cáprico C10:0 (ponto de máxima = 6,66) também ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, seguindo a mesma tendência da produção de leite. Houve efeito linear decrescente (P 0,05) sobre as concentrações dos ácidos graxos de cadeia média: os ácidos graxos Láurico C12:0, Mirístico C14:0, Miristoleico C14:1, Pentadecanoico C15:0, Pentadecenoico C15:1, Palmítico C16:0 e Palmitoleico C16:1. Foi observado efeito linear crescente (P 0,05) sobre as concentrações dos ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e monoinsaturados. Em contrapartida, a concentração dos ácidos graxos saturados decresceu...

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of low purity glycerin in the diet on the fatty acid composition of milk of crossbred cows. We used 15 crossbred Holstein x Zebu cows distributed in three Latin squares 5 x 5, the following treatments: control (no addition of glycerin in the diet); inclusion of 5% glycerin in the diet dry matter; inclusion of 10% glycerol in the diet dry matter; inclusion of 15% glycerol in the diet dry matter, and the inclusion of 20% glycerol in the diet dry matter. The inclusion of glycerin in the diet had no effect (P 0.05) the concentration of butyric acid (C4:0). In contrast, we observed a quadratic effect (P 0.05) on the concentrations of fatty acids caproic C6:0 (= 11.33 the point of maximum), caprylic C8:0 (= 9.50 the point of maximum) and capric C10:0 (= 6.66 the point of maximum) also short chain fatty acids, following the same trend of milk production. Decreased linearly (P 0.05) concentrations of medium chain fatty acids, fatty acids Lauric C12:0, Myristic C14:0, myristoleic C14:1, pentadecanoic C15:0, Pentadecenoico: C15:1, Palmitic C16:0 and palmitoleic C16:1. Was observed increased linearly (P 0.05) on concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated. In contrast, the concentration of saturated fatty acids decreased linearly (P 0.05). The concentration of fatty acids Omega 6 series showed...

Qualitative characteristics of meat from young bulls fed different levels of crude glycerin.

The objective was to evaluate the fatty acid profile and qualitative characteristics of meat from young bulls fed crude glycerin. Forty-four animals with an initial live weight of 368 ± 4 kg were used in a completely randomized design, with four treatments: no glycerin or addition of 6, 12 or 18% glycerin. The animals were slaughtered with 519.5 ± 14.9 kg of live weight. The meat characteristics assessed were chemical composition, shear force, fatty acid concentration, color and lipid oxidation. The addition of glycerin increased the content of ether extract (P<0.05) in the muscle. A linear increase was observed (P<0.05) in the oleic acid contents (C18:1 cis 9). The saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents linearly decreased in the muscle as a function of glycerin addition. The lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) indices increased with the use of crude glycerin (P<0.05). The crude glycerin increased the intramuscular fat and oleic acid content in the longissimus dorsi muscle.