RESUMEN
Meat is a complex food with a structured nutritional composition that makes it an essential component of the human diet. In particular, the meat of native guajolote that is traditionally raised in natural conditions is an important dietary source of proteins of high biological value for the rural population of Mexico. The study aimed to evaluate fatty acids (FAs) profile and nutritional indices of breast and leg meat of native guajolote subjected to two heat treatments. For the study, a total of sixty muscle samples (30 breast meat and 30 leg meat) from adult male native guajolotes were used. The FA profile and nutritional indices were evaluated in raw meat (control) and meat subjected to two heat treatments (boiled and baked). The heat treatments, independently of the type of muscle, increased (p ≤ 0.05) the concentration of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA); in contrast, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) decreased. Likewise, the dietary FA index, which has a negative hypercholesterolemic effect, and the atherogenic index increased in guajolote meat from the effect of the heat treatments, while the essential and undesirable hypercholesterolemic FA indices decreased. In conclusion, heat treatments increase the content of SFA and MUFAs in breast and leg meat of native guajolote. Boiling or baking the meat deteriorates PUFAs but increases the nutritional indices. The present investigation would provide valuable information for the guajolote meat product processing.
RESUMEN
The present study aimed at the morphometric characterization of the native Guajolote reared in two regions of Mexico using multivariate analysis techniques. Data from a total of 362 unrelated native Guajolotes (257 males and 105 females) were used: of these, 160 were from the Central region and 202 were from the Southeast region. The birds were also grouped according to age, as youngs (≤ 8 months; n = 150) and adults (≥ 9 months; n = 212). The body weight (BW) and nine morphometric measurements-chest circumference (CC), body length (BL), body height (BH), neck length (NL), peak length (PL), shank length (SL), shank diameter (SD), wing length (WL) and wing width (WW)-were measured. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) due to the effect of region, sex and age for most of the morphometric measurements evaluated. There was a high percentage of positive and significant correlations (p < 0.001; p < 0.01) between the variables. In each region, three principal components were extracted that represented more than 75% of the accumulated variation among the variables. The most discriminating morphometric measurements between populations were WW, PL and NL. The Mahalanobis distance between the males and females of the two populations was 37.457 and 29.310 (p < 0.001), respectively. This differentiation can contribute to the definition of the phenotypic standard of this poultry genetic resource for its official recognition as a breed, as well as in the orientation of its genetic improvement programs in the future.