Características en la dieta de comunidades de la zona Mazahua del Estado de México, México. 2017 / Diet characteristics of two communities in the Mazahua zone of the State of México, México. 2017

Fundamentos: La dieta familiar influye en el estado de nutrición de sus integrantes, consumir dietas menos diversas, de poca calidad o alimentos con poco o nulo aporte nutricional tendrá repercusiones importantes en el estado de salud. En comunidades rurales la dieta se ve condicionada por los niveles de seguridad alimentaria, por lo que se vuelve de vital importancia evaluar las características de la dieta para revertir la carga de malnutrición concentrada en estas áreas geográficas. Métodos: Se utilizó la información del cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo familiar de alimentos (de siete días) de un estudio transversal descriptivo observacional del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ) realizado en el año 2017 dentro de dos localidades de la Zona Mazahua, Estado de México. Se analizaron dos características de la dieta (calidad y equilibrio) de 48 familias, para lo cual se estimó el total de kilocalorías obtenidas en su dieta familiar y se dividió en porcentajes según el macronutriente de donde se obtuvieron, categorizando como dieta equilibrada a aquellas que se encontraran dentro los rangos recomendables de los tres macronutrientes. A su vez, se clasificaron los alimentos en: “recomendables para consumo cotidiano”, y “no recomendables para su consumo cotidiano” como criterio para categorizar la característica de calidad. Resultados: Se observó que el 74,21% de la energía obtenida a nivel familiar fue a partir de alimentos “recomendables para consumo cotidiano”, siendo la distribución de macronutrientes obtenidos a partir de los alimentos recomendables el 38,50% a través de carbohidratos, 24,08% lípidos y 11,62% proteínas. El 22,92% de las familias evaluadas mantenía una dieta equilibrada. Conclusión: La calidad de la dieta es adecuada debido a que proviene mayoritariamente de alimentos recomendables para su consumo cotidiano, sin embrago ... (AU)

Background: The family diet influences the nutritional status of its members; consuming less diverse diets, of poor quality, or foods with little or no nutritional contribution will have important repercussions on the state of health. In rural communities, the diet is conditioned by the levels of food security, it becomes vitally important to evaluate the characteristics of the diet to reverse the burden of malnutrition concentrated in these geographical areas. Methods: Information from the semi-quantitative questionnaire on family food consumption frequency (seven days) from a descriptive observational cross-sectional study of the Salvador Zubirán National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition (INCMNSZ) carried out in 2017 in two locations in the Zone Mazahua, State of Mexico. Two characteristics of the diet (quality and balance) of 48 families were analyzed, for which the total kilocalories obtained in their family diet were estimated and divided into percentages according to the macronutrient from which they were obtained, categorizing as balanced diet those that they will be within the recommended ranges of the three macronutrients. In turn, the foods were classified as: "recommended for daily consumption" and "not recommended for daily consumption" as a criterion to categorize the quality characteristic. Results: It was observed that 74.21% of the energy obtained at the family level was from foods "recommended for daily consumption", with the distribution of macronutrients obtained from these foods being 38.50% through carbohydrates, 24.08% lipids and 11.62% proteins. 22.92% of the families evaluated maintained a balanced diet. Conclusions: The quality of the diet is adequate because it comes mostly from foods recommended for daily consumption, however, it does not cover the parameters to categorize it as a balanced diet. (AU)

Cambios en el estado de nutrición en niños menores de cinco años beneficiarios del programa de apoyo alimentario (PAL) en el estado de Chiapas, México / Nutritional status of children under five years old beneficiaries of the food support program in the state of Chiapas, México

Fundamentos: El Programa de Apoyo Alimentario (PAL), programa de asistencia alimentaria dirigido por DICONSA y en convenio con el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán” (INCMyN “SZ”) realizaron en 2009 un seguimiento nutricional en niños menores de 5. Éste estudio evaluó los cambios en la prevalencia en el estado de nutrición de los niños menores de cinco años del Estado de Chiapas. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo y cuasi-expermiental realizado en 5,037 niños de entre 0 y 5 años de edad, beneficiarios del PAL residentes en el Estado de Chiapas. Se comparó el estado de nutrición inicial vs final con el indicador peso para la edad, ganancias de peso e índice polinomial. Resultados: Se obtuvieron efectos positivos en el estado de nutrición de los niños y se detectaron áreas de oportunidad para la mejor atención de los niños. Cuando se comparó el estado de nutrición normal inicial vs final este aumentó 2,2 puntos porcentuales, mientras que la desnutrición leve disminuyó 1 punto y la desnutrición de alto riesgo (moderada y severa) bajo 1,2 puntos porcentuales. La ganancia de peso de los niños con estado de nutrición normal fue de 120,1%; leve 167,9%, moderado 198,9 % y grave 246,5%. El índice polinomial de la desnutrición se reduce 3,51 puntos. Conclusiones: Aun cuando existe una mejora en el estado de nutrición de los niños, las políticas públicas tendrían que hacer evaluaciones de este tipo para coadyuvar en la toma óptima de decisiones en pro de la salud y nutrición de los niños. (AU)

Background: In 2009, the Food Support Program (PAL), a food assistance program directed by DICONSA and in agreement with the National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubirán" (INCMyN "SZ"), carried out nutritional monitoring in children under five years. This study the changes in the prevalence in the nutritional status of children under five years of age in the State of Chiapas. Methods: Longitudinal, prospective and quasi-experimental study carried out on 5,037 children between zero and five years of age, beneficiaries of the PAL residing in the State of Chiapas. The initial versus final nutritional status was compared with the weight-for-age indicator, weight gain, and polynomial index. Results: Positive effects were obtained in the nutritional status of the children evaluated and areas of opportunity were detected for the best care of the children. When the initial normal nutritional status is compared with the final one, it is observed that it increased 2.2 percentage points, while mild malnutrition decreased 1 point and high-risk malnutrition (moderate and severe) decreased 1.2 percentage points. The weight gain of children with normal nutritional status is 120.1%; mild 167.9%, moderate 198.9% and severe 246.5%. The polynomial index of malnutrition is reduced by 3.51 points. Conclusions: Even when there is an improvement in the nutritional status of children, public policies would have to make evaluations of this type to assist in optimal decision-making in favor of children's health and nutrition. (AU)

Velocity Sensor for Real-Time Backstepping Control of a Multirotor Considering Actuator Dynamics.

A real-time implementation of a control scheme for a multirotor, based on angular velocity sensors for the actuators, is presented. The control scheme is composed of two loops: an inner loop for the actuators and an outer loop for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The UAV control algorithm is designed by means of the backstepping technique and a robust sliding mode differentiator, and the actuator control strategy is based on a standard proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. A robust exact differentiator, based on high order sliding modes, is used to estimate the complex derivatives present in the proposed control law. As the measurements of the propeller's angular velocities are required for the control law, velocity sensors are mounted in the axles of the rotors to retrieve them and a signal conditioning stage is implemented. In addition, dynamical models for the actuators of the aircraft were calculated by means of transfer functions obtained via experimental measurements in a test bench developed for this purpose. This test bench permits to characterize the parameters of the transfer functions by comparing the forces computed using the nominal parameter to the measured forces. To this end, it is assumed that the loads in the actuators of the vehicle are insignificant during flight. The effectiveness of the proposed sensor, its signal conditioning, and the overall control scheme are validated by means of simulation results and real-time experiments.

Enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto, manifestación junto con siliconosis / Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in presentation with silicosis

Resumen La enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto, también llamada linfadenitis necrotizante histiocítica, es un padecimiento raro y benigno de causa desconocida; se distingue por linfadenopatía cervical y fiebre frecuentemente en mujeres jóvenes previamente sanas. Las manifestaciones clínicas, el antecedente de lupus eritemaso sistémico y el análisis histopatológico sugieren una respuesta inmunitaria celular mediada por células T e histocitos como parte de la fisiopatología. El diagnóstico de enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto requiere biopsia por escisión de los ganglios linfáticos afectados en los que se evidencia necrosis con infiltrados de histiocitos y característicamente ausencia de neutrófilos. No existe tratamiento efectivo contra la enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto, el cuadro se alivia de manera espontánea en uno a cuatro meses; ante síntomas persistentes y severos se administran glucocorticoides y antiinflamatorios no esteroides. La siliconosis es una condición en la que el silicón, componente de implantes mamarios, actúa como coadyuvante inmunogénico provocando una respuesta local y sistémica autoinmunitaria con síntomas inespecíficos que constituyen el síndrome autoinmunitario inducido por coadyuvantes. El tratamiento de este síndrome se basa en la eliminación del estímulo externo y en la mayoría de los casos se observa una respuesta favorable a largo plazo sin necesidad de iniciar tratamiento inmunomodulador. Se necesitan más casos para poder establecer a la siliconosis como una probable causa de enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto y conocer más a fondo la relación entre ambos padecimientos.

Abstract Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, also called histiocytic necrotizing lympha-denitis, is a rare and benign condition of unknown etiology, characte-rized by cervical lymphadenopathy with fever that frequently occurs in previously young healthy women. The clinical manifestations, a history of systemic lupus erythematous and histopathologic analysis suggest an immune response of T cells and histiocytes as a part of the pathophysiology. The diagnosis of Kikuchi disease requires lymph node biopsy, in which there is evidence of necrosis with histiocyte infiltrates and characteristically absence of neutrophils. No effective treatment exists for Kikuchi disease, it is self-limited into 1-4 weeks; with severe and persistent symptoms, glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed. Silicosis is a condition in which silicone, a component of breast implants, acts as an immunogenic adjuvant, causing a local and systemic autoimmune response with non-specific symptomatology constituting the adjuvant-induced autoimmune syndrome (ASIA). The treatment of ASIA is based on the elimination of the external stimulus and in most cases a favorable long-term response is observed without initiating immunomodulatory treatment. More cases are needed in order to establish silicosis as a cause of Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease and to know more about the relationship between these conditions.

Hígado graso agudo del embarazo / Acute fatty liver of pregnancy

El hígado graso agudo del embarazo, descrito en 1934, es una complicación gestacional poco frecuente y potencialmente fatal. El daño hepático materno ocurre por depósito citoplasmático perinuclear de microvesículas de grasa en el hepatocito relacionada con deficiencia enzimática autosómica recesiva en la vía de la oxidación mitocondrial de los ácidos grasos del feto. El objetivo de este artículo es exponer un caso de hígado graso agudo del embarazo acontecido en nuestro medio con criterios clínicos compatibles así como estudio histopatológico confirmatorio. Se trata de una paciente de 43 años procedente y residente de la ciudad de El Alto, La Paz (Bolivia), presenta ictericia, coluria, se automedica con paracetamol, asociándose al cuadro clínico nauseas acompañadas con vómitos, ausencia de movimientos fetales de producto único de 35 semanas; durante su evolución en UTI presenta encefalopatía hepática grado II y hemorragia digestiva, fallece a los 3 días de internación en UTI, se realiza necropsia hepática compatible con hígado graso agudo del embarazo. Cabe destacar la realización de estudio histopatológico en el presente caso, la cual no se realiza de manera rutinaria en nuestro medio, el cual reporta esteatosis hepática macro y microvacuolar asociada a proceso inflamatorio crónico activo acentuado difuso compatible con hígado graso agudo del embarazo, lo cual apoya los criterios clínicos de Swansea.

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy, described in 1934, is a rare but potentially fatal gestational complication. The damage in mother's liver is produced by perinuclear cytoplasmic deposit of fat micro vesicles in hepatocyte related with autosomal recessive enzymatic deficiency in mitochondrial oxidative fatty acids pathway of fetus. The objective of this paper is present an acute fatty liver of pregnancy occurred with clinical criteria and confirmation histopathological study. The present case is about a 43-year old patient, resident of El Alto, La Paz (Bolivia), with jaundice, choluria, auto medicated with acetaminophen, curses also with nausea and vomiting, absence of fetal movements of 35-week fetus, during her evolution in ICU presents hepatic encephalopathy and digestive hemorrhage, dies at 3th day in ICU, hepatic necropsy confirms acute fatty liver of pregnancy. It's worth mentioning the histopathological study, scarcely performed in our country, which, in this case, reports macro and microvacuolar steatosis in liver, associated to an active diffuse chronic inflammatory process compatible with acute fatty liver of pregnancy, in concordance with clinical Swansea criteria.

Intraoperative monitoring of the abducens nerve in extended endonasal endoscopic approach: a pilot study technical report.

BACKGROUND: To determine the reliability and usefulness of intraoperative monitoring of the abducens nerve during extended endonasal endoscopic skull base tumor resection. METHODS: We performed abducens nerve intraoperative monitoring in 8 patients with giant clival lesions recording with needle electrodes sutured directly into the lateral rectus muscles of the eye to evaluate spontaneous electromyographic activity and triggered responses following stimulation of the abducens nerves. RESULTS: A total of 16 abducens nerves were successfully recorded during endoscopic endonasal skull base surgeries. Neurotonic discharges were seen in two patients (12% [2/16] abducens nerves). Compound muscle action potentials of the abducens nerves were evoked with 0.1-4mA and maintained without changes during the neurosurgical procedures. No patient had new neurological deficits or ophthalmological complications post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative monitoring of the abducens nerve during the extended endonasal endoscopic approach to skull base tumors appears to be a safe method with the potential to prevent neural injury through the evaluation of neurotonic discharges and triggered responses.

Fotossíntese, crescimento e incidência de insetos-praga em genótipos de cacau pulverizados com silício / Photosynthesis, growth and incidence of insect pest in cacao genotypes sprayed with silicon

Poucos são os estudos envolvendo o efeito do silício sobre a fisiologia e a resistência do cacaueiro a insetos-praga. Com o objetivo de avaliar as alterações fisiológicas, a incidência e o nível de dano provocado por insetospraga após aplicação de silicato de potássio em genótipos de cacau, foi conduzido em campo, um experimento no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 com 4 repetições, sendo 3 genótipos de cacau (TSH 1188, CCN 51 e Catongo) e 3 doses de silicato de potássio (0; 3 e 6 mL L-1). Avaliou-se o crescimento, a cinética da emissão da fluorescência da clorofila, o teor de Si, o índice de clorofila, além da incidência e nível de dano provocado por insetospraga. A aplicação de silicato de potássio na dose 6 mL L-1 reduziu a maioria das variáveis de crescimento. O TSH 1188 foi o único genótipo que apresentou incremento no índice de clorofila e no desempenho das variáveis de fluorescência com a aplicação de 3 mL L-1. A aplicação de silicato de potássio não influenciou o teor foliar de Si nos genótipos estudados, mas reduziu a incidência e o nível de dano provocado por insetos-praga.

There are few studies of the effect of silicon on the physiology and resistance to insect pests in cocoa. With aim to evaluate the physiological changes, the incidence and level of damage caused by insect pests after application of potassium silicate in cacao genotypes was conducted in the field, an experiment in randomized blocks in factorial scheme 3 x 3 with four replications, with three genotypes of cocoa (TSH 1188, CCN 51 and Catongo) and three doses of potassium silicate (0, 3 and 6 mL L-1). We evaluated the growth kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence emission, the Si content, chlorophyll content, and the incidence and level of damage by insect pests. The application of potassium silicate at a dose 6 mL L-1 reduced the majority of growth variables. The TSH 1188 was the only genotype that showed increase in chlorophyll content and in performance of variable fluorescence with the application of 3 mL L-1. The application of potassium silicate did not influence the content of Si in leaf genotypes, but reduced the incidence and level of damage by insect pests.

Análise comparativa de métodos de determinação de área foliar em genótipos de cacau / Comparative analysis of methods of determining leaf area in cocoa genotypes

O conhecimento da área foliar é uma ferramenta importante na análise do crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal. Desse modo, objetivou-se comparar os métodos, integrador de área foliar, software DDA, software ImageJ e de medição das dimensões foliares, visando definir o fator de correção mais adequado para estimar a área foliar de genótipos cacau. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental Filogônio Peixoto no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em arranjo fatorial 4 x 8, sendo 4 métodos de avaliação de área foliar e oito genótipos de cacau (Variedade Comum; TSH 1188; Catongo; CCN 51; ICS 1; ESFIP 02; SJ 02 e PH 16). Os resultados foram submetidos a análises de variância e correlação e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey 5%. Não houve diferença entre os métodos de determinação de área foliar, sendo constatada correlação positiva entre os métodos DDA, ImageJ e Dimensões foliares com o método do integrador de área foliar (padrão), com valores dos coeficientes de correlação (r) superiores a 0,98. Os genótipos TSH 1188, Catongo e CCN 51 apresentaram maior área foliar média. Os métodos testados mostraram-se viáveis para estimar área foliar do cacaueiro com precisão, contudo, foram encontrados três grupos de fatores de correção, sendo K = 0,682 para os genótipos SJ 02 e Variedade Comum, K = 0,670 para os genótipos CCN 51, Catongo, TSH 1188 e ICS 01 e K = 0, 655 para os genótipos ESFIP 02 e PH 16.

The knowledge of the leaf area is an important tool in the analysis of plant growth and development. Thus, the objective was to compare the methods, integrating leaf area, software DDA, software ImageJ and measurement of leaf dimensions, aiming to define the most appropriate correction factor to estimate the leaf area of cacao genotypes. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station Filogônio Peixoto in a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial arrangement of 4 x 8, being 4 assessment methods of leaf area and eight cacao genotypes (Common Variety; TSH 1188; Catongo; CCN 51; ICS 1; ESFIP 02; SJ 02 e PH 16). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and correlation and means were compared by Tukey test 5%. There was no difference between the methods of determining leaf area, being found positive correlation between the methods DDA, ImageJ and leaf dimensions with the integrative method of leaf area (default), with values of correlation coefficients (r) greater than 0,98. The genotypes TSH 1188, Catongo and CCN 51 have higher average leaf area. The methods tested were shown to be viable to estimate leaf area of cacao accurately, however, we found three groups of correction factors, being K = 0,682 for genotypes SJ 02 and Common Variety, K = 0,670 for genotypes CCN 51, Catongo, TSH 1188 and ICS 01 and K = 0, 655 for genotypes ESFIP 02 and PH 16.

Linfoma primario del apéndice cecal con presentación clínica de apendicitis aguda / Primary lymphoma of the appendix presenting as acute appendicitis

Los linfomas primarios de apéndice son neoplasias malignas poco frecuentes que, cuando aparecen, pueden presentarse como un cuadro de apendicitis aguda. El estudio histopatológico y de inmunohistoquímica es obligatorio para realizar el diagnóstico, y es necesario descartar su origen en otro sitio del cuerpo. Informamos el caso de un linfoma no Hodgkin primario de apéndice, con sus hallazgos clínicos, histopatológicos y de inmunohistoquímica, en una mujer de 36 años(AU)

Primary lymphomas of the appendix are rare malignancies that may present as acute appendicitis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry are indispensable in order to exclude an origin elsewhere. We describe the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of a case of primary appendix lymphoma in a 36 year old female(AU)

Conocimientos en nutrición, sobrepeso u obesidad en mujeres de estratos socioeconómicos bajos de la Ciudad de México

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la asociación entre los conocimientos sobre nutrición con el sobrepeso u obesidad en mujeres responsables del hogar, de familias de estratos socioeconómicos bajos de la Ciudad de México, provenientes de la Encuesta Urbana de Alimentación y Nutrición en la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México 2002 (ENURBAL 2002), con un diseño estratificado, polietápico y por conglomerados. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística ordinal para evaluar la asociación entre obesidad y sobrepeso u obesidad con conocimientos sobre nutrición y otras variables sociodemográficas y dietéticas. Los factores asociados para sobrepeso u obesidad fueron el tener conocimientos correctos sobre nutrición (OR=2,00; IC95%=1,13- 3,54) o regulares (OR=1,54; IC95%=1,03-2,30); ser mayor de 30 años de edad (OR=3,00; IC95%=1,94-4,64); ser analfabeta o tener primaria incompleta (OR=2,00; IC95%=1,14- 3,51), así como pertenecer al nivel socioeconómico medio bajo (OR=2,04; IC95%=1,33-3,15) y el consumo alto de grasas (OR=1,65; IC95%=1,07-2,55). Para obesidad fueron ser mayor de 30 años de edad (OR=2,42; IC95%=1,48-3,94) y el consumo alto de grasas (OR=1,67; IC95%=1,05-2,66). Se concluye que los resultados ayudan a identificar factores asociados con sobrepeso u obesidad en mujeres de estratos socioeconómicos bajos, en específico con conocimientos sobre nutrición. Se pone de manifiesto la importancia de considerar los conocimientos que tiene la población, para plantear estrategias de intervención en el control y en la prevención del sobrepeso y de la obesidad.

The objective of this study was to identify the association between knowledge about nutrition with the presence of obesity or overweight in women with low income in Mexico City. Data was obtained with the Urban Food and Nutrition Survey 2002 in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (ENURBAL 2002), a stratified multistage and clustered design survey. An ordinal logistic regression model was used in order to estimate the probability to present obesity and overweight or obesity, in relation to nutritional knowledge, age, education, employment, socioeconomic status, and total fat consumption. The variables that were related to overweight or obesity: correct or regular nutrition knowledge (OR=2,00; CI95%=1,13-3,54) and (OR=1,54; CI95%= 1,03-2,30), respectively; age 30 years (OR=3,00; CI95%= 1,94-4,64), , belonging to a medium - low socioeconomic status (OR=2,04; CI95%=1,33-3,15), and high fat consumption (OR=1,65; CI95%=1,07-2,55). For obesity was age 30 years (OR=2,42; IC95%=1,48-3,94) and high fat consumption (OR=1,67; IC95%=1,05-2,66). Our results helped to identify associated factors in women with obesity and overweight from low income households, mainly those concerning with nutrition knowledge. This emphasizes the importance of improving knowledge about nutrition, in planning the strategy for interventions aimed to prevent overweight and obesity.

[Nutritional knowledge and its association with overweight and obesity in Mexican women with low socioeconomic level]. / Conocimientos en nutrición, sobrepeso u obesidad en mujeres de estratos socioeconómicos bajos de la Ciudad de México.

The objective of this study was to identify the association between knowledge about nutrition with the presence of obesity or overweight in women with low income in Mexico City. Data was obtained with the Urban Food and Nutrition Survey 2002 in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (ENURBAL 2002), a stratified multistage and clustered design survey. An ordinal logistic regression model was used in order to estimate the probability to present obesity and overweight or obesity, in relation to nutritional knowledge, age, education, employment, socioeconomic status, and total fat consumption. The variables that were related to overweight or obesity: correct or regular nutrition knowledge (OR = 2,00; CI95% = 1,13-3,54) and (OR = 1,54; CI 95%= 1,03-2,30), respectively; age 30 years (OR = 3,00; CI 95% = 1,94-4,64), belonging to a medium- low socioeconomic status (OR = 2,04; CI 95% = 1,33-3,15), and high fat consumption (OR = 1,65; CI 95% = 1,07-2,55). For obesity was age 30 years (OR = 2,42; IC 95% = 1,48-3,94) and high fat consumption (OR = 1,67; IC 95% = 1,05-2,66). Our results helped to identify associated factors in women with obesity and overweight from low income households, mainly those concerning with nutrition knowledge. This emphasizes the importance of improving knowledge about nutrition, in planning the strategy for interventions aimed to prevent overweight and obesity.

Cacao yield in different planting densities

The effect of six planting densities on cacao yield of a commercial hybrid mixture as well as the interaction of planting densities with the years were investigated. Crop data collected over a 14-year period (1977-1990) showed that it was possible to optimise the regional cacao yields by implementing high planting densities (2500 and 1736 trees ha-1). This was however only true for the first half of the crop period. In the second half, low planting density (1059 trees ha-1) attained the best yields. This change in the ranking of planting densities over the years confirmed the presence of density-year interaction. Alternatives to achieve high productivity in high planting density systems were presented and discussed.

O efeito de seis densidades de plantio sobre a produção de um híbrido comercial de cacau, bem como a interação das densidades com os anos, foi investigado. Dados coletados do cultivo por 14 anos (1977-1990) mostraram que é possível otimizar a produção de cacau da região implementando uma alta densidade populacional (2500 e 1736 plantas ha-1). Todavia, isto se verificou apenas para a primeira metade do período de cultivo. Na segunda metade, a baixa densidade (1059 plantas ha-1) foi superior em produção. Esta mudança na densidade com o passar dos anos foi confirmada pela presença da interação densidades por anos. Alternativas para alcançar elevadas produtividades nos sistemas com altas densidades foram apresentadas e discutidas.

Ablación endometrial una revisión de la literatura / Endometrial ablation: a review

En las últimas dos décadas se han registrado nuevas tendencias diagnósticas y terapeúticas en Medicina, acopladas a un vertiginoso desarrollo tecnológico. El último sentido de estas modalidades, es ofrecer a los pacientes iguales ó mejores resultados que abordajes tradicionales, pero con menor tiempo de recuperación. Al respecto, en el cuidado de la mujer, la histerectomía, independientemente del abordaje -abdominal, vaginal, laparoscópica o asistida- es la cirugía mayor, que se practica más frecuentemente, en casi cualquier servicio de Ginecología. Esta operación, a pesar de su probada eficacia, de sus nuevas y espectaculares modalidades quirúrgicas, es un método -dependiendo de muchas variables- con un costo económico considerable, alta morbilidad con baja mortalidad y una tardada inserción laboral. El procedimiento "quitar el útero" -independientemente de su justificación-, observa un impacto directo sobre la sensación de integridad física de muchas mujeres. Con respecto a histerectomía se ha publicado que 40-75 por ciento de las indicaciones se debe a una variedad de alteraciones menores, lo que conduce a sangrados uterinos anormales, no controlados por la administración de medicamentos externos. Es por ello, que desde hace 50 años, se ha tratado de destruir el endometrio como un método alternativo para controlar a este grupo de pacientes. Posterior a fracasos iniciales, hoy en día, la Ablación Endometrial, ha ganado muchos adeptos a nivel mundial. Justificado por estas controversiales corrientes actuales y dada la escasa experiencia con este sistema en Latinoamerica, se decidio realizar una revisión de la literatura de esta nueva propuesta.