RESUMO
The applicability of the indexes substances chromic oxide and chromogens to measure the fecal excretion, was studied in mares, 1/2 blood Breton breed and 1/2 Thoroughbreed. The animals were maintained in individuals boxes where received ration containing 0,136% of chromic oxide and 69,8 units of chromogens per gram of dry matter. The faeces were quantitatively collected in 12 hours intervals daily in order to obtain representative samples for 2Jf hours and 8 total days periods. The conventional, chromic oxide and chromogens methods showed, between breeds, statistically significant differences. The chromic oxide method differed significantly in relation to the total collection, while the estimated excretion through chromogen showed the best results when compared with the conventional method.
Estudou-se, em equinos meio sangue Bretão (lote I) e meio sangue Inglês (lote II), a aplicabilidade dos indicadores oxido crômico e cromogêneos na avaliação da matéria seca fecal eliminada. Os animais estabulados receberam ração contendo 0,136% de óxido crômico e 69,8 unidades de cromogêneos por grama de matéria seca. As excreções, recolhidas quantitativamente em períodos de 12 horas, compuseram amostras representativas de períodos de 2), horas e do total de 8 dias. Os três métodos convencional, oxido crômico e cromogêneos, mostraram diferenças, de significado estatístico, entre lotes. O método do oxido crômico diferiu, significantemente (P 0,05), do convencional, enquanto a avaliação procedida por meio dos cromogêneos vegetais, mostrou resultados concordantes em relação a obtida pelo método convencional.
RESUMO
The applicability of the indexes substances chromic oxide and chromogens to measure the fecal excretion, was studied in mares, 1/2 blood Breton breed and 1/2 Thoroughbreed. The animals were maintained in individuals boxes where received ration containing 0,136% of chromic oxide and 69,8 units of chromogens per gram of dry matter. The faeces were quantitatively collected in 12 hours intervals daily in order to obtain representative samples for 2Jf hours and 8 total days periods. The conventional, chromic oxide and chromogens methods showed, between breeds, statistically significant differences. The chromic oxide method differed significantly in relation to the total collection, while the estimated excretion through chromogen showed the best results when compared with the conventional method.
Estudou-se, em equinos meio sangue Bretão (lote I) e meio sangue Inglês (lote II), a aplicabilidade dos indicadores oxido crômico e cromogêneos na avaliação da matéria seca fecal eliminada. Os animais estabulados receberam ração contendo 0,136% de óxido crômico e 69,8 unidades de cromogêneos por grama de matéria seca. As excreções, recolhidas quantitativamente em períodos de 12 horas, compuseram amostras representativas de períodos de 2), horas e do total de 8 dias. Os três métodos convencional, oxido crômico e cromogêneos, mostraram diferenças, de significado estatístico, entre lotes. O método do oxido crômico diferiu, significantemente (P 0,05), do convencional, enquanto a avaliação procedida por meio dos cromogêneos vegetais, mostrou resultados concordantes em relação a obtida pelo método convencional.
RESUMO
The applicability of chromogens method for the determination of apparent digestibility of dry matter, was studied in mares 1/2 Breton blood breed and 1/2 Throughbreed. The animals were maintained in individual boxes where received the ration twice a day. All of the feed offered and any refused was weighed and recorded. Fecal collection was extended over an eight-days period after a preliminary periodo of ten-days. In order to compose representative samples for a 24 hours period, the faeces were collected with 12 hours interval and total fecal collection. There were no significant differences P 0.05 between conventional and chromogens methods only for the eight days collection. However, the 1/2 Breton blood breed presented higher digestion coefficients than the ones found for the Throughbreed.
Estudou-se a aplicabilidade do método dos cromogêneos vegetais para a determinação do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente, em equinos de meio sangue Bretão postier e meio sangue Inglês de corridas. Os animais foram alimentados com uma única ração e mantidos em baias individuais. As fezes colhidas diretamente do solo compuseram amostras representativas de períodos de 24 horas e do total excretado em 8 dias. As leituras de luz transmitida pelos extratos acetônicos de ração e fezes foram realizadas em 412nm. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade obtidos pelo método dos cromogêneos não diferiram dos auferidos pelo método convencioral, enquanto foi evidenciada capacidade digestiva, sensivelmente, mais acentuada do lote I meio sangue Bretão Postier em relação ao meio sangue Inglês (lote II). Os resultados referentes às amostras representativas do total de 8 dias foram comparáveis aos obtidos pelo método convencional enquanto o mesmo confronto mostrou que as colheitas de 24 horas exibiram valores mais baixos para os dois lotes.
RESUMO
Were randomly selected, 809 chickens for meat production in order to compose two groups named here A and B strains. After fastening for 14 hours, the birds were slaughtered in industrial condition. Then, 111 males and 111 females were selected at random from each strain and their live weight, eviscerated carcass weight and yield of this late were recorded. Based on live weight, the strain B yielded higher percentage of eviscerated carcass than strain A, although the heaviest carcass weights were obtained in strain A. Although heavier carcass weights were found in males, there no significant differences between sexes in relation to the carcass yield. Regression equations and coefficients of determination for the interrelation of live weight and carcass weight, were determined in relation to both sexes and strains. Data from giblets gizzard, heart and liver and legs, heads and necks were also studied and discussed.
Com a finalidade de se estimar o peso e o rendimento da carcaça, de uma população de 809 aves abatidas, especializadas para produção de carne, foram sorteados 111 machos e 111 fêmeas da linhagem denominada A e igual número de exemplares da linhagem B, perfazendo um total de 444 aves. A matança foi realizada em moldes industriais com jejum prévio de 14 horas. Os níveis percentuais de rendimento da carcaça foram significantemente mais elevados na linhagem B, embora carcaças mais pesadas tenham sido obtidas na linhagem A. Apesar dos machos terem proporcionado carcaças mais pesadas, não foram consignadas, entre sexos, diferenças significantes no que tange aorendimento.Por outro lado, o peso vivo mostrou-se estreitamente relacionado como peso da carcaça, sendo os valores de r todos superiores a 0,900. Os coeficientes de determinação e equações de regressão foram também determinados. Dados relativos ao peso do coração, fígado, moela, cabeça e pescoço e pés foram obtidos e relacionados ao peso vivo médio das aves.
RESUMO
Were randomly selected, 809 chickens for meat production in order to compose two groups named here A and B strains. After fastening for 14 hours, the birds were slaughtered in industrial condition. Then, 111 males and 111 females were selected at random from each strain and their live weight, eviscerated carcass weight and yield of this late were recorded. Based on live weight, the strain B yielded higher percentage of eviscerated carcass than strain A, although the heaviest carcass weights were obtained in strain A. Although heavier carcass weights were found in males, there no significant differences between sexes in relation to the carcass yield. Regression equations and coefficients of determination for the interrelation of live weight and carcass weight, were determined in relation to both sexes and strains. Data from giblets gizzard, heart and liver and legs, heads and necks were also studied and discussed.
Com a finalidade de se estimar o peso e o rendimento da carcaça, de uma população de 809 aves abatidas, especializadas para produção de carne, foram sorteados 111 machos e 111 fêmeas da linhagem denominada A e igual número de exemplares da linhagem B, perfazendo um total de 444 aves. A matança foi realizada em moldes industriais com jejum prévio de 14 horas. Os níveis percentuais de rendimento da carcaça foram significantemente mais elevados na linhagem B, embora carcaças mais pesadas tenham sido obtidas na linhagem A. Apesar dos machos terem proporcionado carcaças mais pesadas, não foram consignadas, entre sexos, diferenças significantes no que tange aorendimento.Por outro lado, o peso vivo mostrou-se estreitamente relacionado como peso da carcaça, sendo os valores de r todos superiores a 0,900. Os coeficientes de determinação e equações de regressão foram também determinados. Dados relativos ao peso do coração, fígado, moela, cabeça e pescoço e pés foram obtidos e relacionados ao peso vivo médio das aves.
RESUMO
The applicability of chromogens method for the determination of apparent digestibility of dry matter, was studied in mares 1/2 Breton blood breed and 1/2 Throughbreed. The animals were maintained in individual boxes where received the ration twice a day. All of the feed offered and any refused was weighed and recorded. Fecal collection was extended over an eight-days period after a preliminary periodo of ten-days. In order to compose representative samples for a 24 hours period, the faeces were collected with 12 hours interval and total fecal collection. There were no significant differences P 0.05 between conventional and chromogens methods only for the eight days collection. However, the 1/2 Breton blood breed presented higher digestion coefficients than the ones found for the Throughbreed.
Estudou-se a aplicabilidade do método dos cromogêneos vegetais para a determinação do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente, em equinos de meio sangue Bretão postier e meio sangue Inglês de corridas. Os animais foram alimentados com uma única ração e mantidos em baias individuais. As fezes colhidas diretamente do solo compuseram amostras representativas de períodos de 24 horas e do total excretado em 8 dias. As leituras de luz transmitida pelos extratos acetônicos de ração e fezes foram realizadas em 412nm. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade obtidos pelo método dos cromogêneos não diferiram dos auferidos pelo método convencioral, enquanto foi evidenciada capacidade digestiva, sensivelmente, mais acentuada do lote I meio sangue Bretão Postier em relação ao meio sangue Inglês (lote II). Os resultados referentes às amostras representativas do total de 8 dias foram comparáveis aos obtidos pelo método convencional enquanto o mesmo confronto mostrou que as colheitas de 24 horas exibiram valores mais baixos para os dois lotes.
RESUMO
It was studied the digestion capacity of 1/2 Breton and thoroughbred horses. They employed the total collection and chromic oxide methods. Different digestibility coefficients of dry matter were pointed out, according to breed. The 1/2 Breton lot showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients than the thoroughbred one. The total collection method values were significantly higher than those obtained by chromic oxide method (P 0,05) for both lots.
Medindo a capacidade de digestão apresentada por animais de meio sangue Bretão e de meio sangue Inglês, através do emprego dos métodos clássico convencional e do óxido crômico, foram surpreendidos diferentes coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, entre raças. O lote formado por animais de meio sangue Bretão revelou maior aproveitamento da ração que o composto por animais de meio sangue Inglês. Os valores obtidos pelo método convencional foram mais elevados que os conseguidos pelo método do óxido crômico (P 0,05).
RESUMO
The pattern of chromium oxide (Cr 203) excretion was studied in ten Corriedale wethers maintaining one lot in climatic chamber at constant air temperature 80,6F (27C) and other lot maintained outside as control. In the Experiment I, the sheep were dosed twice daily with chromium oxide in gelatine capsules form at fixed times and, in the Experiment II, the animals consumed the marker mixed in the ration. The fluctuations in chromium oxide excretion, expressed in per cent, obtained in the two Experiments and in both environments, showed differences no significant, statistically. It was concluded that the constant air temperature of 80,6"F (27C) and relative humidity mean of 72 per cent held at the climatic chamber did not exert any influence on the concentrations of the chromium oxide in the faeces. In all cases, individuals large differences were observed in the diurnal pattern of chromium oxide excretion in the faeces.
Utilizando-se 10 carneiros castrados da raça Corriedale, mantidos em câmara climática e em meio ambiente, estudaram-se os efeitos da administração do óxido crômico sob forma de cápsulas de gelatina e misturado à ração, sobre o ritmo de excreção e de recuperação da substância índice. Verificou-se que a duração do período preliminar foi de 9 dias ao se administrar o indicador em cápsulas de gelatina. As recuperações referentes aos animais que receberam o indicador em cápsula de gelatina e confrontadas com as auferidas adicionando o óxido crômico à ração, não diferiram estatisticamente. Concluiu-se ainda que a temperatura do ar e umidade relativa não produziram qualquer efeito mensurável sobre os níveis de recuperação.
RESUMO
The pattern of chromium oxide (Cr 203) excretion was studied in ten Corriedale wethers maintaining one lot in climatic chamber at constant air temperature 80,6F (27C) and other lot maintained outside as control. In the Experiment I, the sheep were dosed twice daily with chromium oxide in gelatine capsules form at fixed times and, in the Experiment II, the animals consumed the marker mixed in the ration. The fluctuations in chromium oxide excretion, expressed in per cent, obtained in the two Experiments and in both environments, showed differences no significant, statistically. It was concluded that the constant air temperature of 80,6"F (27C) and relative humidity mean of 72 per cent held at the climatic chamber did not exert any influence on the concentrations of the chromium oxide in the faeces. In all cases, individuals large differences were observed in the diurnal pattern of chromium oxide excretion in the faeces.
Utilizando-se 10 carneiros castrados da raça Corriedale, mantidos em câmara climática e em meio ambiente, estudaram-se os efeitos da administração do óxido crômico sob forma de cápsulas de gelatina e misturado à ração, sobre o ritmo de excreção e de recuperação da substância índice. Verificou-se que a duração do período preliminar foi de 9 dias ao se administrar o indicador em cápsulas de gelatina. As recuperações referentes aos animais que receberam o indicador em cápsula de gelatina e confrontadas com as auferidas adicionando o óxido crômico à ração, não diferiram estatisticamente. Concluiu-se ainda que a temperatura do ar e umidade relativa não produziram qualquer efeito mensurável sobre os níveis de recuperação.
RESUMO
It was studied the digestion capacity of 1/2 Breton and thoroughbred horses. They employed the total collection and chromic oxide methods. Different digestibility coefficients of dry matter were pointed out, according to breed. The 1/2 Breton lot showed higher apparent digestibility coefficients than the thoroughbred one. The total collection method values were significantly higher than those obtained by chromic oxide method (P 0,05) for both lots.
Medindo a capacidade de digestão apresentada por animais de meio sangue Bretão e de meio sangue Inglês, através do emprego dos métodos clássico convencional e do óxido crômico, foram surpreendidos diferentes coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, entre raças. O lote formado por animais de meio sangue Bretão revelou maior aproveitamento da ração que o composto por animais de meio sangue Inglês. Os valores obtidos pelo método convencional foram mais elevados que os conseguidos pelo método do óxido crômico (P 0,05).
RESUMO
In order to estimate the possible influence of the classes of eggs upon the hatching chick weight, 11,56 eggs, obtained from two broiler strains, here named A and B, were classified in three egg weight classes class I (51-55 g), II (56-60 g) and class III (61-65 g).Difference between strains was found to be significant for chick weight. However this fact could be explained due to the significant differences secured in egg weight between these two strains. The coefficients of utilization obtained for both strains were very similar: 68.02% for strain A and 67.70% for strain "B. The egg weight groups showed a linear and significant effect on chick weight emphasizing that chick weight increases in the same proportion us the egg weight class increases in weight. On the other hand, chicks obtained from each egg weight class showed significant differences in all comparison carried out among others classes. Male chicks were significantly heavier than female chicks.
Visando estudar uma eventual relação entre peso do ôvo e peso do pinto ao nascer, foram utilizados 1456 ovos pertencentes a 2 linhagens de aves destinadas à produção de pintos para corte. Foram ainda constituídas 3 classes de ovos de acordo com o peso classe I (51 a 55 g), II (56 a 60 g ) e classe III (61 a 65 g ) e, em seguida, incubados. Diferença significativa no peso dos ovos entre linhagens foi assinalada, resultando como decorrência, discrepância também significativa tio peso dos pintos ao nascer. Os índices de utilização obtidos para ambas as linhagens estudadas, foram muito próximos: 68,02% para a linhagem A e 67,70% para a B. A classe de ovos mostrou efeito linear significante revelando que o peso do pinto ao nascer se elevou na mesma proporção do aumento do peso da classe de ovos da qual se originou. Por sua vez, os pesos das aves obtidas das diferentes classes de ovos, evidenciaram diferenças significantes em todos os contrastes efetuados. Os machos foram significantemente mais pesados que as fêmeas.
RESUMO
In the present investigation the influence of egg weight on hatching chick weight in two commercial broiler strain, wax studied. The hatching eggs coming from two different strains Arbor Acres and Parks- GB, here named A and B " respectively were incubated during 21 days and 3 hours. No significant difference in chick weight was found between strains, although the Arbor Acres showed a slight tendency to be heavier than Parks-GB. A consistently and significantly positive linear relationship was found between hatching body weight and egg weight with r values of 0.791 and 0.786 for Arbor Acres and Parks-GB. Respectively. However, coefficient of determination (squaring of correlation coefficients) revealed that about 62.57% and 61.78% of the variation in chick weight could be accounted for- to the egg weight for Arbor Acres and Parks-GB strains, respectively. The regression equations obtained were as follows: Yi = 2,32 + 0,630 xi (Arbor Acres) e Yi = 0,1 + 0,661 xi (Parks-GB). According to these regressions, the increase of the chick weight averaged 0.630 g and 0.661 g fo r Arbor Acres and Parks-GB. respectively, when the egg weight was increased 1 gram.
Estudo da influência do peso do ovo sobre o peso ao nascer foi realizado em duas linhagens Arbor Acres e Parks, GB de aves Gallus gallus ( Linnueus, 1758) especializadas para corte. Foram utilizados 93 ovos oriundos da linhagem A (Arbor Acres) e 98 da linhagem B (Parks-GB) os pesos dos quais situaram-se entre 57 e 65 g. Após decorridos 21 dias e 8 h. de incubação, as aves foram pesadas, não se registrando diferenças significativas no peso ao nascer, entre linhagens. Por sua vez, em ambas as linhagens o peso ao nascer mostrou-se linearmente relacionado com o peso do ovo que lhe deu origem, com valores de r significativos de 0,791 pura a linhagem Arbor Acres e 0,786 para a Parks-GB. Por outro lado, louvados nos coeficientes de determinação, o peso do ovo mostrou-se responsável por 62,57% da variação do peso ao nascer para a linhagem Arbor Acres e 61,78% para a linhagem Parks-GB. As equações de regressão encontradas foram deYi = 2,32 + 0,630 xi (Arbor Acres) e Yi = 0,1 + 0,661 xi (Parks-GB) , revelando que para um aumento de 1 g no peso dos ovos, corresponde um acréscimo de 0,630 g e 0,661 g no peso das aves ao nascer, respectivamente, para as linhagens Arbor Acres e Parks-GB.
RESUMO
The present paper had the purpose of to study possible influence of the air temperature and relative humidity upon apparent digestibility of dry matter in Corriedale sheeps using the chromic oxide method. The authors concluded that the air constant temperature of 27"C did not change the digestibility level of dry matter and the behaviour of the conventional and chromic oxide methods showed to be not different.
Estudou-se a influência da temperatura do ar e umidade relativa vigentes em câmara climática, sobre a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, usando ovinos Corriedale bem como a aplicabilidade do método do óxido crômico adicionado à ração. Concluiu-se que a temperatura constante não influenciou a digestibilidade da matéria seca e que o cotejo entre o método convencional e o do óxido crômico não apresentou diferenças consideradas significantes.
RESUMO
The present paper had the purpose of to study possible influence of the air temperature and relative humidity upon apparent digestibility of dry matter in Corriedale sheeps using the chromic oxide method. The authors concluded that the air constant temperature of 27"C did not change the digestibility level of dry matter and the behaviour of the conventional and chromic oxide methods showed to be not different.
Estudou-se a influência da temperatura do ar e umidade relativa vigentes em câmara climática, sobre a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, usando ovinos Corriedale bem como a aplicabilidade do método do óxido crômico adicionado à ração. Concluiu-se que a temperatura constante não influenciou a digestibilidade da matéria seca e que o cotejo entre o método convencional e o do óxido crômico não apresentou diferenças consideradas significantes.
RESUMO
In the present investigation the influence of egg weight on hatching chick weight in two commercial broiler strain, wax studied. The hatching eggs coming from two different strains Arbor Acres and Parks- GB, here named A and B " respectively were incubated during 21 days and 3 hours. No significant difference in chick weight was found between strains, although the Arbor Acres showed a slight tendency to be heavier than Parks-GB. A consistently and significantly positive linear relationship was found between hatching body weight and egg weight with r values of 0.791 and 0.786 for Arbor Acres and Parks-GB. Respectively. However, coefficient of determination (squaring of correlation coefficients) revealed that about 62.57% and 61.78% of the variation in chick weight could be accounted for- to the egg weight for Arbor Acres and Parks-GB strains, respectively. The regression equations obtained were as follows: Yi = 2,32 + 0,630 xi (Arbor Acres) e Yi = 0,1 + 0,661 xi (Parks-GB). According to these regressions, the increase of the chick weight averaged 0.630 g and 0.661 g fo r Arbor Acres and Parks-GB. respectively, when the egg weight was increased 1 gram.
Estudo da influência do peso do ovo sobre o peso ao nascer foi realizado em duas linhagens Arbor Acres e Parks, GB de aves Gallus gallus ( Linnueus, 1758) especializadas para corte. Foram utilizados 93 ovos oriundos da linhagem A (Arbor Acres) e 98 da linhagem B (Parks-GB) os pesos dos quais situaram-se entre 57 e 65 g. Após decorridos 21 dias e 8 h. de incubação, as aves foram pesadas, não se registrando diferenças significativas no peso ao nascer, entre linhagens. Por sua vez, em ambas as linhagens o peso ao nascer mostrou-se linearmente relacionado com o peso do ovo que lhe deu origem, com valores de r significativos de 0,791 pura a linhagem Arbor Acres e 0,786 para a Parks-GB. Por outro lado, louvados nos coeficientes de determinação, o peso do ovo mostrou-se responsável por 62,57% da variação do peso ao nascer para a linhagem Arbor Acres e 61,78% para a linhagem Parks-GB. As equações de regressão encontradas foram deYi = 2,32 + 0,630 xi (Arbor Acres) e Yi = 0,1 + 0,661 xi (Parks-GB) , revelando que para um aumento de 1 g no peso dos ovos, corresponde um acréscimo de 0,630 g e 0,661 g no peso das aves ao nascer, respectivamente, para as linhagens Arbor Acres e Parks-GB.
RESUMO
In order to estimate the possible influence of the classes of eggs upon the hatching chick weight, 11,56 eggs, obtained from two broiler strains, here named A and B, were classified in three egg weight classes class I (51-55 g), II (56-60 g) and class III (61-65 g).Difference between strains was found to be significant for chick weight. However this fact could be explained due to the significant differences secured in egg weight between these two strains. The coefficients of utilization obtained for both strains were very similar: 68.02% for strain A and 67.70% for strain "B. The egg weight groups showed a linear and significant effect on chick weight emphasizing that chick weight increases in the same proportion us the egg weight class increases in weight. On the other hand, chicks obtained from each egg weight class showed significant differences in all comparison carried out among others classes. Male chicks were significantly heavier than female chicks.
Visando estudar uma eventual relação entre peso do ôvo e peso do pinto ao nascer, foram utilizados 1456 ovos pertencentes a 2 linhagens de aves destinadas à produção de pintos para corte. Foram ainda constituídas 3 classes de ovos de acordo com o peso classe I (51 a 55 g), II (56 a 60 g ) e classe III (61 a 65 g ) e, em seguida, incubados. Diferença significativa no peso dos ovos entre linhagens foi assinalada, resultando como decorrência, discrepância também significativa tio peso dos pintos ao nascer. Os índices de utilização obtidos para ambas as linhagens estudadas, foram muito próximos: 68,02% para a linhagem A e 67,70% para a B. A classe de ovos mostrou efeito linear significante revelando que o peso do pinto ao nascer se elevou na mesma proporção do aumento do peso da classe de ovos da qual se originou. Por sua vez, os pesos das aves obtidas das diferentes classes de ovos, evidenciaram diferenças significantes em todos os contrastes efetuados. Os machos foram significantemente mais pesados que as fêmeas.
RESUMO
The performance in terms of rate of gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality measurements was studied in pigs held under the artificial conditions of a climatic chamber at constant air temperature 81,7F (27,6C). At weaning the male animals were paired for breed, weights and allocated to the two treatments and then were housed in individual yards. Feeding was carried out twice daily, in individual feeding crates and any feed refused was weighed and recorded. Water was constantly available and recorded as well. The live weight of the pigs was registered once a fortnight and the rations adjusted accordingly. The experimental period lasted 107 days. After reaching about 180 lb (82 kg) of body weight, the pigs were weighed and starved during 24 hours and slaughtered the next morning. After weighing the hot carcasses, they were cooled at 2C until next morning and then re-weighed and measured. The killing out percentages were calculated on the basis of live weight and the hot carcass weight. The results of the experiment are described separately according to: a) rate of gain, food and water intake and conversion efficiency; b) live weight and carcasses measurements related to the air temperature and relative humidity; c) effects of the air temperature and humidity on the body temperature, respiratory and pulse rates. Analysis of variance was carried out for live weight
O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.
RESUMO
The performance in terms of rate of gain, food conversion efficiency and carcass quality measurements was studied in pigs held under the artificial conditions of a climatic chamber at constant air temperature 81,7F (27,6C). At weaning the male animals were paired for breed, weights and allocated to the two treatments and then were housed in individual yards. Feeding was carried out twice daily, in individual feeding crates and any feed refused was weighed and recorded. Water was constantly available and recorded as well. The live weight of the pigs was registered once a fortnight and the rations adjusted accordingly. The experimental period lasted 107 days. After reaching about 180 lb (82 kg) of body weight, the pigs were weighed and starved during 24 hours and slaughtered the next morning. After weighing the hot carcasses, they were cooled at 2C until next morning and then re-weighed and measured. The killing out percentages were calculated on the basis of live weight and the hot carcass weight. The results of the experiment are described separately according to: a) rate of gain, food and water intake and conversion efficiency; b) live weight and carcasses measurements related to the air temperature and relative humidity; c) effects of the air temperature and humidity on the body temperature, respiratory and pulse rates. Analysis of variance was carried out for live weight
O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.
RESUMO
A study was conducted in order to determine the chemical composition of pasture plants Colonião (Panicum maximum), Jaraguá [Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf] and Gordura (Melinis minutiflora), largely spread in areas of São Paulo State, Brazil. The samples were collected in various counties, according with four types of soil, in dry (July) and wet (January) seasons. The results showed that the highest crude protein contents were obtained in Panicum maximum (Colonião) that differed, significantly in relation to Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf (Jaraguá) and Melinis minutiflora (Gordura or Molasses grass). However, the three grasses showed a higher increase of this component during damp season. In relation to the crude fiber, the forages Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf and Melinis minutiflora had lower amounts of it as compared to the Panicum maximum but, in dry season, the three pasture plants presented higher levels of this nutrient. On the other hand, the fat (ether extract) contents showed no differences between seasons, but the Molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) exhibited higher richness of it whose average differed, significantly in confront with the Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf and Panicum maximum. There was a decided difference in the amount of ash as the highest values were atributed to the Panicum maximum and Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf but the three pasture plants r
O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.
RESUMO
The present experiment was undertaken to compare zinc concentrations in the tops of the pasture plants Colonião (Panicum maximum), Jaraguá [Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapfj and Gordura (Melinis minutiflora) three of the main forage species grown on restrict areas at the hinterland of São Paulo State, Brazil. The samples were collected according with four types of soil, in dry and wet seasons in July and January, respectively, in order to find out the concentrations of this element. An analysis of the variance of zinc contents in the whole tops showed that the three grasses differed no significantly but there were significant differences between dry season (65 p.p.m.) and damp season (40 p.p.m.). As the seeds have a high amount of zinc, it seems that this fact has had the greatest influence in determining these wide differences between seasons, once the pasture plants presented different stages of development of their seeds at the harvest. The mean zinc concentrations in dry season 60 p.p.m. (Panicum maximum), 69 p.p.m. / Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf] and 66 p.p.m. (Melinis minutiflora) and in wet season 37 p.p.m. (Panicum maximum), 36 p.p.m. [Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf] and finally, 48 p.p.m. (Melinis minutiflora) emphasized the very low variation in zinc levels among grass species. The very important role of this element in forage pastures and its relationships w
O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.