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1.
Rev Neurol ; 66(S01): S77-S82, 2018 Mar 01.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29516457

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The 'More than Words' programme aims to enable parents to take advantage of day-to-day situations as communication learning settings, through the use of instruction in responsive-type interaction strategies. AIM: To describe the effects of this programme on the communication skills of a child with autism spectrum disorder and on the language the parents use to address him. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A three-phase design (pre-intervention, intervention and post-intervention) was employed, in which the responsive interactions of the parents and the child's communicative acts were measured. RESULTS: The intervention can modify the parents' communicative style, especially when the family receives guidance from a speech therapist. Nevertheless, the responsive nature of the parents' communication tends to diminish when the intervention finishes. Conversely, the child's communicative acts increase, with a medium-sized effect of the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The 'More than Words' programme can be a good starting point for parents to become familiar with strategies that foster communication with their children who have autism spectrum disorder.


TITLE: Intervencion en comunicacion en el trastorno del espectro autista mediante el programa 'More than Words'. Estudio de caso.Introduccion. El programa 'More than Words' pretende capacitar a los padres para aprovechar las situaciones cotidianas como entornos de aprendizaje de la comunicacion, a traves de la instruccion en estrategias de interaccion de tipo responsivo. Objetivo. Describir los efectos de este programa en las habilidades de comunicacion de un niño con trastorno del espectro autista y en el lenguaje que sus padres le dirigen. Pacientes y metodos. Se siguio un diseño de tres fases (preintervencion, intervencion y postintervencion), en el que se midieron las intervenciones responsivas de los padres y los actos comunicativos del niño. Resultados. La intervencion puede modificar el estilo comunicativo de los padres, particularmente cuando la familia recibe las orientaciones de la logopeda. Sin embargo, el caracter responsivo de la comunicacion de los padres tiende a disminuir cuando finaliza la intervencion. Por su parte, los actos comunicativos del niño se incrementan, con un tamaño medio del efecto del tratamiento. Conclusiones. El programa 'More than Words' puede ser un buen punto de partida para que los padres conozcan estrategias que promuevan la comunicacion con sus hijos con trastorno del espectro autista.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/terapia , Pais/educação , Software , Pré-Escolar , Barreiras de Comunicação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feedback Formativo , Humanos , Idioma , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/etiologia , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/terapia , Masculino , Comunicação não Verbal , Relações Pais-Filho , Poder Familiar , Pais/psicologia , Jogos e Brinquedos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Gravação em Vídeo
2.
Rev Neurol ; 64(s01): S39-S44, 2017 Feb 24.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28256685

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The difficulties encountered when it comes to social communication are one of the core disorders experienced by persons with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This problem leads to feelings of loneliness and social exclusion, which negatively affect the quality of life. AIMS: To review the characteristics of the main interventions in this field in high-functioning ASD. DEVELOPMENT: Strategies employed include social stories, comic-strip conversations or videomodelling, and interventions mediated by peers and multicomponent treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The design of the programmes used today has evolved towards more ecological approaches that take the family, teachers and companions into account in the treatment. The most recent literature reviews have found evidence of significant improvements following their implementation, which has been reflected in better social competence and lesser feelings of loneliness. The social communication intervention must combine individualised instruction with consideration of the child's environment and the motivation towards communicative interaction.


TITLE: Intervenciones para promover la comunicacion social en niños con trastornos del espectro autista.Introduccion. Las dificultades en la comunicacion social constituyen una de las alteraciones nucleares que experimentan las personas con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA). Esta problematica provoca sentimientos de soledad y exclusion social, que repercuten negativamente en la calidad de vida. Objetivo. Revisar las caracteristicas de las principales intervenciones en este ambito en el TEA de alto funcionamiento. Desarrollo. Se sintetizan estrategias como las historias sociales, comic-strip conversations o videomodelaje, e intervenciones mediadas por pares y tratamientos multicomponente. Conclusiones. El diseño de los actuales programas ha evolucionado hacia enfoques mas ecologicos, considerandose a la familia, a los profesores y a los compañeros en el tratamiento. Las ultimas sintesis de la bibliografia han evidenciado mejoras significativas tras su implementacion, lo que se ha manifestado en una mejor competencia social y un menor sentimiento de soledad. La intervencion en comunicacion social debe combinar la instruccion individualizada con la consideracion del entorno del niño y de la motivacion hacia la interaccion comunicativa.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/terapia , Relações Interpessoais , Criança , Comunicação , Humanos , Teoria da Mente
3.
Rev Neurol ; 64(s01): S111-S116, 2017 Feb 24.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28256697

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Executive functions and theory of mind (ToM) deficits are present in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Identifying the magnitude of the association between executive functions and ToM is important for understanding the disorder. AIMS: This study adopts a naturalistic evaluation approach to analyze the executive functions versus ToM ability to discriminate between children with ADHD and typically developing children and to identify the degree of association between deficits in the components of executive functions (behavioral regulation and metacognitive) and ToM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty-five children with ADHD and 37 typically developing children-7 to 11 years old, matched in age and intelligence quotient, participated in this study. Parents assessed ToM skills and teachers estimated the executive functions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of children with ADHD classified correctly was higher in the discriminant analysis where the executive functions components were introduced as an independent variable than in the discriminant analysis performed with the ToM. However, a high percentage of children with executive functions deficits had also problems in ToM. Interventions focused on the development of a broad range of executive processes are reviewed.


TITLE: Poder de discriminacion del funcionamiento ejecutivo y de la teoria de la mente en el trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad. Fundamentos para la intervencion.Introduccion. Los deficits en funcionamiento ejecutivo y en teoria de la mente (ToM) estan presentes en los niños con trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH). Identificar la magnitud de la asociacion entre funcionamiento ejecutivo y ToM resulta primordial para la comprension del trastorno. Objetivos. Adoptando un enfoque de evaluacion naturalista, se analiza la capacidad del funcionamiento ejecutivo frente a la ToM para discriminar entre niños con TDAH y con desarrollo tipico, y se identifica el grado de asociacion entre deficits en los componentes de funcionamiento ejecutivo (regulacion conductual y metacognitivos) y de la ToM. Sujetos y metodos. Participaron un grupo de 35 niños con TDAH y otro de 37 niños con desarrollo tipico entre 7 y 11 años, igualados en edad y capacidad intelectual. Los padres evaluaron las habilidades de ToM y los profesores estimaron las funciones ejecutivas. Resultados y conclusiones. El porcentaje de niños con TDAH clasificados correctamente fue superior en el analisis discriminante al introducir los componentes de funcionamiento ejecutivo como variable independiente, que en el analisis discriminante realizado con la ToM. No obstante, un elevado porcentaje de niños con deficits en funcionamiento ejecutivo tambien tenian problemas en ToM. Se revisan intervenciones enfocadas en el desarrollo de un rango amplio de procesos ejecutivos.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Função Executiva , Teoria da Mente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/terapia , Criança , Humanos , Testes Psicológicos
4.
Rev Neurol ; 62 Suppl 1: S85-91, 2016.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26922964

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) experience social difficulties affecting their personal and academic functioning. AIM: To review the research addressing the influence of cognitive/affective abilities involved in their social adaptation, from the perspective of an integrative model that includes executive functioning, theory of mind and pragmatic language. DEVELOPMENT: Research shows an association between executive functioning (working memory, inhibition, planning), pragmatic abilities, performance in theory of mind tasks, and the social problems experienced by individuals with ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: Although literature supports a relationship between these constructs, deficits observed in theory of mind tasks or language use, seem rather to reflect a procedural deficit than a conceptual impairment.


TITLE: Modelo integrador de la adaptacion social de niños con trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad.Introduccion. Los niños con trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad (TDAH) experimentan dificultades sociales que afectan a su funcionamiento personal y academico. Objetivo. Revisar los estudios que han abordado la influencia de las habilidades cognitivas y afectivas implicadas en su adaptacion social, desde la perspectiva de un modelo integrador que incluye el funcionamiento ejecutivo, las habilidades mentalistas y el lenguaje pragmatico. Desarrollo. Las investigaciones revisadas constatan una asociacion entre funcionamiento ejecutivo (memoria de trabajo, inhibicion, planificacion), habilidad pragmatica y rendimiento en tareas mentalistas, con la problematica social que experimentan las personas con TDAH. Conclusiones. Aunque la bibliografia respalda una relacion entre estos constructos, los deficits observados en la ejecucion de tareas de teoria de la mente o en el uso del lenguaje parecen responder mas bien a un deficit de caracter procedimental y no tanto a dificultades de indole conceptual.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Ajustamento Social , Criança , Emoções , Função Executiva , Humanos , Modelos Psicológicos , Transtornos do Comportamento Social
5.
Rev Neurol ; 38 Suppl 1: S69-79, 2004 Feb.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15011157

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Pragmatic skills are defined as the speaker's appropriate use of language to communicate in different contexts and with different interlocutors. Within the field of disorders affecting language and communication, research into this issue became particularly important when, in 1983, Rapin and Allen put forward the term semantic pragmatic disorder to describe the communicative behaviour of children who presented traits such as pathological talkativeness, deficient access to vocabulary and discourse comprehension, atypical choice of terms and inappropriate conversational skills. This pioneering proposal has led to a development from both a terminological perspective and as regards the entity itself and the differential validity of the disorder. DEVELOPMENT: In this work, our aim is to bring together the main procedures used to evaluate pragmatic skills in children; this will be illustrated with examples taken from our own clinical practice and experience involving children belonging to different clinical groups. These procedures include getting people who play significant roles in the child's life to answer scales and surveys, the use of standardised instruments and other tasks, and finally the qualitative analysis of their discourse and conversation.


Assuntos
Transtornos da Comunicação/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Linguagem/fisiopatologia , Criança , Humanos , Testes Neuropsicológicos
6.
Rev. neurol. (Ed. impr.) ; 38(supl.1): s69-s79, 24 feb., 2004. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-149124

RESUMO

Introducción. Las habilidades pragmáticas se definen como el uso apropiado que el hablante hace del lenguaje para comunicarse, en diferentes contextos y con distintos interlocutores. En el ámbito de las dificultades lingüísticas y de comunicación, la investigación sobre este tema cobró especial relevancia cuando en 1983, Rapin y Allen propusieron el término ‘trastorno semánticopragmático’ para describir la conducta comunicativa de niños que presentaban rasgos como verborrea, déficit en el acceso léxico y en la comprensión del discurso, elección atípica de términos y destrezas conversacionales inadecuadas. Desde esta propuesta pionera se ha producido una evolución tanto desde el punto de vista terminoló- gico como en lo relativo a la propia entidad y validez diferencial del trastorno. Desarrollo. En este trabajo, nos proponemos realizar una síntesis de los principales procedimientos de evaluación de las habilidades pragmáticas en el niño, ilustrada con ejemplos de nuestra experiencia y práctica clínica, que proceden de niños pertenecientes a distintos grupos clínicos. Estos procedimientos incluyen la cumplimentación de escalas y cuestionarios por personas significativas en la vida del niño, el uso de instrumentos estandarizados y otras tareas y, finalmente, el análisis cualitativo del discurso y la conversación (AU)


Pragmatic skills are defined as the speaker’s appropriate use of language to communicate in different contexts and with different interlocutors. Within the field of disorders affecting language and communication, research into this issue became particularly important when, in 1983, Rapin and Allen put forward the term semantic-pragmatic disorder to describe the communicative behaviour of children who presented traits such as pathological talkativeness, deficient access to vocabulary and discourse comprehension, atypical choice of terms and inappropriate conversational skills. This pioneering proposal has led to a development from both a terminological perspective and as regards the entity itself and the differential validity of the disorder. Development. In this work, our aim is to bring together the main procedures used to evaluate pragmatic skills in children; this will be illustrated with examples taken from our own clinical practice and experience involving children belonging to different clinical groups. These procedures include getting people who play significant roles in the child’s life to answer scales and surveys, the use of standardised instruments and other tasks, and finally the qualitative analysis of their discourse and conversation (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , Transtornos da Comunicação/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Linguagem/fisiopatologia , Testes Neuropsicológicos
7.
Rev Neurol ; 36 Suppl 1: S20-8, 2003 Feb.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12599099

RESUMO

Difficulties of lexical retrieval are a complex syndrome which is hard to delimit. The syndrome implies an unexpected failure in word identification, access to meaning, pronunciation and spelling. It affects individuals with normal intelligence and interferes significantly with academic achievement and with everyday tasks that involve the ability to read. It is estimated that 4% of school age children in the USA suffer from it, compared to 2% in Spain. The chronic nature of dyslexia and the social and emotional problems that it brings about are of considerable concern to education professionals. In this paper we attempt an exhaustive review of recent studies on this topic. We use this review as a basis to reflect on the repercussions of recent findings for the design of effective assessment tasks and intervention techniques.


Assuntos
Dislexia/fisiopatologia , Vocabulário , Criança , Dislexia/diagnóstico , Dislexia/terapia , Humanos
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