Connexin 43, Bcl-2, Bax, Ki67, and E-cadherin patterns in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with GJA1 rs12197797 C/G

Background: To our knowledge, there is no useful and accurate prognostic biomarker or biomarkers for patientswith oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a tumor with uncertain biological behavior, and unpredictable clinical progress. The purposes of this study were: a) to determine the expresión profile of Connexin 43, Bcl-2, Bax,E-cadherin, and Ki67 in patients with OSCC; b) identify the GJCA1 rs12197797 genotypic composition.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study using genomic DNA and biopsy samples extracted from the oralmucosa with/without OSCC, older than 18 years, both genders, attended at Facultad de Odontología, UniversidadNacional Córdoba. Immunostaining for Cx43, Bcl-2, Bax, E-cadherin, and Ki67 and genotyping GJA1 rs12197797by RFLP were performed. Odds Ratio (95% CI), Spearman Coefficient were estimated. Mann-Whitney test wasapplied to analyze immunostaining between controls/cases (p <0.05 was set for statistical significance).Results: GG (mutant) was the most frequent genotype in patients with OSCC diagnosis (53.2%) in relation toCC “healthy” genotype (p=0.00487; OR=7.33; CI95% [1.1-54.7]). And, the allele G (mutant) had a presence in75.5% of OSCC patients. However, no significant association was observed between alleles C/G and diagnosis(p=0.0565). The heterozygous genotype was the most frequent in the patients of both groups Cx43 and E-cadherinmarkers were lower in OSCCs in relation to controls. Ki67 and Bcl-2 immunolabeling were high on OSCC, andBax immunomarker was diminished in OSCC.Conclusions: We hypothesized that the oral epithelium losses Connexin 43 and E-cadherin in the membrane, whichmodifies cell differentiation. The Ki67 and Bcl2 overexpression would increase the cell density in the tissue, by promoting proliferation and decreasing apoptosis. And, this study shows evidence that patients who carry on allele G ofGJA1rs12197797 could be at risk of developing OSCC. (AU)

Enseñanza y aprendizaje de la Biología Celular en la educación superior en contexto de virtualidad en la pandemia de COVID-19 / Teaching and learning of Cell Biology in higher education in the context of virtuality in the COVID-19 pandemic

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar y comparar las estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje implementadas en la enseñanza de la Biología Celular en la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC)-Argentina y en la Universidad de Granada (UGR)-España, con el fin de realizar revisión y ajuste curricular de la oferta académica en la Facultad de Odontolgia UNC y comparar las condiciones académicas de alumnos, en los ciclos lectivos 2020 y 2021, en ambas universidades. Las estrategias que se implementaron para continuar con los estudios superiores, de modalidad virtual, no son suficientes para que los alumnos comprendan y aprendan destrezas, conceptos y actitudes requeridas para los estudios universitarios. Si bien la modalidad híbrida, es decir el dictado de los conceptos teóricos en modalidad virtual y las prácticas de modalidad presencial, permitiría acceso a los estudios superiores a alumnos que tienen condiciones económicas desfavorables

[Determination of some oxidative stress, functional and immunological markers in the saliva of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT).] / Determinación de algunos marcadores de estrés oxidativo, funcionales e inmunológicos en saliva de pacientes sometidos a trasplante de médula ósea (TMO).

OBJECTIVE: High doses of chemotherapy used prior to bone marrow transplantation (BMT) promote severe changes in the stomatognathic system. The objective of the present work consisted in evaluating some functional, immunological and oxidative stress markers in saliva of these patients. METHODS: A longitudinal observational study was carried out on 22 patients admitted to the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit of the Oncohematology Service of the Sanatorio Allende between March 2019 and February 2020. Basal saliva collection was carried out in the initial stage (I ) prior to isolation and middle stage (M) 14 days after conditioning therapy and transplantation. The concentration of uric acid (UA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), salivary alpha amylase, secretory immunoglobulin A (Ig As), lactoferrin, ceruloplasmin and urea were analyzed. RESULTS: In (M) the levels of SOD and MAD increased significantly compared to (I) (p <0.01). The concentration of salivary alpha amylase, Ig As, lactoferrin and uric acid was significantly lower in (M) compared to (I ) p <0.0001, p <0.01, p <0.0001, p <0.02 respectively. Ceruloplasmin and Urea did not show variations during treatment. CONSLUSION: In the present study, a decrease in the defensive capacity of saliva was observed as a consequence of a reduction in the concentration of Ig As and lactoferrin. The increase in SOD in (M) could be interpreted as a defense mechanism of saliva against oxidative stress produced by chemotherapy. The decrease in uric acid in stage (M) could allow the worsening of mucositis. The synthesis and release of amylase was affected by treatment with cytostatic drugs.

OBJETIVO: Altas dosis de quimioterapia utilizadas previo al trasplante de médula ósea (TMO) pueden promover severos cambios en el sistema estomatognático. El objetivo consistió en evaluar algunos marcadores funcionales, inmunológicos y de estrés oxidativo en saliva de pacientes sometidos a dicho tratamiento. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional longitudinal en 22 pacientes de la Unidad de trasplante de Médula Ósea del Servicio de Oncohematología del Sanatorio Allende. Se efectuó recolección de saliva basal en etapa inicial (I) previa al aislamiento y etapa media (M) 14 días posteriores a la terapia de acondicionamiento y trasplante. Se analizó la concentración de ácido úrico (AU), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), malondialdehido (MDA), alfa amilasa salival, inmunoglobulina A secretora (Ig As), lactoferrina, ceruloplasmina y urea. RESULTADOS: En (M) los niveles de SOD y MAD aumentaron significativamente respecto de (I) (p< 0.01). La concentración de  alfa amilasa salival, Ig As, lactoferrina y ácido úrico fue significativamente menor en (M) respecto de ( I ) p < 0.0001, p < 0.01, p < 0.0001, p <0.02 respectivamente. Ceruloplasmina y Urea no mostraron variaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: se observó una disminución de la capacidad defensiva de la saliva como consecuencia de una reducción de la concentración de Ig As y lactoferrina. El incremento de SOD en (M) podría interpretarse como un mecanismo de defensa de la saliva contra el estrés oxidativo producido por la quimioterapia. La disminución de ácido úrico en la etapa (M) podría favorecer el agravamiento de mucositis.  La síntesis y liberación de amilasa fue afectada por el tratamiento con citostáticos.

Efecto de carboplatino sobre malondialdehído como marcador de lipoderoxidación en glándula submandibular de ratas / Effect of carboplatin on malondialdehyde as a marker of lipoderoxidation in the submandibular gland of rats

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de carboplatino (Cp) en homogenato de glándula submandibular de ratas Wistar a través de la determinación de los niveles de malondialdehido (MDA), como principal producto final de la lipoperoxidación, en un modelo experimental. Se utilizaron 16 ratas Wistar macho de tres meses de edad, alojadas en jaulas individuales, con temperatura e iluminación controlada y dieta libre. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado y se establecieron dos grupos experimentales: 1) Control (C), administrándose una dosis intraperitoneal de solución salina durante un día, n: 8, 2) Animales tratados con carboplatino (Cp) aplicándose una dosis i.p. de 100 mg/Kg de peso corporal durante un día, n: 8. Los animales fueron ayunados por 24 horas y posteriormente anestesiados. Seguidamente se extirparon ambas glándulas submandibulares. Se analizaron los niveles de malondialdehido en homogenato de glándula submandibular en ambos grupos experimentales. Las variaciones entre los grupos analizados se evaluaron mediante prueba T de Student para muestras apareadas, fijando un p-valor <0,05 para significación estadística. Proyecto aprobado por CICUAL. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas (UNC). El grupo de Ratas C mostró una concentración de 7.32± 0.48µmol/mg de glándula. El grupo Cp tuvo una concentración de 12.57 ± 0,71 µmol/mg de glándula, expresando una disminución significativa respecto del grupo control p<0.0006. Cp en la dosis ensayada provocaría una disminución de la lipoperoxidación en glándula submandibular de ratas. Posiblemente la batería antioxidante glandular neutralizaría el estrés oxidativo de las células acinares. Estos resultados sugieren evaluar a futuro la actividad de superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y niveles de ácido úrico (AU)

Effect of the accumulation of risk factors on the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma / [Efecto de la acumulación de factores de riesgo en el riesgo de carcinoma de células escamosas bucal]

Introduction: the causative factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma are not necessary and not sufficient causes, even the most accepted ones, such as tobacco and alcohol. Little is known about the cumulative effect of all risk factors for oral cancer. The objective of this work was to analyze whether the sum of oral cancer risk factors is associated with an increase in its risk. Methods: a case-control study was carried out to determine the risk factors for oral cancer in the population under study, and then correlate the number of risk factors in each individual with the risk of oral cancer. Results: the accumulation of oral cancer risk factors, analyzed using different strategies, was always associated with a significant increase in the risk of oral cancer. Having 3 or more risk factors was associated with an increased risk of oral cancer (OR 110, p <0.0001) Conclusion: the main risk factor for oral cancer is the accumulation of its risk factors. The accumulation of risk factors could be considered a necessary cause for the development of oral cancer.

Introducción: los factores causales de carcinoma de células escamosas bucal son causas no necesarias y no suficientes, incluso los más aceptados, como tabaco y alcohol. Poco se conoce sobre el efecto acumulativo de todos los factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar si la sumatoria de factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal se asocia con un aumento de su riesgo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles para determinar los factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal en la población bajo estudio, para luego correlacionar el número de factores de riesgo en cada individuo, con el riesgo de cáncer bucal. Resultados: la acumulación de factores de riesgo de cáncer bucal, analizada mediante diferentes estrategias, estuvo siempre asociada con un aumento significativo del riesgo de cáncer bucal. Tener 3 o más factores de riesgo estuvo asociado con mayor riesgo de cáncer bucal (OR 110, p<0,0001) Conclusión: el principal factor de riesgo de cáncer bucal es la acumulación de sus factores de riesgo. La acumulación de factores de riesgo podría considerarse una causa necesaria para el desarrollo de cáncer bucal.

DNA repair, NFKß, and TP53 polymorphisms associated with potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma in Argentine patients.

OBJECTIVE: An important strategy in cancer prevention is to identify individual susceptibilities for cancer development through the genomic profile. Developing countries such as Argentina have no data on genetic composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the single nucleotide polymorphisms of genes related to DNA repair (XCCR3, XPD), cell cycle arrest/apoptosis (TP53), and inflammation (NFKß) of patients with precancer and oral cancer and to contribute to recognizing potential risk of developing these pathologies, and incorporate the risk patients into a clinical follow-up program in Córdoba, Argentina. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was performed on 140 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), and controls. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms was performed using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction or restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The variables were evaluated by bivariate and multivariate statistical methods, with P < .05 statistically significant. RESULTS: The multiple correspondence analyses showed that patients with OSCC are clustered with the T allele of XRCC3 T241 M and the C allele of TP53 R72 P, and patients with OPMDs are clustered with the T allele of NFKß-519. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results showed that the C allele of the Pro72 variant of TP53 was related to OSSC and OPMD, and the T allele of NFKß-519 is related to OPMDs in Argentine patients.

Clinical and Immunohistochemical epithelial profile of non-healing chronic traumatic ulcers

BACKGROUND: Chronic wounds were previously related to cancer. Chronic Traumatic Ulcers (CTU) are lesions caused by chronic mechanical irritation (CMI) frequently diagnosed in Oral Medicine. Although these conditions may reflect a benign nature, some authors have proposed its relationship with malignant transformation. Currently, there are scarce investigations that evaluate biomarkers within CTU. The aim of this study was to evaluate cell differentiation and proliferation biomarkers patterns of CTU and OSCC through recognized markers such as cytokeratin 19 and Ki67 and correlate it with clinical features of both groups of patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A Cross-sectional study of adult patients (n = 79), both sexes, attended at Oral Medicine Department, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. The patients were classified into two groups: CTU (n = 41), and OSCC (n = 38). A subset of specimens were immunolabeled with Ki67 and Ck19. RESULTS: The population consisted of 51.9% male and 48.1% female, with an average of 57.0 ± 13.9. years (OSCC group) and 60.9 ± 14.9 years (CTU group). OSCC group presented higher scores for both biomarkers (Ki67 and Ck19), but only there were differences statistically significant for Ki67 (p = 0.032). 25% of non-healing CTU were positive with medium scores of Ck19 and showed an immunohistochemical profile similar to OSCC. The lateral tongue was the most frequent site in both groups. CONCLUSION: The altered immunohistochemical pattern found in many specimens of CTU was also observed in OSCC. The tongue border presents physiological conditions that could offer a suitable environment for the development of neoplastic events associated with CMI. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms that could link oral non-healing ulcers with early malignant changes

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The inflammatory potential of Argentinian diet and oral squamous cell carcinoma / Potencial inflamatorio de la dieta argentina y carcinoma oral de células escamosas

Introduction: the goal of this study was to evaluate whether an association exists between dietary components related to inflammation and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Argentina. Methods: a case-control study was carried out with 3 controls for each case and participants of both genders who were between 24 and 85 years of age, who were recruited at the outpatient clinic, Odontology School, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, between 2012 and 2015. Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire from which energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) scores were computed. Logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between E-DII and OSCC. Results: significantly higher intakes of macronutrients such as fat, protein and cholesterol, and of micronutrients such as iron, riboflavin, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin B6 were observed in cases as compared to controls (all p < 0.05). We also observed a significant 69% increase in OSCC for each point on the E-DII scale (OR 1.69, 95% CI [1.18-2.43]) after adjusting for alcohol and tobacco consumption. Conclusion: we found an association between diet-associated inflammation, as represented by the E-DII, and risk of OSCC. Future research should be directed at deepening our understanding of this association in other populations, and should include studies utilizing prospective designs

Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre los componentes de la dieta relacionados con la inflamación y el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (OSCC) en Argentina. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles con 3 controles para cada caso y participantes de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 24 y 85 años, que fueron atendidos por demanda espontánea en los Consultorios Externos de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba entre 2012 y 2015. La información sobre la dieta se recopiló mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia alimentaria, a partir del cual se calcularon las puntuaciones del Índice Inflamatorio Dietético (E-DII®), ajustado por energía. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre el E-DII y el OSCC. Resultados: en los casos se observaron ingestas de macronutrientes como grasas, proteínas y colesterol, y de micronutrientes como hierro, riboflavina, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados, omega-6 y omega-3, y vitamina B6 significativamente más altas que en los controles (p < 0,05). También observamos un aumento significativo del 69% en el OSCC por cada punto en la escala E-DII (OR 1,69, IC 95% [1,18-2,43]) después de ajustar el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Conclusión: nuestros resultados mostraron una asociación entre la inflamación asociada a la dieta, representada por el E-DII, y el riesgo de OSCC. La investigación futura deberá dirigirse a profundizar en la comprensión de esta asociación en otras poblaciones, incluyendo estudios que utilicen diseños prospectivos

5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide modify functional activity in submandibular gland of rats / El 5-fluorouracilo y la ciclofosfamida modifican la actividad funcional en la glándula submandibular de las ratas

Objective: Chemotherapy treatment against cancer produce systemic toxicities, among which are those related to important structures of the stomatognathic system and its functional activity. 5 Fluorouracil (5-FU) and cyclophosphamide (Cf) are drugs widely used in solid tumors and in bone marrow transplantation, respectively. The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of these drugs regarding functional activity of the submandibular glands, by measuring the percentage of glycogen consumption in two experimental models. Material and Methods: 84 male Wistar rats aged three months were used, housed in individual cages, with controlled temperature and lighting and ad libitum diet. They were divided into four experimental groups: 1) Control (C); 2) Treated with 5-FU+leucovorin (LV) at 20 and 10mg/Kg of body weight respectively for five consecutive days; 3) treated with Cf i.p. at 50mg/Kg of body weight for two consecutive days; and 4) rats with paired feeding (PF): for five and two days respectively, the amount administered resulted from the average of the ingested food of groups 2 and 3. Both submandibular glands were excised. The submandibular glycogen concentration was analyzed at initial time (t0) and after 60 minutes of mechanical stimulation (t60). Results: the average variation changed significantly between time 0 and 60 in the groups C and PF. (p-value=0.0001), the 5-FU + LV treatment group had an average concentration higher at t0 than groups C and PF, without significant consumption at T60. While group Cf showed a lower average concentration at time 0 with respect to groups C and PF, without significant consumption at T60. Conclusion: 5-FU+LV and Cf affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, decreasing the use of glycogen as a metabolic substrate. In the present experimental model, the toxicity of these drugs affected the functional activity of the submandibular gland.

Objetivo: el tratamiento de quimioterapia contra el cáncer produce toxicidades sistémicas, entre las que se encuentran las relacionadas con estructuras importantes del sistema estomatognático y su actividad funcional. El 5-fluorouracilo (5-FU) y la ciclofosfamida (Cf ) son fármacos ampliamente utilizados en tumores sólidos y en trasplantes de médula ósea, respectivamente. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad de estos fármacos con respecto a la actividad funcional de las glándulas submandibulares, midiendo el porcentaje de consumo de glucógeno en dos modelos experimentales. Material y Métodos: se utilizaron 84 ratas Wistar machos de tres meses de edad, alojadas en jaulas individuales, con temperatura e iluminación controladas y dieta ad libitum. Se dividieron en cuatro grupos experimentales: 1) Control (C); 2) Tratados con 5-FU+leucovorina (LV) a 20 y 10mg/Kg de peso corporal, respectivamente, durante cinco días consecutivos; 3) tratados con Cf i.p. a 50mg/Kg de peso corporal durante dos días consecutivos; y 4) ratas con alimentación por parejas (PF): durante cinco y dos días respectivamente, la cantidad administrada resultó del promedio de los alimentos ingeridos de los grupos 2 y 3. Ambas glándulas submandibulares fueron extirpadas. La concentración de glucógeno submandibular se analizó en el momento inicial (t0) y después de 60 minutos de estimulación mecánica (t60). Resultados: la variación promedio cambió significativamente entre el tiempo 0 y 60 en los grupos C y PF. (p=0,0001), el grupo de tratamiento 5-FU+LV tuvo una concentración promedio más alta en t0 que los grupos C y PF, sin un consumo significativo en T60. Mientras que el grupo Cf mostró una concentración promedio más baja en el tiempo 0 con respecto a los grupos C y PF, sin un consumo significativo en T60. Conclusión: 5-FU + LV y Cf afectan el metabolismo de los carbohidratos, disminuyendo el uso de glucógeno como sustrato metabólico. En el presente modelo experimental, la toxicidad de estos medicamentos afectó la actividad funcional de la glándula submandibular.

The inflammatory potential of Argentinian diet and oral squamous cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the goal of this study was to evaluate whether an association exists between dietary components related to inflammation and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Argentina. Methods: a case-control study was carried out with 3 controls for each case and participants of both genders who were between 24 and 85 years of age, who were recruited at the outpatient clinic, Odontology School, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, between 2012 and 2015. Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire from which energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DIITM) scores were computed. Logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between E-DII and OSCC. Results: significantly higher intakes of macronutrients such as fat, protein and cholesterol, and of micronutrients such as iron, riboflavin, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamin B6 were observed in cases as compared to controls (all p < 0.05). We also observed a significant 69% increase in OSCC for each point on the E-DII scale (OR 1.69, 95% CI [1.18-2.43]) after adjusting for alcohol and tobacco consumption. Conclusion: we found an association between diet-associated inflammation, as represented by the E-DII, and risk of OSCC. Future research should be directed at deepening our understanding of this association in other populations, and should include studies utilizing prospective designs.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre los componentes de la dieta relacionados con la inflamación y el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (OSCC) en Argentina. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles con 3 controles para cada caso y participantes de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 24 y 85 años, que fueron atendidos por demanda espontánea en los Consultorios Externos de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba entre 2012 y 2015. La información sobre la dieta se recopiló mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia alimentaria, a partir del cual se calcularon las puntuaciones del Índice Inflamatorio Dietético (E-DII®), ajustado por energía. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación entre el E-DII y el OSCC. Resultados: en los casos se observaron ingestas de macronutrientes como grasas, proteínas y colesterol, y de micronutrientes como hierro, riboflavina, ácidos grasos monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados, omega-6 y omega-3, y vitamina B6 significativamente más altas que en los controles (p < 0,05). También observamos un aumento significativo del 69% en el OSCC por cada punto en la escala E-DII (OR 1,69, IC 95% [1,18-2,43]) después de ajustar el consumo de alcohol y tabaco. Conclusión: nuestros resultados mostraron una asociación entre la inflamación asociada a la dieta, representada por el E-DII, y el riesgo de OSCC. La investigación futura deberá dirigirse a profundizar en la comprensión de esta asociación en otras poblaciones, incluyendo estudios que utilicen diseños prospectivos.

Oral cancer associated with chronic mechanical irritation of the oral mucosa

Background: Most of the studies dealing with Chronic Mechanical Irritation (CMI) and Oral Cancer (OC) only considered prosthetic and dental variables separately, and CMI functional factors are not registered. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess OC risk in individuals with dental, prosthetic and functional CMI. Also, we examined CMI presence in relation to tumor size. Material and methods: a case-control study was carried out from 2009 to 2013. Study group were squamous cell carcinoma cases; control group was patients seeking dental treatment in the same institution. Results: 153 patients were studied (Study group n=53, Control group n=100). CMI reproducibility displayed a correlation coefficient of 1 (p< 0.0001). Bivariate analysis showed statistically significant associations for all variables (age, gender, tobacco and alcohol consumption and CMI). Multivariate analysis exhibited statistical significance for age, alcohol, and CMI, but not for gender or tobacco. Relationship of CMI with tumor size showed no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: CMI could be regarded as a risk factor for oral cancer. In individuals with other OC risk factors, proper treatment of the mechanical injuring factors (dental, prosthetic and functional) could be an important measure to reduce the risk of oral cancer (AU)

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Characterization of Chronic Mechanical Irritation in Oral Cancer.

Objective. Oral mucosa could host many lesions originated by chronic mechanical irritation (CMI) from teeth or dentures, and it has been proposed as risk factor for oral cancer. Nevertheless, the features of CMI factors in oral cancer and other lesions are not assessed. The aim of this study is to describe CMI features regarding type (dental, prosthetic, and/or functional), localization, and time span. Materials and Methods. Three groups were studied in this cross-sectional study: Oral Cancer (OC); Chronic Traumatic Ulcer (CTU); and Benign Irritative Mechanical Lesions (BIML). All sources of mechanical irritation were included: dental, prosthetic, and functional. Results. 285 patients (176 females, 109 males) were studied: OC = 38, CTU = 44, and BIML = 203. The most frequent CMI factor was dental, followed by functional and prosthetic in all groups; 76.5% (n = 218) presented functional factors. Buccal mucosa (45%) and tongue (42%) were the most affected sites. Time of action of CMI displayed statistically significant differences between BIML, CTU, and OC groups, with a mean of 21, 33, and 49 months, respectively. Conclusions. CMI should be properly recorded with as much detail as alcohol and tobacco consumption. CMI associated lesions are produced by dental or prosthetic factors, usually in relation to functional factors, involving mainly tongue and buccal mucosa.

Study of the TP53 codon 72 polymorphism in oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders in Argentine patients.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of TP53Arg72Pro mutations and their possible relationship with oral carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders in Argentine patients. A cross-sectional study was performed on 111 exfoliated cytologies from patients with oral cancer (OC), oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and controls. The TP53Arg72Pro mutations were determined using conventional PCR. We evaluated univariate and multivariate study variables, setting p < 0.05. We found: (a) a low frequency of Pro72 variant in control group and a high frequency in OC and OPMD, as well in OC and oral leukoplakia (OL) diagnosis; (b) multivariate association among the TP53CC genotype and females over 45 years with no tobacco nor alcohol habits with oral lichen planus pathology; (c) multivariate association between the TP53GC genotype and males with alcohol and tobacco habits and OC and OL pathologies. Our results showed that the wild-type Arg72variant was related to control patients and Pro72variant was related to OC and OPMD, in Argentine patients.

Creatine metabolism: detection of creatine and guanidinoacetate in saliva of healthy subjects.

Creatine (Cr) plays an important role in storage and transmission of phosphate-bound energy. Cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes comprise three inherited defects in Cr biosynthesis and transport. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Cr and Guanidinoacetate (GAA) can be detected in saliva of healthy subjects and to establish the relationship between salivary and plasma levels of these molecules. An adapted gas chromatography (GC) method is described for the quantification of Cr and GAA biomarkers in saliva. Reference values were established for GAA and Cr in saliva. These values were age dependent (p= 0.001). No difference between genders was observed. We detected a difference between GAA and Cr concentrations in saliva and in plasma. The GC method for simultaneous determination of GAA and Cr in human saliva is fast, reliable, sensitive, non-invasive and precise to use as a biochemical approach in early detection of cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes.

La creatina (Cr) juega un importante rol en el almacenamiento y el transporte de energía unida al fosfato. Los síndromes de deficiencia de creatina cerebral comprenden tres defectos genéticos en la biosíntesis y transporte de creatina. Es propósito de este estudio investigar si el guanidinoacetato (GAA) y la Cr pueden ser detectados en saliva de sujetos sanos e investigar la relación entre los valores de GAA y Cr en saliva con los niveles en plasma de estas moléculas. Se describe un método modificado de cromatografía gaseosa para la cuantificación de los biomarcadores, Cr y GAA en este biofluído. Se establecieron valores de referencia para GAA y Cr. Estos valores dependen de la edad (P=0.001). No se observaron diferencias entre género. Se detectó una diferencia entre la concentración de GAA y Cr en saliva con respecto al plasma. El método adaptado de cromatografía gaseosa para la determinación simultánea de GAA y Cr en saliva humana es fácil, seguro, sensible, no invasivo y preciso para utilizar como aproximación bioquímica en la detección temprana de los síndromes de deficiencia de creatina cerebral.

Creatine metabolism: detection of creatine and guanidinoacetate in saliva of healthy subjects / Metabolismo de creatina: detección de creatina y guanidinoacetato en saliva de sujetos sanos

Creatine (Cr) plays an important role in storage and transmissionof phosphate-bound energy. Cerebral creatine deficiencysyndromes comprise three inherited defects in Cr biosynthesis andtransport. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Cr andGuanidinoacetate (GAA) can be detected in saliva of healthysubjects and to establish the relationship between salivary andplasma levels of these molecules. An adapted gas chromatography(GC) method is described for the quantification of Cr and GAAbiomarkers in saliva. Reference values were established for GAAand Cr in saliva. These values were age dependent (p= 0.001). Nodifference between genders was observed. We detected a differencebetween GAA and Cr concentrations in saliva and in plasma. TheGC method for simultaneous determination of GAA and Cr inhuman saliva is fast, reliable, sensitive, non-invasive and preciseto use as a biochemical approach in early detection of cerebralcreatine deficiency syndromes.

La creatina (Cr) juega un importante rol en el almacenamiento y el transporte de energía unida al fosfato. Los síndromes de deficiencia de creatina cerebral comprenden tres defectos genéticos en la biosíntesis y transporte de creatina. Es propósito de este estudio investigar si el guanidinoacetato (GAA) y la Crpueden ser detectados en saliva de sujetos sanos e investigar la relación entre los valores de GAA y Cr en saliva con los niveles en plasma de estas moléculas. Se describe un método modificado de cromatografía gaseosa para la cuantificación de los biomarca -dores, Cr y GAA en este biofluído. Se establecieron valores de referencia para GAA y Cr. Estos valores dependen de la edad (P=0.001). No se observaron diferencias entre género. Se detectóuna diferencia entre la concentración de GAA y Cr en saliva con respecto al plasma. El método adaptado de cromatografía gaseosa para la determinación simultánea de GAA y Cr en saliva humana es fácil, seguro, sensible, no invasivo y preciso para utilizar como aproximación bioquímica en la detección temprana de lossíndromes de deficiencia de creatina cerebral.

Red meat, micronutrients and oral squamous cell carcinoma of Argentine adult patients / Carne roja, micronutrientes y carcinoma oral de células escamosas en pacientes adultos argentinos

Introduction: the identification of risk group of oral cancer allows reducing the typical morbidity and mortality rates of this pathology. Objetive: it was analyzed the role of red meat, macronutrients and micronutrients on Oral Squamous Cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a case-control study carried out in Cordoba, Argentina. Methods: case-control study 3:1, both genders, aged 24-80 years. Dietary information was collected using a quali-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The logistic regression was applied for assessing the association among case/control status and daily red meat/macronutrient/micronutrients/energy intake. Results: micronutrients and minerals in the diet that showed high significant median values of common consumption in cases relative to controls were iron, phosphorus, vitamins B1, B5, B6, E and K and selenium. The association measurement estimated by logistic regression was showed that a significant association between red meat, fat, daily energy, phosphorous, vitamin B5, vitamin E, and selenium intake and OSCC presence. Conclusions: a high intake of fats, phosphorus, vitamin B5, vitamin E, and selenium intake and red meat appears to be related to the presence OSCC in Cordoba, Argentina. In relation to red meat consumption and risk of OSCC, the future research should center of attention on reducing the complexity of diet and disease relationships and reducing variability in intake data by standardizing of criteria in order to implement simple strategies in public health for recognizing risk groups of OSCC (AU)

Introducción: la detección de grupos de riesgo de cáncer oral permite reducir las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad típicas de esta patología. Objetivo: se analizó el rol de carnes rojas, macronutrientes y micronutrientes en pacientes con carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) en un estudio de casos y controles llevado a cabo en Córdoba, Argentina. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles 3:1, ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 24-80 años. La información sobre la dieta fue recogida mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos cuali-cuantitativo. La regresión logística se aplicó para evaluar la asociación entre el estado caso/control y la ingesta diaria de carne roja/ macronutrientes/micronutrientes/energía. Resultados: los micronutrientes y minerales de la dieta que mostraron valores medios significativos de consumo común en los casos relativos a los controles eran hierro, fósforo, vitaminas B1, B5, B6, E y K y selenio. La medición de la asociación estimada por regresión logística mostró una asociación significativa entre carne roja, grasas, energía diaria, fósforo, vitamina B5, vitamina E, ingesta de selenio y presencia de COCE. Conclusión: un alto consumo de grasas, fósforo, vitamina B5, vitamina E, selenio y carne roja parece estar relacionado con la presencia de COCE en Córdoba, Argentina. En relación con el consumo de carne roja y el riesgo de COCE, la investigación futura debería centrar su atención en la reducción de la complejidad de las relaciones de la dieta y la enfermedad, así como en reducir la variabilidad de los datos de ingesta mediante la estandarización de los criterios de admisión a fin de aplicar estrategias sencillas en salud pública para el reconocimiento de grupos de riesgo de COCE (AU)

RED MEAT, MICRONUTRIENTS AND ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF ARGENTINE ADULT PATIENTS.

INTRODUCTION: the identification of risk group of oral cancer allows reducing the typical morbidity and mortality rates of this pathology. OBJETIVE: it was analyzed the role of red meat, macronutrients and micronutrients on Oral Squamous Cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a case-control study carried out in Cordoba, Argentina. METHODS: case-control study 3:1, both genders, aged 24-80 years. Dietary information was collected using a quali-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The logistic regression was applied for assessing the association among case/control status and daily red meat/macronutrient/ micronutrients/energy intake. RESULTS: micronutrients and minerals in the diet that showed high significant median values of common consumption in cases relative to controls were iron, phosphorus, vitamins B1, B5, B6, E and K and selenium. The association measurement estimated by logistic regression was showed that a significant association between red meat, fat, daily energy, phosphorous, vitamin B5, vitamin E, and selenium intake and OSCC presence. CONCLUSIONS: a high intake of fats, phosphorus, vitamin B5, vitamin E, and selenium intake and red meat appears to be related to the presence OSCC in Cordoba, Argentina. In relation to red meat consumption and risk of OSCC, the future research should center of attention on reducing the complexity of diet and disease relationships and reducing variability in intake data by standardizing of criteria in order to implement simple strategies in public health for recognizing risk groups of OSCC.

Introducción: la detección de grupos de riesgo de cáncer oral permite reducir las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad típicas de esta patología. Objetivo: se analizó el rol de carnes rojas, macronutrientes y micronutrientes en pacientes con carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE) en un estudio de casos y controles llevado a cabo en Córdoba, Argentina. Métodos: estudio de casos y controles 3:1, ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 24-80 años. La información sobre la dieta fue recogida mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos cuali-cuantitativo. La regresión logística se aplicó para evaluar la asociación entre el estado caso/control y la ingesta diaria de carne roja/ macronutrientes/micronutrientes/energía. Resultados: los micronutrientes y minerales de la dieta que mostraron valores medios significativos de consumo común en los casos relativos a los controles eran hierro, fósforo, vitaminas B1, B5, B6, E y K y selenio. La medición de la asociación estimada por regresión logística mostró una asociación significativa entre carne roja, grasas, energía diaria, fósforo, vitamina B5, vitamina E, ingesta de selenio y presencia de COCE. Conclusión: un alto consumo de grasas, fósforo, vitamina B5, vitamina E, selenio y carne roja parece estar relacionado con la presencia de COCE en Córdoba, Argentina. En relación con el consumo de carne roja y el riesgo de COCE, la investigación futura debería centrar su atención en la reducción de la complejidad de las relaciones de la dieta y la enfermedad, así como en reducir la variabilidad de los datos de ingesta mediante la estandarización de los criterios de admisión a fin de aplicar estrategias sencillas en salud pública para el reconocimiento de grupos de riesgo de COCE.

Dental and chronological age in children under oncological treatment.

The current oncology treatment has improved the survival of children with several types of cancer, and the effect of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy treatment on dental maturation in comparison with chronological age is not widely known. The aim of this work was to evaluate and compare the impact of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy treatment during dental maturation with chronological age in Chilean children diagnosed with cancer. Study Design was cross-sectional study on children diagnosed with different types of cancer and treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy when they were ages of 0.1 to 13 years. Demirjian tables for both girls and boys are used to determine the dental age. The association between chronological and dental age was highly significant. Nevertheless, a linear relation between chronological and dental age was not observed when the data were stratified by BMI and type of treatment. This study confirmed that dental age is an indicator of chronological age but that other variables, such as body mass index, in children with cancer could be confounder variables. Thus, further studies are necessary to investigate the influence of BMI on tooth eruption/maturation in children under oncological treatment.