Cardiovascular Outcomes With an Early Rhythm Control Strategy in Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review.

In practice, atrial fibrillation (AF) is typically managed by controlling ventricular rate given similar long-term outcomes and a more tolerable drug profile when compared to rhythm control. However, despite treatment via rate control, patients remain at increased risk for cardiovascular complications. This systematic review provides a summary of literature evaluating the effectiveness of early rhythm control (ERC, initiated within 2 years of diagnosis) in AF in reducing cardiovascular complications. A systematic review utilizing the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was performed to identify literature evaluating effectiveness of rhythm control strategies and cardiovascular complication reduction rates in ERC. A total of three literature articles meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included for evaluating the benefit of ERC. One of these examined was a trial that directly compared antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) versus catheter ablation (CA) therapy in maintenance of sinus rhythm (SR). This systematic review shows that ERC is associated with a reduction of cardiovascular events in AF patients compared to other treatment strategies.

Outcomes in Hospitalization in Patients with Heart Failure Undergoing Remote Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Major Trials.

Heart failure is a leading global pandemic and a cause of economic burden. Although, treatments exist to help symptomatic alleviation, patient compliance and monitoring is the basis of ensuring efficacy. With devices that allow for remote wireless PA pressure monitoring such as CardioMEMS, the inconsistency in patient reporting and factors such as symptoms and hospitalizations can be reduced. A systematic review and meta-analysis utilizing the MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Scopus database was performed to identify randomized and non-randomized clinical trials evaluating baseline characteristics and hospitalizations. Five trials for the systematic review and 2 trials for the meta-analysis meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included. Baseline characteristics included an average age of 64.6 years, male predominance, mean BMI of 29.6, predominance of HFrEF, hypertension the most prevalent comorbidity, and a mean PA pressure of 27.2 mm Hg. The follow-up periods ranged from 90 days to 12 months. There was a total of 64 adverse events, mostly non-serious. Patients who underwent remote PA monitoring were less likely to be hospitalized compared with patients who did not (Odds Ratio: 0.52; 95% Confidence Interval 0.39, 0.69). Remote PA pressure monitoring allows for reduced hospitalizations. With the recent and now resurging SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, devices such as CardioMEMS can allow for heart failure patients to be managed from home to not only reduce hospitalizations but for symptom prevention and management.

Cementos de silicato de calcio: evaluación de la toxicidad y de la respuesta inflamatoria / Calcium silicate-based sealers: cytotoxicity and inflammatory evaluation

La biocompatibilidad de los cementos selladores es una característica que debe tenerse en cuenta, ya que podría influir en el resultado del tratamiento de conductos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la citotoxicidad de los cementos selladores a base de silicatos BioRoot® RCS y Nano-ceramic Sealer®, y el sellador a base de resina epóxica AH Plus Jet®, así como su respuesta inflamatoria asociada en fibroblastos humanos. Se seleccionaron 36 dientes unirradiculares, se instrumentaron y obturaron con los selladores seleccionados. A continuación, se pusieron en contacto con el medio de cultivo para obtener los medios acondicionados a las 24, 48 y 72 horas. Los medios acondicionados obtenidos fueron cultivados con la línea celular de fibroblastos L-132. La viabilidad de las células se evaluó mediante el ensayo del bromuro de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5 difenil tetrazolio (MTT). La respuesta inflamatoria se analizó mediante la medición de los niveles de IL-6 determinados a través del ensayo ELISA (ensayo por inmunoabsorción ligado a enzimas) y mediante los niveles de nitrito (ensayo de fluorescencia). Todos los selladores mostraron un cierto grado de citotoxicidad durante el tiempo de evaluación, mientras que sólo el BioRoot® RCS desencadenó una respuesta pro-inflamatoria. Es necesario seguir investigando para evaluar otros aspectos de la biocompatibilidad de los cementos selladores a base de silicato. (AU)

Biocompatibility of sealers is a feature to be taken into account as it might influence the outcome of the treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the cytotoxicity of the silicate-based root canal sealers BioRoot™ RCS and Nanoceramic Sealer™and the epoxy-resin based sealer AH Plus Jet™, as well as their associated inflammatory response in human fibroblast. Thirty-six human teeth were selected, prepared, filled with the selected sealers and put in contact with culture medium to obtain extracts at 24, 48 and 72 hours. Then, the extracts were cultured with the L-132 fibroblast cell line. Cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Inflammatory response was analyzed by measuring IL-6 levels determined by ELISA and nitrite levels (fluorescence assay). All sealers showed a certain degree of cytotoxicity during the evaluation time, while only the BioRoot™ RCS triggered a pro-inflammatory response. Further research is needed to assess other aspects of biocompatibility of silicate-based root canal sealers. (AU)

Root Canal Filling Quality Comparison of a Premixed Calcium Silicate Endodontic Sealer and Different Carrier-Based Obturation Systems.

BACKGROUND: The number of voids within the root canal obturation is a relevant parameter to describe the quality of the technique, as well as to predict long-term prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of root canal obturation in curved root canals filled with Thermafil, GuttaCore, GuttaFusion and lateral compaction with AH Plus and EndoSequence BC sealer, by means of percentage of gutta-percha and sealer filled area. METHODS: 200 curved canals of mandibular molars were divided in five groups (n = 40). Each specimen was evaluated at 3, 6 and 9 mm from the apex. A total of 600 samples were analyzed. Obturation was performed with either Thermafil (TH), GuttaCore (GC), GuttaFusion (GF) or lateral compaction (LC), using AH Plus as sealer. In another group EndoSequence BC sealer (BC) was used. Subgroups (n = 20) were made depending on the use of sonic activation during the placement of the sealer. The percentage of total obturation material was analyzed as an indirect measurement of percentage of voids. RESULTS: GF showed a better performance at the apical level, while GC showed the higher percentage of total obturation at the coronal area. No differences were observed for the activation of sealers in any of the groups. Statistical analysis was performed by using two-way ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at CI: 95% (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sonic activation of sealers did not show any benefit to avoid the presence of voids within obturation of curved canals. Following the manufacturer recommendations, we found that TH did not show benefits when applied to curved canals.

Actitud terapéutica frente a una reabsorción interna perforante / Therapeutic attitude against a perforating internal resorption

Atendiendo a la localización de la reabsorción radicular, ésta puede ser clasificada en externa o interna. La reabsorción interna es relativamente poco frecuente, y su etiología y patogénesis no está todavía del todo clara. Este artículo muestra la complejidad de un incisivo central superior con una reabsorción interna inflamatoria perforante. El diagnóstico definitivo lo hallamos a través del examen tridimensional, que confirmó la extensión y comunicación con la superficie externa radicular. Aunque como podremos ver a lo largo de la exposición del caso clínico, la ayuda del microscopio nos permitió abordar el caso con mayor seguridad. En todo momento pudimos eliminar el tejido inflamatorio y preparar el conducto de manera adecuada. La obturación en este tipo de casos supone un reto para el endodoncista, siendo éste, mayor cuando se realiza únicamente de manera ortógrada. Para la obturación realizamos una técnica descrita en la literatura, sellando la zona apical a la reabsorción con gutapercha adaptada mediante condensación vertical; la zona reabsortiva con material biocerámico y, por último, la zona coronal con guta-percha inyectada. Se realizó un 3D a los 26 meses para una nueva evaluación de la zona reabsortiva, y así evaluar el estado óseo alrededor de la misma. La paciente se presenta totalmente asintomática sin signos clínicos y con buena salud de los tejidos periapicales

Based on the location of the root resorption, it can be classified as external or internal. Internal resorption is relatively rare, and its etiology and pathogenesis is not yet entirely clear. This article shows the complexity of a superior central incisor with a perforating inflammatory internal resorption. The definitive diagnosis is found through the three-dimensional examination, which confirmed the extension and communication with the external root surface. Although as we can see throughout the presentation of the clinical case, the help of the microscope allowed us to address the case with greater certainty. At all times we were able to remove the inflammatory tissue and prepare the duct properly. The obturation in this type of cases supposes a challenge for the endodontist, being this one, greater when it is done only in an ortograde way. For the filling, we performed a technique described in the literature, filling the apical area with resorption with gutta-percha adapted by vertical condensation; the resorptive zone with bioceramic material and finally the coronal zone with injected gutta-percha. A 3D was performed at 26 months for a new evaluation of the resorptive zone, and thus evaluate the bone state around it. The patient presents totally asymptomatic without clinical signs and with good health of the periapical tissues

Evaluación de la resistencia a la fractura de dientes instrumentados con Protaper Gold, Protaper Next y Waveone Gold / Evaluation of the fracture strength of teeth instrumented with protaper gold, protaper next and waveone gold

INTRODUCCIÓN: el tratamiento de conductos produce cambios físico-químicos en la dentina y una pérdida estructural significativa para el diente, lo que lo hace más susceptible a la fractura. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 64 premolares mandibulares fueron decoronados y divididos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos (n = 16): grupo control (CG) no tratado, grupo instrumentado ProTaperGold® (PTG®) (25.08), grupo instrumentado ProTaperNext® (PTN®) (25.06) y grupo instrumentado WaveOne Gold PRIMARY® (WOG®) (25.07). Durante la instrumentación, se realizó la irrigación con NaOCl al 5,25% con una jeringa Monoject® y tras la instrumentación, las muestras se irrigaron con NaOCl, EDTA 17% y NaOCl activado sónicamente. Los conductos radiculares se obturaron utilizando el sistema B&L®, y posteriormente se colocaron en bloques de resina acrílica estandarizados para ser cargados con una fuerza vertical constan-te de 0,02 mm/s hasta que se produjo la fractura de la raíz, mediante una máquina de ensayo universal (ME-405/20, Servo-sis®). Las comparaciones entre grupos se analizaron con la prueba ANOVA.RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias esta-dísticamente significativas (p > 0,05) entre el GC y los grupos instrumentados con PTN® y WOG®; tampoco entre los grupos PTN® y WOG®. Sin embargo, se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo instrumentado con PTG® y el resto de los grupos, siendo el grupo PTG® el más susceptible a la frac-tura. CONCLUSIONES: El sistema PTG® fue el que más debilitó las raíces después de la instrumentación, en comparación con los sistemas WOG® y PTN®

INTRODUCTION: root canal treatment produces physicist-chemist changes in the dentine and a significant structural loss for the tooth what makes it more susceptible to fracture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 64 mandibular premolar were decoronated and randomly divided into four groups (n = 16): control group (CG) non-treated, ProTaper Gold(TM) (PTG(TM)) instrumented group (25.08), ProTaper Next(TM) (PTN(TM)) instrumented group (25.06) and WaveOne Gold(TM) PRIMARY (WOG(TM)) instrumented group (25.07). While shaping, cleaning was done with NaOCl 5,25% using a Monoject(TM) syringe and after shaping, roots were irrigated with NaOCl, EDTA 17% and NaOCl sonically activated. Root canals were obturated using B&L(TM) system, embedded into standardized acrylic resin blocks and load with a constant vertical force of 0,02 mm/s until root fracture was produced using a universal testing machine (ME-405/20, Servosis(TM)). Comparisons among groups were analyzed with ANOVA test. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) between the CG and the groups instrumented with PTN(TM) and WOG(TM); neither among PTN(TM) and WOG(TM) groups. However, statistically significant differences were obtained between the group instrumented with PTG(TM) and the rest of the groups being PTG(TM) group the most susceptible to fracture. CONCLUSIONS: PTG(TM) system was the one that weakened more the roots after the instrumentation in comparison with the WOG(TM) and PTN(TM) systems

Reimplante intencional de un 4.7 con reabsorción cervical invasiva y seguimiento a seis años / No disponible

Introducción: La Reabsorción Cervical Invasiva (RCI) se origina en la superficie externa de la raíz, generalmente por un daño previo, y quizá crónico, del ligamento periodontal, y una rotura de la capa de tejido no mineralizado que permite una actividad odontoclástica, invadiendo la dentina en cualquier dirección y con diferentes grados. Dejada a su libre evolución conlleva la pérdida del diente. Caso clínico: Paciente de 45 años que acude a la consulta por presentar un tracto sinusal a nivel del 4.7. Se diagnostica necrosis pulpar con absceso apical crónico de etiología dudosa. Tras el fracaso del tratamiento de conductos, se opta por la exodoncia y se realiza el diagnóstico intraoperatorio de RCI. Tratada la causa, se realiza el reimplante intencional (RI). Conclusión: La técnica de RI se presenta como una alternativa a la cirugía periradicular, siendo una herramienta valiosa en la conservación de dientes con pronóstico comprometido

No disponible

Estudio sobre Automedicación y Ansiedad en Endodoncia / Study on Self-Medication and Anxiety in Endodontis

Objetivos. Los objetivos de este son: 1. Evaluar el consumo de medicamentos, así como la automedicación entre los individuos que acuden a realizarse una endodoncia. 2.Evaluar la mejoría de sintomatología tras la toma de medicación. 3. Evaluar la ansiedad dental entre los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento endodóntico previo a la intervención. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, transversal y comparativo, consistente en una encuesta sobre pacientes mayores de 16 años que acudieron a una clínica universitaria odontológica. Resultados: Se recopilaron 167 encuestas entre septiembre de 2017 y marzo del 2018, siendo válidas 131 y no válidas 36, cuyos resultados más destacados fueron los siguientes: · Ingesta de antibióticos + analgésicos y/o AINES (40,6%)· Ingesta analgésicos y/o AINES (59,4%). Origen de esa medicación; 44,6% prescrita por el odontólogo, seguida del 42,7% que corresponde a la tomada por decisión propia, 10,8% al médico de cabecera, 2,7% a urgencias y 0% al farmacéutico y de origen homeopático. Media de ansiedad en la escala de 4,38. La media de ansiedad en mujeres: 5 y en hombres: 3,2 (p: 0.0066). Grupo con algún tipo de formación académica; media de ansiedad: 4,24 y grupo sin ningún estudio; media de ansiedad: 8,75 (p: 0.0144). Conclusiones: Los pacientes encuestados tenían una alta tendencia a la automedicación, utilizándose fundamentalmente analgésicos y/o AINES. Además, referían mejoría en el día de la intervención tras haber tomado algún tipo de medicamento. Los pacientes encuestados sufrieron un grado de ansiedad medio previo a la realización del tratamiento endodóntico

Objectives: The objectives of this study are: 1. To evaluate the consumption of medicines as well as self-medication among the individuals who undergo endodontics.2. To evaluate the improvement of symptoms after taking medication. 3. To evaluate dental anxiety among patients undergoing endodontic treatment prior to the intervention. Material and Methods: An observational, transversal and comparative study was carried out, consisting of a survey of patients over 16 years of age who attended a university dental clinic. Results: In this study 167 surveys were collected, between September 2017 and March 2018, with 131 valid and 36 invalid. Taking antibiotics + analgesics and/or NSAIDs (40.6%) and analgesics and/or NSAIDs (59.4%); Origin of that medication; 44.6% prescribed by the dentist, followed by the 42.7% prescribed by the dentist, 10.8% by the general practitioner, 2.7% by the emergency department and 0% by the pharmacist and homeopathic origin. Average anxiety on the 4.38 scale. Average anxiety in women: 5 and in men: 3.2 (p: 0.0066).Group with some type of academic training; mean anxiety: 4.24 and group without any study; mean anxiety: 8.75 (p: 0.0144). Conclusions: The patients surveyed had a high tendency to self-medication, mainly using analgesics and/or NSAIDs. They also reported improvement on the day of the intervention after having taken some type of medication. The patients surveyed suffered a medium degree of anxiety prior to the endodontic treatment

Decellularization of Whole Human Heart Inside a Pressurized Pouch in an Inverted Orientation.

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ultimately rejection can occur. Creating a functional, autologous bio-artificial heart could solve these challenges. Biofabrication of a heart comprised of scaffold and cells is one option. A natural scaffold with tissue-specific composition as well as micro- and macro-architecture can be obtained by decellularizing hearts from humans or large animals such as pigs. Decellularization involves washing out cellular debris while preserving 3D extracellular matrix and vasculature and allowing "cellularization" at a later timepoint. Capitalizing on our novel finding that perfusion decellularization of complex organs is possible, we developed a more "physiological" method to decellularize non-transplantable human hearts by placing them inside a pressurized pouch, in an inverted orientation, under controlled pressure. The purpose of using a pressurized pouch is to create pressure gradients across the aortic valve to keep it closed and improve myocardial perfusion. Simultaneous assessment of flow dynamics and cellular debris removal during decellularization allowed us to monitor both fluid inflow and debris outflow, thereby generating a scaffold that can be used either for simple cardiac repair (e.g. as a patch or valve scaffold) or as a whole-organ scaffold.

Effectiveness of Nd:YAG Laser on the elimination of debris and Smear Layer. A comparative study with two different irrigation solution: EDTA and QMix® in addition to NaOCl.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness in dentin debris and smear layer removal from root canal walls using EDTA and QMix® alone and also activated with Nd:YAG laser. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 50 single-rooted teeth were instrumented and divided in 5 groups according to irrigation protocol: 17% EDTA, QMix®, Nd:YAG laser alone, and combination of 17% EDTA - Nd:YAG laser and QMix® - Nd:YAG laser. Samples were evaluated using SEM. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-Square Fisher exact test and McNemar test. RESULTS: Dentinal debris analysis showed statistically significant differences when comparing 17% EDTA vs Laser and Laser vs QMix® in combination with Laser at the apical third. The Smear Layer analysis also showed statistically significant differences at the apical third when comparing 17% EDTA vs Laser, QMix® vs QMix® in combination with Laser and Laser vs QMix® in combination with Laser. CONCLUSIONS: 17% EDTA was the most efficient irrigant showing the best results. Laser alone was not effective removing either dentinal debris or smear layer. Key words:Laser, endodontics, Smear Layer.

Apicoformación de un incisivo lateral superior con MTA tras un traumatismo / MTA apexification of a maxillary lateral incisor after trauma

Un traumatismo dentario puede producir muchas complicaciones. Entre ellas podemos destacar la interrupción del desarrollo radicular o la afectación de los tejidos perirradiculares, pudiendo producirse una leve luxación o incluso una avulsión total del diente fuera de su alveolo. En este tipo de situaciones un buen diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz es importante para el pronóstico del caso. El incisivo lateral superior que vamos a presentar en este caso clínico presentaba un desarrollo incompleto del ápice. Frente a este tipo de situaciones la literatura presenta dos escenarios: realizar una apicoformación o bien una endodoncia regenerativa. Son muchos los factores que decantan el tratamiento por una u otra opción. En este caso realizamos una apicoformación con MTA en una sola sesión, pues las paredes del conducto parecen ser suficientemente gruesas y el diente es resistente. La apicoformación con MTA puede tener una alta tasa de éxito a largo plazo, debido a las propiedades de biocompatibilidad y sellado de este material, mientras consigamos desinfectar con irrigación el sistema de conductos. En la evolución del caso, la paciente se encontraba asintómatica y con signos de salud periapical

Dental trauma can cause many complications. Among them we can highlight the interruption of the radicular development or the affectation of the periradicular tissues, being able to produce a slight dislocation or even a total avulsion of the tooth out of its alveolus. In this type of situations a good diagnosis and early treatment is important for the prognosis of the case. The upper lateral incisor that we are going to present in this clinical case presented an incomplete development of the apex. Faced with this type of situation, the literature presents two situations: apexification or a regenerative procedure. There are many factors that decide the treatment by one or another option. In this case, we performed apexification with MTA in a single visit, since the walls of the canal appear to be thick enough and the tooth is resistant to fracture. Apexification with MTA can have a high rate of success in the long term, due to the properties of biocompatibility and sealing, while we manage to disinfect with irrigation the root canal system. In the follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic and with signs of periapical health

Comparison of PathFile and ProFinder Systems to Create a Glide Path in Curved Root Canals.

OBJECTIVE: Root canal shaping is as important as irrigation and filling when attempting to obtain a high success rate in endodontic treatment. The creation of a glide path before the use of rotary instruments reduces the risk of posterior iatrogenic errors. The objective of the present study was to evaluate instrumentation time and root canal transport after using 2 different glide path rotary systems. METHODS: In total, 60 mesiobuccal root canals of mandibular molars, with curvature angles between 11° and 82°, were standardized to measure 15 mm. The specimens were divided into 2 groups, depending on their angles of curvature (11º-38º and 39º-82º), and further divided into 4 groups (n=15). Two groups were instrumented using the PathFile system and the other 2 using the ProFinder system. The angle and radius of curvature were measured at the most abrupt angle of curvature before and after instrumentation. Both measurements were analyzed and compared using AutoCAD software to determine canal transportation. Curvature angles were compared using Student's t test and the radii of curvature using the Wilcoxon test. The time for instrumentation was also evaluated using Student's t tests. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the two systems with respect to root canal transport (P>0.05); however, the ProFinder system took a longer time to create a glide path (P=0.004). CONCLUSION: Both systems were equally effective in creating a glide path; however, the PathFile system proved to be faster than the ProFinder system.

Una mirada al futuro de la endodoncia / Looking towards the future of endodontics

No disponible

Ensayo aleatorizado in vitro sobre la capacidad de obturación de sistemas con vástago en conductos curvos / In vitro randomized-trial on the sealing ability of carrier-based systems in curved root canals

Objetivo: Comparar el porcentaje de área de gutapercha, cemento y huecos en conductos curvos obturados con sistemas con vástago y evaluar la influencia de la activación del cemento durante su colocación. Metodología: 120 conductos curvos de molares mandibulares fueron preparados a un diámetro apical ProFile 30, 0.04. Se obturaron con los sistemas GuttaCore, GuttaFusion o condensación lateral y AHplus (n = 40). Se subdividieron los grupos (n = 20) y se colocó el cemento con activación sónica o no. El cemento se mezcló con Rodamina B para permitir el análisis mediante microscopía confocal. Se calculó el área de gutapercha, cemento y huecos a 3, 6 y 9 mm del ápice. Se realizó el análisis estadístico utilizando ANOVA de dos vías. Para la comparación por pares se realizó el test de Sidak. Resultados: Cuando se comparan los sistemas de gutapercha a 3 mm, GF mostró un mejor comportamiento. CL obtuvo los peores resultados. No se encontró influencia entre los sistemas de obturación y la activación del cemento. Cuando se comparó el porcentaje de huecos entre todos los grupos, los perores resultados fueron para CL a 6 y 9 mm. Conclusiones: Bajo las condiciones de este estudio, el área de gutepercha, cemento y huecos depende del sistema de obturación utilizado. El uso de activación del cemento no influye en la calidad de la obturación

Aim: To compare the percentage of gutta-percha, sealer and voids in curved root canals filled with different gutta-percha carrier-based systems and to assess the influence of activation of the cement during its placement. Methodology: 120 curved canals of mandibular molars were prepared to an apical size ProFile 30, 0.04. They were filled with either GuttaCore, GuttaFusion or lateral condensation and AHplus (n=40). Groups were subdivided (n=20) and sonic activation or not during the placement of the cement was carried out. Cements were labelled with Rhodamine-B dye to allow analysis under confocal microscopy. Percentage of gutta-percha, sealer and voids area were calculated at 3, 6 and 9 mm from the apex. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA test. To compare between the obturation systems Sidak correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Results: When comparing the gutta-percha systems at the 3 mm level, GF revealed a better performance. At 6 and 9mm, LC obtained the worst results. An influence between the obturation systems and the activation of the cement was not found. When comparing the percentage of voids among all the groups, worst results were found for LC at 6 and 9 mm. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, gutta-percha, sealer area and voids were dependent on the obturation system. The use of activation of the cement do not influence the quality of root filling

Inverted orientation improves decellularization of whole porcine hearts.

In structurally heterogeneous organs, such as heart, it is challenging to retain extracellular matrix integrity in the thinnest regions (eg, valves) during perfusion decellularization and completely remove cellular debris from thicker areas. The high inflow rates necessary to maintain physiologic pressure can distend or damage thin tissues, but lower pressures prolong the process and increase the likelihood of contamination. We examined two novel retrograde decellularization methods for porcine hearts: inverting the heart or venting the apex to decrease inflow rate. We measured flow dynamics through the aorta (Ao) and pulmonary artery (PA) at different Ao pressures and assessed the heart's appearance, turbidity of the outflow solutions, and coronary perfusion efficiency. We used rectangle image fitting of decellularized heart images to obtain a heart shape index. Using nonlinear optical microscopy, we determined the microstructure of collagen and elastin fibers of the aortic valve cusps. DNA, glycosaminoglycan, and residual detergent levels were compared. The inverted method was superior to the vented method, as shown by a higher coronary perfusion efficiency, more cell debris outflow, higher collagen and elastin content inside the aortic valve, lower DNA content, and better retention of the heart shape after decellularization. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use flow dynamics in a whole heart throughout the decellularization procedure to provide real-time information about the success of the process and the integrity of the vulnerable regions of the matrix. Heart orientation was important in optimizing decellularization efficiency and maintaining extracellular matrix integrity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The use of decellularized tissue as a suitable scaffold for engineered tissue has emerged over the past decade as one of the most promising biofabrication platforms. The decellularization process removes all native cells, leaving the natural biopolymers, extracellular matrix materials and native architecture intact. This manuscript describes heart orientation as important in optimizing decellularization efficiency and maintaining extracellular matrix integrity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess flow dynamics in a whole heart throughout the decellularization procedure. Our findings compared to currently published methods demonstrate that continuous complex real-time measurements and analyses are required to produce an optimal scaffold for cardiac regeneration.

Incisivo lateral superior con doble reabsorción interna / A rare case of not perforating double internal root resorption

La reabsorción radicular podría ser clasificada en externa o interna dependiendo de la localización de la misma en relación con la superficie de la raíz afectada. La reabsorción interna es relativamente poco frecuente, y su etiología y patogénesis no esta todavía del todo clara. Este artículo muestra la complejidad de un incisivo lateral superior con una doble reabsorción radicular no perforante y la importancia de la CBCT para la confirmación tridimensional de la reabsorción dental, su diagnóstico y clasificación. Tiene gran importancia el examen de la radiografía preoperatoria y el de las realizadas durante el tratamiento. Desde una perspectiva de diagnóstico diferencial, la llegada de la CBCT ha mejorado considerablemente la capacidad clínica de diagnóstico de la reabsorción radicular interna. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, el tratamiento de conductos sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección para este tipo de patologías pulpares. En el seguimiento del caso que se presenta, el diente muestra signos clínicos y radiográficos de salud a los 24 meses después del tratamiento

Root resorption might be broadly classified into external or internal resorption by the location of the resorption in relation to the root surface. Internal root resorption is a relatively rare occurrence, and its etiology and pathogenesis have not been completely elucidated. This article shows the complexity of upper lateral incisor with a double not perforating root resorption and the significance of CBCT imaging in the confirmation of the three-dimensional resorption of teeth. The importance of the preoperative radiographic examination as well as radiographs during treatment is necessary. From a differential diagnosis perspective, the advent of cone beam computed tomography has considerably enhanced the clinician’s capability of diagnosing internal root resorption. Nevertheless, root canal treatment remains the treatment of choice for this pathologic condition to date. The tooth was clinically and radiographically healthy at the 24-month follow-up

Efecto de distintos protocolos de irrigación en la resistencia a la fractura de dientes tratados endodónticamente / Effect of different irrigation protocols in the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth

Introducción: El objetivo del tratamiento endodóntico es la prevención y eliminación de una infección microbiana en el sistema de conductos radiculares gracias a la instrumentación, irrigación y obturación. Como pieza clave del tratamiento, la irrigación se tiene que enfrentar a diversos problemas siendo uno de ellos su posible efecto en la erosión dentinaria. Objetivo: Cuantificar la erosión dentinaria causada por distintas secuencias de irrigación, mediante la resistencia a la fractura. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron 60 dientes unirradiculares que fueron instrumentados y montados en acrílico autopolimerizable, con espacio que simulaba el ligamento periodontal, y fueron divididos en dos grupos a los que se realizó un protocolo de irrigación con EDTA y NaClO (de 1 y 20 minutos respectivamente) y otro sin irrigación como control. Las muestras fueron posteriormente sometidas a una máquina de ensayos dinámicos de materiales que aplicó fuerza constante hasta fractura. Resultados: La media de la carga de rotura fue similar en los tres grupos, observándose ligeras diferencias del grupo 1 (NaClO 1 minuto) con el resto y mas variabilidad entre las muestras de dicho grupo. Conclusiones: En las condiciones de este estudio, la resistencia del diente no se ve afectada entre irrigar 1 minuto o 20 minutos de NaClO, después de eliminar el barrillo dentinario (AU)

The objectives: in endodontic therapy are prevention and the elimination of a microbial infection in the root canal system. This is done with instrumentation, irrigation and the adequate sealing of the root canals. A key factor in achieving a successful treatment is irrigation; nevertheless, irrigating has potential secondary detrimental effects, such as dentinal erosion. Objective: Quantifying the dentinal erosion in teeth caused by diverse irrigation protocols, and measuring its resistance to fracture. Material and Methods: A selection of 60 teeth with one canal was made. They were instrumented and placed in an acrylic base, and a simulation of the periodontal ligament was created. The teeth were divided in three groups. The first two, followed an irrigation protocol of EDTA and NaClO (1 or 20 minutes, depending on the group), and the third, a control group. The teeth were then subjected to pressure until fracture was achieved. Results: The average load in which the teeth were able to fracture was similar in the groups. However, there were slight differences between group 1 (NaClO, 1 minute), in comparison with the other groups. Conclusions: In this study, we determined that after removing the smear layer, there is no difference (1 or 20 minutes NaClO) in the resistance until fracture (AU)

Influencia de los agentes tensoactivos en el tratamiento de conductos: revisión de la literatura / Surface-active agents in root canal treatment: a review of literature

El objetivo del tratamiento de conductos es curar o prevenir la periodontitis apical. Para ello es necesario una correcta conformación y limpieza, que permitan obturar tridimensional el sistema de conductos. La irrigación supone una fase fundamental durante la terapia endodóntica y no debemos descuidarla. La eliminación completa de los restos pulpares vitales y/o necróticos es esencial para conseguir el éxito en el tratamiento de conductos. El irrigante gold estándar en endodoncia es el hipoclorito de sodio. Por sus características, no puede ser sustituido. Los principales inconvenientes son: la destrucción ósea en contacto con los tejidos periapicales, la no eliminación del barrillo dentinario y su alta tensión superficial. Los agentes tensoactivos en combinación con el hipoclorito de sodio se ha ido incorporando en los últimos años para reducir la tensión superficial, y así mejorar la penetración en el conducto principal. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es una puesta en día sobre qué dice la literatura al respecto en cuanto a disolución y capacidad antibacteriana de estas soluciones

The objective of root canal treatment is to heal or avoid apical periodontitis. This requires proper shaping and cleaning, enabling three-dimensional sealing root canal system. Irrigation is a critical phase during endodontic therapy and we should not neglect it. Complete removal of vital pulp remnants and/or necrotic allow a great success in the treatments. The gold standard endodontic irrigant is sodium hypochlorite. By their nature, it can not be replaced. The main drawbacks are: bone destruction in contact with the periapical tissues, no removal of smear and high surface tension. Surfactants in combination with sodium hypochlorite has been incorporated in recent years to reduce the surface tension, thereby improving penetration into the main duct. The aim of this review is a start-up on what the literature says to respect for dissolution and antibacterial ability of these solutions

Retratamiento de un segundo molar inferior con anatomía compleja. Retratamiento Endodóntico / Lower second molar endodontic retreatment with complex anatomy. Endodontic Retreatment

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el manejo de un retratamiento con una anatomía compleja, con presencia de un instrumento separado y material de obturación difícil de permeabilizar. Presentamos el caso de una paciente que acude con dolor en un 37 tratado endodónticamente. Las pruebas diagnósticas indican la presencia de periodontitis apical por fracaso del tratamiento previo debida a una anatomía compleja y a una subobturación de los conductos. Al realizar la apertura, se comprobó la existencia de una raíz extra, en la que se encontró una lima separada, y un material similar al composite utilizado para obturar la raíz distal. Alcanzar la longitud de trabajo de todo el sistema de conductos y su instrumentación, debido limas rotas, escalones, material de obturación... costó tres citas. Se hizo un protocolo de irrigación con hipoclorito 4,25%, EDTA 17% e hipoclorito 4,25% activado con Endoactivator®. Se obturó con el sistema B&L®. El control 13 meses después muestra un curación de la periodontitis apical previa y el diente se mantiene en función y estética satisfactorias. Como conclusión, es esencial un profundo conocimiento de la anatomía interna de los dientes y sus posibles variaciones. Los instrumentos separados y las alteraciones de la anatomía original son los principales obstáculos para lograr el éxito en un retratamiento endodóntico, que debería ser la primera opción ante un fracaso del tratamiento inicial (AU)

The aim of this study is to present the clinical management of an endodontic retreatment in a case in which the tooth presented a complex anatomy, broken file and a filling material that was difficult to bypass. We present a case in which a patient refers pain in an endodontically treated 37. Diagnostic tests indicate the presence of apical periodontitis due to the failure of the previous treatment as a result of its complex anatomy and subobturation of the canals. Cavity access revealed the existence of an extra root containing a broken file. The distal root was filled using a composite like a filling material. Due to the broken files, ledge, filling materials used and so forth, it took three appointments to reach the working length for the entire root canal system. The irrigation protocol consisted of 4.25% hypochlorite, 17% EDTA and 4.25% hypochlorite activated with Endoactivator®. The B&L® system was used for filling. 1 year follow-up showed healing of the previous apical periodontitis. Moreover, the tooth presented adequate function and esthetic. In conclusion, a profound knowledge of the internal anatomy of the teeth and the possible variations is critical. Separated instruments and changes to the original anatomy are the primary obstacles that must be overcome in order to achieve success in endodontic retreatment (AU)

Diagnóstico y manejo de un incisivo lateral inferior con lesión laterorradicular / Diagnosis and management of a maxillary lateral incisor with a large peri-radicular lesion

El objetivo del tratamiento de conductos consiste en prevenir o curar la periodontitis apical, lo que se logra mediante una correcta preparación quimiomecánica, junto a un sellado tridimensional. Una imagen radiolúcida periapical de gran extensión, indicativa de una gran lesión inflamatoria periapical, supone un reto para el clínico. Un buen diagnóstico, un buen planteamiento y comunicación con el paciente, contribuirán, junto a la realización de un correcto tratamiento de conductos, a la consecución del éxito clínico. A continuación presentamos un caso clínico de un paciente joven, con antecedente traumático, que acude a la consulta para la realización de un tratamiento de conductos previo a la intervención quirúrgica que tiene programada. Tras establecerse el diagnóstico de necrosis pulpar de los dientes 31, 41 y 42 y periodontitis apical sintomática del diente 42 por reagudización de un proceso inflamatorio periapical crónico, se procede al tratamiento de conductos. A los 24 meses, el paciente se presenta asintomático, con ausencias de signos y síntomas, y con una clara disminución de la lesión en la radiografía de control

Root canal treatment aims to prevent or cure apical periodontitis through a proper chemo-mechanical preparation and three-dimensional sealing. Wide periapical radiolucencies, indicative of a large periapical inflammatory lesion, are a challenge for the clinician. A proper diagnosis, a good approach and communication with the patient, together with an appropriate root canal treatment, provide the achievement of clinical success. A case of a young patient with a traumatic history, suffering pulp necrosis of teeth 31, 41 and 42 and symptomatic apical periodontitis of 42 tooth, is reported. After 24 months follow-up, patient is asymptomatic, with absence of signs and symptoms, and an evident reduction of the periapical lesion in x-ray control