Effectiveness of a Prevention Program for Gender-Based Intimate Partner Violence at a Colombian Primary School.

Intimate partner violence, particularly against women, is widely studied owing to its high rates, based on transnational data. Colombia, where this form of violence is considerably common, is no exception, and such violence is occurring more and more often in increasingly younger couples (10-14 years old). Further, risk factors such as wide acceptance, the justification of intimate partner violence, extremely rigid traditional gender roles, and poor socio-emotional skills play a crucial role. In accordance with this reality, a gender-based intimate partner violence prevention program was designed, implemented, and evaluated for primary school children in Colombia based on a review of successful preventive programs and an identification of the main predictors of intimate partner violence. The program was evaluated using a quantitative study with a quasi-experimental design that included an experimental and a control group. In total, 344 participants were involved in the study: 195 boys (56.7%) and 149 girls (43.4%) from the second and third grades of a primary school (average age: 7.8 years) at a Colombian educational institution. The experimental group consisted of 200 participants and the control group of 144 participants. The program's effectiveness was evaluated by measuring three groups of variables (gender stereotypes, the acceptance of violence, and socio-emotional skills) using reliable scales. To analyze the program's effectiveness, mixed ANOVAs with a within-subjects factor (when the group was measured), two between-subjects factors (group and gender), and a covariate (age) were used. The results showed that the participants in the experimental group had lower scores in gender stereotypes, acceptance of peer aggression, and acceptance of physical violence against women compared to the control group. Conversely, they had higher scores in affective empathy after the intervention; both groups showed no significant differences before the intervention. This program is highly relevant because it has proven to have a positive impact on the participants and is innovative due to the lack of preventive programs that have been implemented in primary education and evaluated within the Colombian context.

[Reincarceration of drug-dependent prisoners released into a therapeutic community, according to pretreatment variables]. / Reingreso en prisión de reclusos drogodependientes excarcelados a una comunidad terapéutica, en función de variables previas al tratamiento.

The main aim of this paper is to identify the criminal and penitentiary pretreatment variables associated with re-entry into prison in a population of drug-dependent inmates who had been released from different prisons in Castilla and Leon (Spain) to finish their prison sentence in a Therapeutic Community. The study population was 120 male inmates. The documentary sources consulted for collecting information were the prison record, the classification and treatment protocol and the social record. These official records were consulted in the Burgos Penitentiary, responsible for custody of the documents. Applying a descriptive statistical analysis with contingency tables, the pre-treatment variables that showed the strongest association with re-entry into prison were family prison history, total sentence exceeding five years, imprisonments prior to the sentence in question, change to a higher security level, revocation of parole, breach of the terms of a sentence, completion of sentence in prison and, especially, age at first entry into prison between 16 and 21 years. It was confirmed through logistic regression analysis that the variable age at which participants entered prison for the first time is critical, given the impact that prison can have at an early age. These results provide a profile of the drug-dependent inmate at greatest risk of making poor use of measures alternative to prison.

Reingreso en prisión de reclusos drogodependientes excarcelados a una comunidad terapéutica, en función de variables previas al tratamiento / Reincarceration of drug-dependent prisoners released into a therapeutic community, according to pretreatment variables

El principal objetivo de este artículo es identificar las variables penales y penitenciarias previas al tratamiento asociadas al reingreso en prisión, en una población de reclusos drogodependientes que fueron excarcelados desde diferentes centros penitenciarios de Castilla y León (España) para sustituir su pena privativa de libertad por el tratamiento en una comunidad terapéutica. La población objeto de estudio fue de 120 internos varones. Las fuentes documentales consultadas para la recogida de información fueron: el protocolo de clasificación y tratamiento, el expediente penitenciario y el expediente social. Estos registros oficiales fueron consultados en el Centro Penitenciario de Burgos, responsable de la custodia de los documentos. Aplicando un análisis estadístico descriptivo mediante tablas de contingencia, las variables previas al tratamiento que mostraron mayor asociación con el reingreso en prisión fueron los antecedentes familiares penitenciarios, la condena total superior a cinco años, los ingresos previos a la condena base, la regresión de grado de cumplimiento, la revocación de la libertad condicional, el quebrantamiento de condena, la finalización de la condena en prisión y, muy especialmente, la edad del primer ingreso entre 16 y 21 años. Se confirma mediante un análisis de regresión logística que la variable edad en que los sujetos ingresaron en prisión por primera vez es de vital importancia por el impacto que la prisión puede tener en edades tempranas. Estos resultados ofrecen un perfil del recluso drogodependiente que mayor riesgo tiene de hacer un mal uso de la medida alternativa a la prisión(AU)

The main aim of this paper is to identify the criminal and penitentiary pretreatment variables associated with re-entry into prison in a population of drug-dependent inmates who had been released from different prisons in Castilla and León (Spain) to finish their prison sentence in a Therapeutic Community. The study population was 120 male inmates. The documentary sources consulted for collecting information were the prison record, the classification and treatment protocol and the social record. These official records were consulted in the Burgos Penitentiary, responsible for custody of the documents. Applying a descriptive statistical analysis with contingency tables, the pre-treatment variables that showed the strongest association with re-entry into prison were family prison history, total sentence exceeding five years, imprisonments prior to the sentence in question, change to a higher security level, revocation of parole, breach of the terms of a sentence, completion of sentence in prison and, especially, age at first entry into prison between 16 and 21 years. It was confirmed through logistic regression analysis that the variable age at which participants entered prison for the first time is critical, given the impact that prison can have at an early age. These results provide a profile of the drug-dependent inmate at greatest risk of making poor use of measures alternative to prison(AU)

Transexualidad y vejez: una realidad por conocer / Transsexuality and aging: an important reality to investigate

El presente trabajo hace un breve recorrido por algunas de las cuestiones de mayor relevancia para las personas transexuales durante la vejez. En primer lugar, expone el estado de la cuestión actual sobre la transexualidad durante la vejez y las líneas de trabajo que han abordado de manera específica la vejez de las personas transexuales, exponiendo cuáles son sus necesidades específicas y las dificultades encontradas. Finalmente refleja diversas propuestas de futuro destinadas a mejorar el bienestar de las personas transexuales mayores.(AU)

This paper makes a brief tour of some most important issues for transsexual people in old age. Firstly, it exposes the current needs and difficulties on transsexualism aging and focuses upon studies of age on transsexuals. Finally, this review propose several proposals to improve wellbeing of older transsexual people.(AU)

Transexualidad y vejez: una realidad por conocer / Transsexuality and aging: an important reality to investigate

El presente trabajo hace un breve recorrido por algunas de las cuestiones de mayor relevancia para las personas transexuales durante la vejez. En primer lugar, expone el estado de la cuestión actual sobre la transexualidad durante la vejez y las líneas de trabajo que han abordado de manera específica la vejez de las personas transexuales, exponiendo cuáles son sus necesidades específicas y las dificultades encontradas. Finalmente refleja diversas propuestas de futuro destinadas a mejorar el bienestar de las personas transexuales mayores...

This paper makes a brief tour of some most important issues for transsexual people in old age. Firstly, it exposes the current needs and difficulties on transsexualism aging and focuses upon studies of age on transsexuals. Finally, this review propose several proposals to improve wellbeing of older transsexual people...

Assessment of a sexual coercion prevention program for adolescents.

This study's focus is to evaluate a sexual coercion prevention program in adolescents. Using a before-and-after design with both a treatment group (n = 93) and a control group (n = 76), an intervention of seven sessions was completed. Said sessions included such content as conceptualizing sexual freedom, sexual coercion and voluntary consent, analyzing different sexual coercion tactics and the contexts in which they occur, empathy toward the victim, and developing abilities to avoid risky situations. Other risk factors for coercive behavior and sexual victimization are explored as well, such as alcohol use, sexist attitudes and inadequate communication, among others. The intervention's results include a decrease in stereotypical beliefs about the opposite sex and increased empathy toward victims of sexual coercion. These changes were maintained with the passage of time. Also, in the treatment group, a more acute decline was observed in the proportion of young people engaging in sexually coercive behaviors, This article emphasizes the importance, necessity and efficacy of such interventions, and discusses and analyzes possible improvements to the program for its future implementation.

Assessment of a sexual coercion prevention program for adolescents

This study’s focus is to evaluate a sexual coercion prevention program in adolescents. Using a beforeand- after design with both a treatment group (n = 93) and a control group (n = 76), an intervention of seven sessions was completed. Said sessions included such content as conceptualizing sexual freedom, sexual coercion and voluntary consent, analyzing different sexual coercion tactics and the contexts in which they occur, empathy toward the victim, and developing abilities to avoid risky situations. Other risk factors for coercive behavior and sexual victimization are explored as well, such as alcohol use, sexist attitudes and inadequate communication, among others. The intervention’s results include a decrease in stereotypical beliefs about the opposite sex and increased empathy toward victims of sexual coercion. These changes were maintained with the passage of time. Also, in the treatment group, a more acute decline was observed in the proportion of young people engaging in sexually coercive behaviors. This article emphasizes the importance, necessity and efficacy of such interventions, and discusses and analyzes possible improvements to the program for its future implementation (AU)

Este estudio se centra en la evaluación de un programa de prevención de la coerción sexual en adolescentes. Basándonos en un diseño antes-después con grupo de tratamiento (n = 93) y un grupo control (n = 76), se llevaron a cabo siete sesiones de intervención que incluían contenidos como la conceptualización de libertad sexual, coerción sexual y consentimiento voluntario, el análisis de las diferentes estrategias de coerción sexual y sus contextos, la empatía hacia la víctima, el desarrollo de habilidades para evitar situaciones de riesgos. Se abordaron también otros factores de riesgo de los comportamientos coercitivos y la victimización sexual como el uso del alcohol, las actitudes sexistas y la comunicación inadecuada, entre otros. Los resultados de la intervención mostraron un descenso en las creencias estereotipadas hacia el otro sexo y un aumento de la empatía hacia las víctimas. Estos cambios se mantuvieron con el paso del tiempo. Asimismo, se observó un descenso más acusado en la proporción de jóvenes que habían llevado a cabo comportamientos sexualmente coercitivos en el grupo de tratamiento. Este trabajo resalta la importancia, necesidad y eficacia de estas intervenciones, y discute y analiza posibles mejoras de este programa para su futura implementación (AU)