Sumario de las recomendaciones y puntos clave del Consenso de las Sociedades Científicas Españolas (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENeo, SEDAR, SENP) para la utilización de la ventilación no invasiva y terapia de alto flujo con cánulas nasales en el paciente adulto, pediátrico y neonatal con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave / Summary of recommendations and key points of the consensus of Spanish scientific societies (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENEO, SEDAR, SENP) on the use of non-invasive ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannulas in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with severe acute respiratory failure

El soporte respiratorio no invasivo (SRNI) comprende 2 modalidades de tratamiento, la ventilación mecá-nica no invasiva (VMNI) y la terapia de alto flujo con cánulas nasales (TAFCN) que se aplican en pacientes adultos, pediátricos y neonatales con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (IRA). Sin embargo, el grado de acuerdo entre las distintas especialidades sobre el beneficio de estas técnicas en diferentes escenarios clínicos es controvertido. El objetivo del presente consenso fue elaborar una serie de recomendaciones de buena práctica clínica para la aplicación de soporte no invasivo en pacientes con IRA, avaladas por todas las sociedades científicas involucradas en el manejo del paciente adulto y pediátrico/neonatal con IRA. Para ello se contactó con las diferentes sociedades implicadas, quienes designaron a su vez a un grupo de 26 profesionales con suficiente experiencia en su aplicación. Se realizaron 3 reuniones presenciales para consensuar las recomendaciones (hasta un total de 71) fundamentadas en la revisión de la literatura y en la actualización de la evidencia disponible en relación con 3 categorías: indicaciones, monitorización yseguimiento del SRNI. Finalmente, se procedió a votación telemática de cada una de las recomendaciones, por parte de los expertos de cada sociedad científica implicada. Para la clasificación del grado de acuerdo se optó por un sistema analógico de clasificación fácil e intuitivo de usar, y que expresara con claridad si el procedimiento relacionado con el SRNI debía hacerse, podía hacerse o no debía hacerse. (AU)

Non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) comprises two treatment modalities, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy. However, experts from different specialties disagree on the benefit of these techniques in different clinical settings. The objective of this consensus was to develop a series of good clinical practice recommendations for the application of non-invasive support in patients with ARF, endorsed by all scientific societies involved in the management of adult and pediatric/neonatal patients with ARF. To this end, the different societies involved were contacted, and they in turn appointed a group of 26 professionals with sufficient experience in the use of these techniques. Three face-to-face meetings were held to agree on recommendations (up to a total of 71) based on a literature review and the latest evidence associated with 3 categories: indications, monitoring and follow-up of NIRS. Finally, the experts from each scientific society involved voted telematically on each of the recommendations. To classify the degree of agreement, an analogue classification system was chosen that was easy and intuitive to use and that clearly stated whether the each NIRS intervention should be applied, could be applied, or should not be applied. (AU)

Summary of recommendations and key points of the consensus of Spanish scientific societies (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENEO, SEDAR, SENP) on the use of non-invasive ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannulas in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with severe acute respiratory failure.

Non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) comprises two treatment modalities, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy. However, experts from different specialties disagree on the benefit of these techniques in different clinical settings. The objective of this consensus was to develop a series of good clinical practice recommendations for the application of non-invasive support in patients with ARF, endorsed by all scientific societies involved in the management of adult and pediatric/neonatal patients with ARF. To this end, the different societies involved were contacted, and they in turn appointed a group of 26 professionals with sufficient experience in the use of these techniques. Three face-to-face meetings were held to agree on recommendations (up to a total of 71) based on a literature review and the latest evidence associated with 3 categories: indications, monitoring and follow-up of NIRS. Finally, the experts from each scientific society involved voted telematically on each of the recommendations. To classify the degree of agreement, an analogue classification system was chosen that was easy and intuitive to use and that clearly stated whether the each NIRS intervention should be applied, could be applied, or should not be applied.

Summary of recommendations and key points of the consensus of Spanish scientific societies (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENEO, SEDAR, SENP) on the use of non-invasive ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannulas in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with severe acute respiratory failure. / Sumario de las recomendaciones y puntos clave del Consenso de las Sociedades Científicas Españolas (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENeo, SEDAR, SENP) para la utilización de la ventilación no invasiva y terapia de alto flujo con cánulas nasales en el paciente adulto, pediátrico y neonatal con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave.

Non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) comprises two treatment modalities, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy. However, experts from different specialties disagree on the benefit of these techniques in different clinical settings. The objective of this consensus was to develop a series of good clinical practice recommendations for the application of non-invasive support in patients with ARF, endorsed by all scientific societies involved in the management of adult and pediatric/neonatal patients with ARF. To this end, the different societies involved were contacted, and they in turn appointed a group of 26 professionals with sufficient experience in the use of these techniques. Three face-to-face meetings were held to agree on recommendations (up to a total of 71) based on a literature review and the latest evidence associated with 3 categories: indications, monitoring and follow-up of NIRS. Finally, the experts from each scientific society involved voted telematically on each of the recommendations. To classify the degree of agreement, an analogue classification system was chosen that was easy and intuitive to use and that clearly stated whether the each NIRS intervention should be applied, could be applied, or should not be applied.

Clinical Consensus Recommendations Regarding Non-Invasive Respiratory Support in the Adult Patient with Acute Respiratory Failure Secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection. / Recomendaciones de consenso respecto al soporte respiratorio no invasivo en el paciente adulto con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda secundaria a infección por SARS-CoV-2.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by a newly emergent coronavirus, that was first recognized in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the infection as a global pandemic and there is a health and social emergency for the management of this new infection. While most people with COVID-19 develop only mild or uncomplicated illness, approximately 14% develop severe disease that requires hospitalization and oxygen support, and 5% require admission to an intensive care unit. In severe cases, COVID-19 can be complicated by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and septic shock, and multiorgan failure. This consensus document has been prepared on evidence-informed guidelines developed by a multidisciplinary panel of health care providers from four Spanish scientific societies (Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine [SEMICYUC], Spanish Society of Pulmonologists [SEPAR], Spanish Society of Emergency [SEMES], Spanish Society of Anesthesiology, Reanimation, and Pain [SEDAR]) with experience in the clinical management of patients with COVID-19 and other viral infections, including SARS, as well as sepsis and ARDS. The document provides clinical recommendations for the noninvasive respiratory support (noninvasive ventilation, high flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannula) in any patient with suspected or confirmed presentation of COVID-19 with acute respiratory failure. This consensus guidance should serve as a foundation for optimized supportive care to ensure the best possible chance for survival and to allow for reliable comparison of investigational therapeutic interventions as part of randomized controlled trials.

Evaluación de un modelo multidisciplinar de hospitalización alternativa a la hospitalización convencional en la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Evaluation of a multidisciplinar y alternative hospitalization model in comparison with conventional hospitalization for patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Objetivo: Evaluar la estancia hospitalaria y la mortalidad de un modelo multidisciplinar de hospitalización alternativa (HA) frente a un sistema de hospitalización convencional(HC) en pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC). Método: Estudio observacional prospectivo, en el que se incluyó a todos los pacientes con NAC atendidos en el servicio de urgencias (SU) de un hospital general durante un año. Se recogieron las variables sociodemográficas, de comorbilidad, clínicas y de laboratorio. Se calcularon el Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) y el índice de Barthel en el momento del ingreso. A su ingreso se asignaron de forma no aleatoria a un modelo de HC o al modelo de HA, consistente en ingreso en la unidad de corta estancia de urgencias y alta con seguimiento en el hospital de día de la unidad de enfermedades infecciosas o seguimiento a través de la unidad de hospitalización a domicilio. Se evaluó la estancia hospitalaria y la mortalidad a los 30 días. Resultados: Ingresaron 425 (77,2%) pacientes, 130 en HA y 252 en HC. Los asignados a HA eran de mayor edad (69 frente a 62,7 años; p < 0,001), con mayor deterioro funcional (47 % frente a 23,8 %; p < 0,001), con mayor puntuación PSI (PSI IV 61,5 %frente al 36,9 %; p < 0,001), con menor estancia media hospitalaria (2,5 frente a 9,6días; p < 0,001) y menor mortalidad a los 30 días (3,9 % frente a 11,2 %; p < 0,05,riesgo relativo 0,3, intervalo de confianza del 95% 0,1-0,8). Conclusiones: Un modelo multidisciplinar de HA alternativo de hospitalización en el manejo de la NAC permite reducir la estancia hospitalaria y la mortalidad asociada (AU)

Objective: To compare duration of hospital stay and mortality between conventional hospitalization and an alternative hospital care model for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).Patients and methods: Prospective, non randomized study including all patients with CAP treated in our hospital’semergency department (ED) in 1 year. We recorded information on sociodemographic variables, comorbidity, clinical condition, and laboratory findings. The Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and the Barthel score were also recorded onadmission to the ED. A care model (alternative or conventional hospitalization) was assigned without randamization on admission. The alternative model consisted of admission to a short-stay unit in the ED, and follow-up on discharge in the day hospital of the infectious diseases department or at home by the home hospitalization staff. Outcome measures were duration of hospital stay and 30-day mortality. Results: Of a total of 550 patients, 425 (77.2%) were admitted; 252 received conventional hospital care and 130 were treated under the alternative model. Those assigned to the alternative model were older (mean age of 69 years vs. 62.7years, P<.001), had greater functional deficits (47% vs 23.8%; P<.001), and a higher PSI (PSI of IV or higher, 61.5% vs36.9%; P<.001). The duration of hospital stay was shorter under the alternative model (2.5 days vs 9.6 days, P<.001) and 30-day mortality was lower (3.9% vs 11.2%, P<.05; relative risk, 0.3 [95% confidence interval, 0.1-0.8]). Conclusions: This alternative model of hospital care for the management of CAP allows hospital stay to be shortened and it is associated with lower mortality (AU)

Influencia del sexo del paciente en el manejo del síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del STen los servicios de urgencias / Sex-related differences in emergency department management of acute coronary syndrome

Objetivos: Existen datos en la literatura que demuestran que existen diferencias en cuanto a la mortalidad en el síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST(IAMEST) entre los distintos sexos, y ésta es más elevada en las mujeres. Nuestra intenciónes analizar las características específicas y la atención urgente recibida tanto extra como intrahospitalaria en función de sexo. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio longitudinal, observacional donde se incluyeron de forma consecutiva todos los pacientes asistidos en el servicio de urgencias (SU) de un hospital general por IAMEST desde marzo 2001 hasta junio 2007. El estudio es un subanálisisdel registro multicéntrico RESIM. Se analizaron datos demográficos, variables clínicas, horarios y tratamiento administrado a nivel extra e intrahospitalario. Resultados: De los 214 casos recogidos, un 74,8% (160 pacientes) eran hombres. La edad media fue de 64,4 ± 12,6 años. Las mujeres atendidas eran más mayores (71,7años DE ± 10,6) que los hombres (62 años DE ± 12,3). La diabetes mellitus fue más frecuente en las mujeres y la hipertensión arterial y el tabaquismo en los hombres. Hubodiferencias entre los siguientes tiempos: inicio de los síntomas y llegada al hospital(240,3 min en hombres vs 503,3 min en mujeres; p < 0,05), inicio de los síntomas y realización de un electrocardiiograma (ECG) (240,6 min en hombres vs 516,4 min en mujeres; p < 0,01) y llegada al hospital y realización de un ECG (6,4 min en hombres 13 min en mujeres; p < 0,01). No encontramos diferencias en el medio de transporte utilizado ni en el tratamiento administrado tanto a nivel extra como intrahospitalario. Conclusiones: Existen retrasos en la atención de mujeres que acuden al SU con IAMEST. Su consideración puede mejorar la atención prestada a estos pacientes (AU)

Background and objective: Higher mortality rates for women with acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation havebeen reported. Our aim was to analyze patient characteristics and care provided by our emergency department both before and after arrival at the hospital in order to detect sex-related differences in approach to care.Patients and methods: Longitudinal, observational study of consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome with STelevation attended by a general hospital emergency department between March 2001 and June 2007. The study fell within the scope of work carried out by the Spanish Register of Myocardial Infarction Emergencies (RESIM). Patient characteristics, clinical variables, timing, and treatment administered before and after arrival at the hospital were analyzed. Results: Of the 214 cases registered, 160 (74.8%) were men. The mean (SD) age was 64.4 (12.6) years. The women were older (71.7 [10.6] years) than the men (62 [12.3] years). Diabetes mellitus was more common in women and hypertension and smoking more common in men. Care differed with regard to time elapsed between onset of symptoms to arrival at the hospital (men, 240.3 minutes; women, 503.3 minutes; P<.05), time elapsed between on set of symptoms and an electrocardiogram (ECG) (men, 240.6 minutes; women, 516.4 minutes; P<.01), and time elapsed between arrival at the hospital and an ECG (men, 6.4 minutes; women, 13 minutes; P<.01). There were no differences in type of transport used or in treatment given before or after arrival at the hospital.Conclusions: Care for women with acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation is subject to longer delays. Awareness ofthis may improve emergency care given to women (AU)