Evolución de la mortalidad por diabetes en España (1900-1974): consecuencias de la malnutrición por exceso / Trends of diabetes mortality in Spain (1900-1974): excess malnutrition consequences

Introducción: La transición epidemiológica y nutricional que vivió la población española a lo largo del siglo XX se caracterizó por el aumento progresivo que mostró la mortalidad por causas de malnutrición por exceso en contraposición con la disminución progresiva de la mortalidad por desnutrición y peligro alimentario. Objetivo: El trabajo analiza la evolución de la mortalidad por diabetes durante el siglo XX en España y su distribución espacial por comunidades autónomas. Métodos: Se han analizado los datos de mortalidad por diabetes del Movimiento Natural de la Población publicados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística desde 1900 hasta 1974. Se calcularon las tasas brutas de mortalidad por diabetes para el conjunto de las provincias españolas y el Índice 100 de cada comunidad autónoma. Resultados, discusión y conclusiones: La mortalidad por diabetes mostró un incremento progresivo durante las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX. Durante el periodo de la posguerra se produjo un importante descenso. Superando aquel paréntesis la mortalidad por diabetes volvió a aumentar como reflejo de la transición nutricional que estaba viviendo la población española. Las comunidades autónomas más afectadas por la epidemia de diabetes fueron aquellas que, como en el caso de las del arco mediterráneo, vivieron con mayor precocidad dicha transición (AU)

Introduction: The epidemiologic and nutritional transition lived by the spanish population throughout the XX century showed a progressive increase of causes of excess malnutrition mortality in contrast to the continuous decrease of undernutrition and food hazards. Objective: The study analizes the evolution of diabetes mortality during the XX century in Spain and its map distribution by regions. Methods: Diabetes mortality data from the Natural Movement of Population published by the National Institute of Statistics was analyzed from 1900 to 1974. The diabetes mortality crude rates and the Index 100 for each region were calculated. Results, discussion y conclusions: Diabetes mortality showed a progresive increase during the first three decades of the XX century. During the postwar period an important decrease took place. After this moment, diabetes mortality increased again as a consequence of the nutrition transition that the spanish population was experiencing. The most affected by the diabetic epidemy regions where those of the mediterranean which lived this transition in advance (AU)

Nueva clasificación de las causas de mortalidad de origen nutricional por el método Delphi / New classification of causes of mortality of nutritional origin by means of the Delphi method

Las causas de mortalidad de origen nutricional (MON) no aparecen clasificadas en las sucesivas revisiones de la clasificación internacional de enfermedades (CIE) y no existe un acuerdo para la clasificación más adecuada. El objetivo de este estudio es elaborar, a partir de la última CIE, un listado de causas de MON que sirva como referencia para estudios posteriores. Se realizó un proceso de consenso de expertos en nutrición clínica mediante el método Delphi en dos oleadas para clasificar una lista de causas de MON en cuatro grupos; 1) grupo A: errores congénitos relacionados con la nutrición, 2) grupo B: causas asociadas a otras patologías, 3) grupo C: trastornos por exceso y por defecto, y 4) excluidas. Se sometieron al consenso de los expertos 86 causas, de las cuales se consensuaron 79 (91,9%) causas de MON. Se clasificaron 14(17,7%) causas en el grupo A, 5(6,3%) causas en el grupo B, 37(46,8%) causas en el grupo C y se excluyeron 23(29,1%) causas. Se trata de una primera aportación a la clasificación de las causas de mortalidad de origen nutricional, probablemente debido a la ambigüedad y la disparidad de opiniones entre expertos que presentan estas causas. Esta nueva clasificación será muy útil ya que ayudará a homogeneizar los estudios y así se podrán obtener resultados comparables, usándose como complemento clarificador de la CIE del momento.

The causes of mortality of nutritional origin (MNO) are not classified in the consecutive reviews of the international disease classification (IDC) and there is no agreement for their most proper classification. The objective of this study is to elaborate, using the last ICD as a guide, a list of causes of mortality of nutritional origin which will be used as a reference in future studies. A two round Delphi method was organized with an expert’s consenssus in clinical nutrition. The experts were asked to classify a list of causes of MNO in 4 groups; 1) group A: congenital errors related to nutrition, 2) group B: Causes associated with other pathologies, 3) group 3: Excess and defect nutrition disorders, and 4) excluded. In total, 86 causes of MNO were taken under the consensus of experts, and 79 (91,9%) came to an agreement. 14 (17,7%) causes were classified in group A, 5 (6,3%) causes in group B, 37(46,8%) causes in group C and 23 (29,1%) were excluded. This is a first approach to the classification of mortality causes of nutritional origin, probably due to the ambiguity and disparity of opinions between experts with respect to these causes. This new classification will be very useful due to the fact that it will enable homogenization of the studies and that way we will have comparable studies, using it as a clarifier annex for the ICD of the moment.

[New classification of causes of mortality of nutritional origin by means of the Delphi method]. / Nueva clasificación de las causas de mortalidad de origen nutricional por el método Delphi.

The causes of mortality of nutritional origin (MNO) are not classified in the consecutive reviews of the international disease classification (IDC) and there is no agreement for their most proper classification. The objective of this study is to elaborate, using the last ICD as a guide, a list of causes of mortality of nutritional origin which will be used as a reference in future studies. A two round Delphi method was organized with an expert's consenssus in clinical nutrition. The experts were asked to classify a list of causes of MNO in 4 groups; 1) group A: congenital errors related to nutrition, 2) group B: Causes associated with other pathologies, 3) group 3: Excess and defect nutrition disorders, and 4) excluded. In total, 86 causes of MNO were taken under the consensus of experts, and 79 (91.9%) came to an agreement. 14 (17.7%) causes were classified in group A, 5 (6.3%) causes in group B, 37 (46.8%) causes in group C and 23 (29.1%) were excluded. This is a first approach to the classification of mortality causes of nutritional origin, probably due to the ambiguity and disparity of opinions between experts with respect to these causes. This new classification will be very useful due to the fact that it will enable homogenization of the studies and that way we will have comparable studies, using it as a clarifier annex for the ICD of the moment.

Evaluation of quality of life related to nutritional status.

The way in which the quality of life related to health (HRQoL) is affected by the nutritional status of the patient is a subject of constant interest and permanent debate. The purpose of the present paper is to review those studies that relate HRQoL to nutritional status and examine the tools (questionnaires) that they use to investigate this relationship. A critical review of published studies was carried out via an investigation of the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed); EMBASE; The Cochrane Library; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL); Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science; Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS); Spanish Health Sciences Bibliographic Index (IBECS). The search was carried out from the earliest date possible until July 2007.The medical subject heading terms used were 'quality of life', 'nutritional status' and 'questionnaires'. The articles had to contain at least one questionnaire that evaluated quality of life. Twenty-eight documents fulfilling the inclusion criteria were accepted, although none of them used a specific questionnaire to evaluate HRQoL related to nutritional status. However, some of them used a combination of generic questionnaires with the intention of evaluating the same. Only three studies selectively addressed the relationship between nutritional status and quality of life, this evaluation being performed not by means of specific questionnaires but by statistical analysis of data obtained via validated questionnaires.

Health-related quality of life according to the main caregiver in patients with home nutritional support.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We intended to know the degree of agreement between the quality of life's perception of patients with home nutritional support and that of their main caregiver in the different dimensions. We also aimed to establish the predictive ability of the health-related quality of life (HRQL) punctuation of the caregiver about the patient, fixed up by other variables. METHOD: We evaluated the HRQL with the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) questionnaire in 245 patients by means of a direct interview with them and with their main caregiver. The patients came from 13 hospitals of the National Health System and they were selected sequentially according to their visits to the hospital or at home. RESULTS: The agreement obtained in the EQ-5D components was high, except for the anxiety component, which had a 58% concordance (McNemar's test, p = 0.005; kappa = 0.340, p < 0.001). When studying the agreement between the patient punctuation and that of the main caregiver, an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.887 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.852-0.913) was obtained. When studying the predictive ability of the caregiver's punctuation about the patient, we obtained an R2 = 0.649 with a regression coefficient of 0.803 (95% CI, 0.725-0.882) in the EQ-5D, while in the visual analogical scale an ICC = 0.823 (95% CI, 0.771-0.863) was obtained, and an R2 = 0.475 with a regression coefficient of 0.719 (95% CI, 0.617-0.822) was found. CONCLUSIONS: A caregiver's evaluation can be useful to have an approximation to the patient's perception when he/she does not have the ability to communicate. The approach is better if we consider the variables sex, pathological group, age of the caregiver or the evaluation of changes in the health state for the last 12 months.

Health-related quality of life according to the main caregiver in patients with home nutritional support

FUNDAMENTO Y OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio ha sido conocer el grado de acuerdo en la valoración de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) entre los pacientes con soporte nutricional domiciliario y su cuidador, en las diferentes dimensiones, para poder valorarla cuando las dificultades de comunicación de estos pacientes no permiten hacerlo directamente. Asimismo, nos hemos propuesto establecer la capacidad predictiva de la puntuación de CVRS del cuidador sobre la del paciente, ajustada por otras variables. MÉTODO: Hemos valorado la CVRS con el cuestionario EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) en 245 pacientes mediante entrevista directa a éstos y a sus cuidadores principales. Los pacientes procedían de13 hospitales del Sistema Nacional de Salud y se seleccionaron de forma secuencial según su visita tuviera lugar en el hospital o en el domicilio. RESULTADOS: El acuerdo obtenido en los componentes del EQ-5D fue elevado, con excepción del componente de ansiedad, donde se encontró una concordancia del 58% (test de McNemar, p = 0,005; kappa = 0,340, p < 0,001). Cuando estudiamos la concordancia entre la puntuación del paciente y la del cuidador, se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación intraclase(CCI) de 0,887 (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 0,852-0,913). Al estudiar la capacidad predictiva de la puntuación del cuidador sobre la del paciente se obtuvo una R2de 0,649, con un coeficiente de regresión de 0,803 (IC del 95%, 0,725-0,882), en elEQ-5D, mientras que en la escala visual analógica se obtuvo un CCI de 0,823 (IC del 95%, 0,771-0,863) y una R2 de 0,475, con coeficiente de regresión de 0,719 (IC del 95%, 0,617-0,822). CONCLUSIONES: La valoración del cuidador es de utilidad para disponer de una aproximación a la percepción del paciente cuando éste no tiene capacidad para comunicarse, y constituye la mejor aproximación si se tienen en cuenta variables tales como el sexo, el grupo patológico, la edad del cuidador y la evaluación de los cambios en el estado de salud del paciente en los últimos 12 meses

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We intended to know the degree of agreement between the quality of life’s perception of patients with home nutritional support and that of their main care giver in the different dimensions. We also aimed to establish the predictive ability of the health-related quality of life (HRQL) punctuation of the caregiver about the patient, fixed up by other variables. METHOD: We evaluated the HRQL with the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) questionnaire in 245 patients by means of a direct interview with them and with their main caregiver. The patients came from13 hospitals of the National Health System and they were selected sequentially according to their visits to the hospital or at home. RESULTS: The agreement obtained in the EQ-5D components was high, except for the anxiety component, which had a 58% concordance (McNemar’s test, p = 0.005; kappa = 0.340, p < 0.001).When studying the agreement between the patient punctuation and that of the main caregiver, an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.887 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.852-0.913) was obtained. When studying the predictive ability of the caregiver’s punctuation about the patient, we obtained an R2 = 0.649 with a regression coefficient of 0.803 (95% CI, 0.725-0.882) in the EQ-5D, while in the visual analogical scale an ICC = 0.823 (95% CI, 0.771-0.863) was obtained, and an R2 = 0.475 with a regression coefficient of 0.719 (95% CI, 0.617-0.822) was found. CONCLUSIONS: A caregiver’s evaluation can be useful to have an approximation to the patient’s perception when he/she does not have the ability to communicate. The approach is better if we consider the variables sex, pathological group, age of the caregiver or the evaluation of changes in the health state for the last 12 months sex, pathological group, age of the caregiver or the evaluation of changes in the health state for the last 12 months