[Utilization of Upadacitinib in the treatment of Crohn's disease: a report on two clinical cases]. / Utilización de Upadacitinib en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Crohn: reporte de dos casos clínicos.

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease with complications that impact the well-being of patients. The therapeutic advances achieved in recent decades, especially through the advent of biological therapy, have allowed for a transformation in the approach and management of CD, thereby modifying the course of this disease. However, a significant number of patients do not experience a satisfactory response to these drugs or lose it during the course of the disease. In this scenario, a viable alternative is to switch medications. Upadacitinib, a novel Janus kinase inhibitor, has emerged as a promising strategy for the management of CD. We presented two cases of patients with CD refractory to conventional therapy and biological therapy, who responded successfully to treatment with upadacitinib.

Estimación del gasto en salud mental en Chile 2014 - 2021 / Estimated spending on mental health in Chile 2014 - 2021

Los desafíos en salud mental en Chile son múltiples y complejos. Por ello, la valorización de los recursos existentes permite establecer una línea base para mejorar el acceso, la cobertura y la efectividad de las medidas. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo estimar y analizar el gasto en salud mental realizado en Chile entre 2014 y 2021, abordando tanto la atención no ambulatoria como la ambulatoria. Así, el cálculo de los gastos en atención no ambulatoria para salud mental se obtuvo de la metodología de gasto por enfermedad (11,7% del total). Por otro lado, la estimación en atención ambulatoria para salud mental consideró múltiples fuentes de información por niveles de atención público y privado (56,9%). Adicionalmente, se estimaron los gastos en medicamentos realizados por las personas en el retail (31,4%). El gasto estimado en salud mental público alcanzó los $208 miles de millones, lo que representa un 1,7% del gasto público en salud de Chile el 2021. Asimismo, a nivel privado el gasto en salud mental fue de $332 miles de millones, esto es un 3,4% del gasto privado en salud. Además, se resalta la relevancia de considerar los costos asociados al reposo médico por salud mental que son 2 veces más que el gasto estimado. Se concluye comparando las estimaciones con otros países, mencionando limitaciones por falta de acceso a la información y algunos desafíos. Además, se destaca el problema de acceso a las prestaciones debido al alto porcentaje de copago (66%), y la necesidad de aumentar el presupuesto público destinado a la salud mental.

Escurrimiento oleoso anaranjado o «keriorrea», («orange oily anal leakage»): una nueva enfermedad ligada a cambios de hábito alimentario / Orange oily anal leakage: a new entity linked to dietary changes

Introducción Se acumula información relativa a casos clínicos de excepción, relacionados con la ingesta de determinados alimentos y con su forma de consumo, los que presentan un cuadro caracterizado por descarga anal, las más de las veces inadvertida, de líquido anaranjado oleoso que alarma a los pacientes. Método Se registran los antecedentes de una serie de casos recogidos de forma consecutiva, que presentan un cuadro clínico caracterizado por descarga masiva e involuntaria, sin sensación esfinteriana, de deposiciones de aspecto oleoso anaranjado después de ingerir pescado en la gran mayoría de los casos, de cocina japonesa. Resultados Se evaluaron 11 pacientes con el cuadro clínico mencionado. Cuatro mujeres y siete de ellos varones. Edad promedio de 47,3 años. Cuatro pacientes tenían estudio colonoscópico previo sin lesiones. La keriorrea se produciría por acumulación de «ésteres cerosos» no digeribles, presentes en algunos peces escolares, algunos de ellos incorporados recientemente a la ingesta cruda en forma de sashimi o mal llamados mero cocido. Estos aceites, al ser no absorbibles ni digeribles, se filtran insensiblemente desde el recto. También se postularía una disfunción esfinteriana secundaria a toxinas. En ocasiones se produce la misma sintomatología por consumo de estas especies en su forma cocida. El antecedente epidemiológico de ingesta previa de pescado de las características mencionadas, los datos clínicos y lo autolimitado del cuadro, permiten el diagnóstico sin necesidad de realizar mayores estudios. Conclusión Se describe y comunica una serie de casos, de enfermedad recientemente descrita, asociada a cambios de hábito alimentario, de curso benigno y autolimitado. Nos parece importante que este cuadro sea reconocido por los clínicos, para informar a los pacientes y manejar correctamente estos casos(AU)

Introduction Information is accumulating on exceptional cases of oily orange anal leakage, probably caused by certain foods and their form of consumption. The leakage is usually inadvertent and is worrisome for patients. Method Clinical data was gathered on a case series presenting with massive and inadvertent orange oily anal leakage, without sphincter sensation, causing the patients to feel alarmed. This condition usually occurs after eating fish, especially Japanese cuisine. Results Eleven patients were included (four women and seven men). The mean age was 47.3 years. Colonoscopy had previously been performed in four patients, with normal results. The symptoms, described as keriorrhea, were probably produced by accumulation of indigestible "wax esters", es Mero present in some oily fish, recently incorporated in raw fish dishes (sashimi) or as Japanese Mero sea bass. These oils, which cannot be absorbed or digested, accumulate in the rectum and may also filter spontaneously and induce toxin-related sphincter dysfunction. The same symptoms are sometimes produced after consumption of cooked versions of these species. The diagnosis is given by clinical data, prior ingestion of these types of fish and the self-limiting nature of the symptoms, without the need for further investigations. Conclusion We describe a case series of a recently described entity associated with dietary changes. This entity is benign and self-limiting. Clinicians should be familiar with the symptoms to inform patients correctly and avoid unnecessary laboratory studies(AU)

[Orange oily anal leakage: a new entity linked to dietary changes]. / Escurrimiento oleoso anaranjado o "keriorrea", ("orange oily anal leakage"): una nueva enfermedad ligada a cambios de hábito alimentario.

INTRODUCTION: Information is accumulating on exceptional cases of oily orange anal leakage, probably caused by certain foods and their form of consumption. The leakage is usually inadvertent and is worrisome for patients. METHOD: Clinical data was gathered on a case series presenting with massive and inadvertent orange oily anal leakage, without sphincter sensation, causing the patients to feel alarmed. This condition usually occurs after eating fish, especially Japanese cuisine. RESULTS: Eleven patients were included (four women and seven men). The mean age was 47.3 years. Colonoscopy had previously been performed in four patients, with normal results. The symptoms, described as keriorrhea, were probably produced by accumulation of indigestible "wax esters", es Mero present in some oily fish, recently incorporated in raw fish dishes (sashimi) or as Japanese Mero sea bass. These oils, which cannot be absorbed or digested, accumulate in the rectum and may also filter spontaneously and induce toxin-related sphincter dysfunction. The same symptoms are sometimes produced after consumption of cooked versions of these species. The diagnosis is given by clinical data, prior ingestion of these types of fish and the self-limiting nature of the symptoms, without the need for further investigations. CONCLUSION: We describe a case series of a recently described entity associated with dietary changes. This entity is benign and self-limiting. Clinicians should be familiar with the symptoms to inform patients correctly and avoid unnecessary laboratory studies.

Defective IL-10 production in severe phenotypes of Crohn's disease.

Loss of tolerance toward commensal bacteria has been invoked as a mechanism for Crohn's disease. IL-10 is a key anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a role in induction and maintenance of tolerance. The aim of this study is to determine IL-10 production in response to bacterial components in Crohn's disease patients, who were classified according to their phenotypes as stricturing, penetrating, or inflammatory. Peripheral blood was obtained from Crohn's disease patients and healthy controls. Cytokine production was measured in whole blood cultures, isolated CD4(+) cells, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs). Under unstimulated conditions, IL-10, but not IL-12, was down-regulated significantly in blood cultures of patients with severe phenotypes, compared with inflammatory, nonpenetrating, nonstricturing Crohn's disease patients. In response to LPS, IL-10 was up-regulated more significantly in patients with no fistulae or fibrosis. Study of IL-10 production by isolated cell subsets showed that DCs, but not CD4(+) T cells, from penetrating Crohn's disease produced significantly less IL-10 in response to LPS. Differences were not associated with the 1082A/G polymorphism in the IL-10 gene promoter. We show a defect in IL-10 production in whole blood cell cultures and MDDCs in patients with severe forms of Crohn's disease. This defect in IL-10 production by a group of Crohn's disease patients may represent a mechanism mediating more severe manifestations of the disease. We propose that treatment with IL-10 or IL-10-inducing therapies could be of particular benefit to these group of patients.

Golpe de calor provocado durante el tratamiento con atropina en un paciente con intoxicación por organofosforado / Heat stroke due to atropine treatment in a patient poisoned with organophosphate

El golpe de calor es una entidad clínica que se clasifica dentro de los síndromes hipertérmicos. La hipertermia es el aumento de la temperatura corporal secundaria a un incremento en la producción de calor o a una disminución en su disipación. Presentamos el caso de un hombre joven intoxicado con insecticida organofosforado, que estando en tratamiento con atropina hace hipertermia severa con compromiso de conciencia y disfunción multiorgánica