Influence of viscosity and curing mode on degree of conversion of dual-cured resin cements.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the viscosities and curing modes on the degree of conversion (DC) of two resin cements. METHODS: Eight experimental groups were evaluated (n=5), according to the dual-cured resin cements (Nexus 2/Variolink II), viscosity (low and high) and evaluation time (5 minutes and 24 hours). The resin cements were applied to surface of a horizontal attenuated-total-reflectance unit and were polymerized either with self-cure (SC) or light exposure (XL3000/3M ESPE) for 40 seconds. Infrared spectra were obtained after 5 minutes and 24 hours (Nicolet 520 FT-IR/Thermo Scientific Inc.). DC was calculated according to changes in aliphatic-to-aromatic peak ratios pre- and post-curing. Data (%) were analyzed by 3-way repeated measure ANOVA (curing mode, viscosity and time interval) and Tukey's post-hoc test (P<.05). RESULTS: The dual-polymerizing mode provided higher DC than auto-polymerization. The DC mean values increased for both resin cements after 24 hours. The low-viscosity resin cements from light-activated or self-cured groups exhibited higher DC than high viscosity version. CONCLUSION: The DC of resin cements was higher for the low viscosity version, following the light-polymerization and when were tested after 24 hours.

Influence of curing mode and time on degree of conversion of one conventional and two self-adhesive resin cements.

This study evaluated the effect of curing mode (auto- and dual-polymerizing mode) and time interval (5, 10 and 15 minutes) on the degree of conversion of resin cements. One conventional dual-cured resin cement (Panavia F 2.0 [Kuraray Medical Inc]) and two self-adhesive cements (RelyX Unicem [3M ESPE] and BisCem [BISCO, Inc]) were evaluated. The products (n = 5) were manipulated according to the manufacturer's instructions and applied to the surface of a horizontal attenuated reflectance unit attached to an infrared spectrometer. The materials were either light-cured for 40 seconds (dual-polymerizing mode) or allowed to auto-polymerize. The degree of conversion was calculated according to changes in the aliphatic-to-aromatic peak ratios prior to and 5, 10 and 15 minutes after light-activation or after mixing when the specimens were allowed to auto-polymerize. Data (%) were analyzed by two-way repeated measure ANOVA (curing mode and time interval) and Tukey's post-hoc test (alpha = 0.05%). The light-activating mode led to a higher degree of conversion values than the self-curing mode in self-adhesive cements (RelyX Unicem and BisCem), while there was no difference in the degree of conversion between the self- and light-cured groups of Panavia F 2.0 resin cement. All products showed a higher degree of conversion at 15 minutes postcuring than any other evaluation interval. The self-adhesive cements provide a higher degree of conversion values when light-activated. After 15 minutes of polymerization initiation, the degree of conversion was higher in all resin cements, regardless of the curing mode.

Coexistence of liquid phases in the sodium polyphosphate-chromium nitrate-water system.

The formation of coexisting liquid phases out of aqueous aluminum polyphosphate solutions was previously suggested as an essential step in aluminum polyphosphate nanoparticle formation. This hypothesis could not be directly verified because the separation of the two phases is very difficult, but a different situation was found in the case of chromium (III) polyphosphate. The phase diagram of the sodium polyphosphate-chromium nitrate-water system at 25 degrees C presents an extensive region with two coexisting liquid phases (L-L), together with a single liquid phase (L) and a solid-liquid (S-L) domain. Within the L-L region, admixture of the reagents produces initially a turbid liquid, out of which two transparent liquid phases separate in a short time, under gravity: one is dense, dark, and viscous while the other has a light color and a lower density. The amounts of the separated phases were determined, as well as their viscosities, densities, pH, UV-vis spectra, and relevant molalities: P (from polyphosphate), Cr(3+), NO(-)(3+), and Na(+). The two liquid phases undergo significant color, pH, and viscosity changes with time. The calculated phase diagrams display the major features of the experimental phase diagram.

Ruthenium Nitrosyl Complexes with N-Heterocyclic Ligands.

A new route was developed for preparing a series of trans nitrosyl complexes of general formula trans-[Ru(NH(3))(4)L(NO)](BF(4))(3), where L = imidazole, L-histidine, pyridine, or nicotinamide. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, UV-visible, infrared, proton nuclear magnetic, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies, and electrochemical techniques. The compounds possess relatively high nu(NO) stretching frequencies indicating that a high degree of positive charge resides on the coordinated nitrosyl group. The nitrosyl complexes react with OH(-) according to the equation trans-[Ru(NH(3))(4)L(NO)](3+) + 2OH(-) right arrow over left arrow trans-[Ru(NH(3))(4)L(NO(2))](+) + H(2)O, with a K(eq) (at 25.0 degrees C in 1.0 mol/L NaCl) of 2.2 x 10(5), 5.9 x 10(7), 9.7 x 10(10), and 4.6 x 10(13) L(2) mol(-)(2) for the py, nic, imN, and L-hist complexes, respectively. Only one redox process attributed to the reaction [Ru(II)(NH(3))(4)L(NO(+))](3+) + e(-) right arrow over left arrow trans-[Ru(II)(NH(3))(4)L(NO(0))](2+) was observed in the range -0.45 to 1.20 V for all the nitrosyl complexes. Linear correlations are observed in plots of nu(NO) versus E(1/2) and of E(1/2) versus summation operatorE(L) showing that the oxidizing strength of the coordinated NO increases with increase in L pi-acidity. The crystal structure analysis of trans-[Ru(NH(3))(4)nicNO](2)(SiF(6))(3) shows that the mean Ru-N-O angle is very close to 180 degrees (177 +/- 1 degrees ) and the mean N-O distance is 1.17 +/- 0.02 Å, thus confirming the presence of the Ru(II)-NO(+) moiety in the nitrosyl complexes studied.