Effect of strength, aerobic, and concurrent training on the memory of cognitively preserved older adults: a randomized clinical trial protocol

Objectives: To verify the effect of strength, aerobic, and concurrent training on the memory of cognitively preserved older adults. Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial will be conducted. Sedentary older adults (aged 60 to 75 years) of both genders will participate. Outcome measures will include blood biomarkers, cognitive tests, depressive symptoms, socioeconomic data, and physical assessments. Participants will be randomized into the following groups: strength training, aerobic training, concurrent training, or control. Interventions will be conducted for 12 weeks, with adherence to training sessions monitored. Pre-training values will be compared between groups using a one-way ANOVA test. Training effects will be evaluated through two-way ANOVA (time × group). The research protocol was registered in The Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) (RBR-655vxdd). Expected results: We believe that concurrent training may yield greater efficacy in improving memory outcomes, combining the benefit of both training modalities. Relevance: Considering the increase in population aging and that few studies have evaluated the chronic effect of physical exercise on the memory of cognitively preserved older adults, this is a relevant topic, since much of the literature has focused on investigating older adults with some cognitive decline. Furthermore, our aim is to provide an alternative training option by combining the benefits of aerobic and strength training, thereby optimizing time and enhancing both physical capacity and memory. (AU)

Effects of traditional concurrent training and multicomponent training composed by strength training and dance classes on functional and cognitive capacity of older adults: a study protocol / Efeitos do treinamento combinado tradicional e do treinamento multicomponente composto por treinamento de força e aulas de dança na capacidade funcional e cognitiva de idosos: protocolo de estudo

The combination of strength and aerobic training (concurrent training - TG) has been a widely used intervention for improving health outcomes. Also, dance has been well described as a great aerobic activity and can be an interesting option to compose an alternative multicomponent training pro-gram. Therefore, the aim of the present protocol study is to describe the methods that will be used in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to identify and compare the impacts of traditional TG composed by strength and aerobic training and a multicomponent training consisting of strength training combined with dance classes (DG) on functional and cognitive capacity and quality of life of older people. The sample of RCT will consist of men and women aged between 60 and 75 years. Both interventions will occur twice a week for 12 weeks with progressive intensity and volume. Functional capacity will be assessed by gait, balance, sitting and standing and climbing tests. Strength will be assessed through one repetition maximum test (1RM) in knee extension exercise, and handgrip using a hand dynamometer. Muscle thickness will be assessed using quadriceps ultrasound. Muscle power will be assessed in the knee extension exercise at 30 and 70% of 1RM using an encoder. Aerobic capacity will be assessed using the 6-minute walk test. Quality of life and cognitive performance will be assessed by questionnaires. Comparisons between groups over time will be carried out using Generalized Estimating Equations with a significance level of p<0.01. This protocol follows the rec-ommendations of SPIRIT-2013.

A combinação de treinamento de força e aeróbico (treinamento combinado - TC) tem sido uma interven-ção amplamente utilizada para melhorar desfechos de saúde. Além disso, a dança tem sido bem descrita na literatura como uma ótima atividade aeróbica e pode ser uma opção interessante para compor um programa alternativo de treinamento multicomponente. Portanto, o objetivo do presente protocolo de estudo é descrever os métodos que serão utilizados em um ensaio clínico randomizado (ECR) que visa identificar e comparar os impactos do TC tradicional composto por treinamento de força e aeróbico e de um treinamento multi-componente composto por treinamento de força combinado com aulas de dança sobre capacidade funcional, cognitiva e qualidade de vida de idosos. A amostra do ECR será composta por homens e mulheres com idade entre 60 e 75 anos. Ambas as intervenções ocorrerão duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas com intensidade e volume progressivos. A capacidade funcional será avaliada por meio de testes de marcha, equilíbrio, sentar e levantar e subir escadas. A força será avaliada por meio do teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) no exercício de extensão de joelhos e por meio do teste de preensão palmar com o dinamômetro manual. A espessura muscular será avaliada por meio de ultrassonografia do quadríceps. A potência muscular será ava-liada no exercício de extensão de joelhos a 30 e 70% de 1RM por meio de um transdutor linear de posição. A capacidade aeróbica será avaliada por meio do teste de caminhada de 6 minutos. A qualidade de vida e o desempenho cognitivo serão avaliados por meio de questionários. As comparações entre os grupos ao longo do tempo serão realizadas por meio de Equações de Estimativas Generalizadas com nível de significância p<0,01. Este protocolo segue as recomendações do SPIRIT-2013.

Cut-off score of the modified Ashworth scale corresponding to walking ability and functional mobility in individuals with chronic stroke.

PURPOSE: To determine the optimal cut-off score for the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) corresponding to unfavorable outcomes for mobility and walking ability. METHODS: The level of plantar flexor muscle spasticity and the 10-meter walking test (10mWT), timed up and go (TUG), and five time sit-to-stand (FTSTS) outcomes were evaluated in individuals after stroke. The correlation between MAS and the tests was investigated, and the optimal cut-off score, sensitivity, and specificity were evaluated through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: Twenty-one participants with chronic stroke and plantar flexors spasticity (11 men; 10 women; mean age = 57.6 ± 12.5 years) participated in the study. Significant correlations between MAS and 10mWT (r= -0.45; p < 0.05), MAS and TUG (r = 0.48; p < 0.05) were found. The optimal cut-off scores were MAS > 2 for unfavorable 10mWT (sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 54.5%; ROC = 0.782) and MAS ≤ 2 for favorable TUG outcomes (sensitivity = 55.5%; specificity = 91.6%; ROC = 0.782). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that moderate level of plantar flexors spasticity results in the highest sensitivity to predict poor gait speed performance and the highest specificity to predict good mobility performance in individuals after stroke. These findings will help clinicians in their evidence-based decision making on the role of spasticity for mobility and walking ability.Implications for rehabilitationModerate level of spasticity (MAS <2) is the optimal cut-off score for 10mWT and TUG tests.Reducing the level of spasticity of plantar flexors below this cut-off point might be associated with an increased walking speed in this population.MAS <2 might not limit walking and mobility in individuals after stroke.Calf muscles spasticity might not compromise five time sit-to-stand (FTSTS) performances and might be related to a smaller influence on the sit to stand task.

Interindividual variability of adaptations following either traditional strength or power training combined to endurance training in older men: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

This study aimed to investigate the interindividual responses following two different concurrent training (CT) regimens in neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory and functional outcomes of older men. Thirty-five older men (65.8 ± 3.9 years) were randomly allocated into one of two CT groups: power training (PT) + high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (n = 17); or traditional strength training (TST) + HIIT (n = 18). Maximal dynamic strength (one-repetition maximum, 1RM), rate of force development at 100 milliseconds (RDF100), countermovement jump power (CMJ), quadriceps femoris muscle thickness (QF MT), functional tests (sit-to-stand, timed-up-and-go, and stair climbing), and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were assessed pre-, post-8 and post-16 weeks of training. The Chi-squared test was used for assessing differences in the prevalence of responders (Rs), non-responders (NRs), and adverse responders (ARs). Similar prevalence of individual responses (Rs, NRs and ARs) between groups were observed after intervention in almost all outcomes: 1RM; power at CMJ; QF MT, and functional tests (P > 0.05). However, a significant difference in the distribution of Rs, NRs and ARs between groups was observed in the RFD100 after 16 weeks (p = 0.003), with PT + HIIT group presenting high prevalence of Rs than TST + HIIT (100 % vs. 50 %). The inclusion of explosive-type of contractions in a concurrent training regime induces greater responsiveness in the RFD100 in older men, while no differences compared to traditional strength training are observed in maximal strength, muscle size, VO2peak, and functional performance.

Dance as an Intervention to Reduce Fall Risk in Older Adults: A Systematic Review With a Meta-Analysis.

The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence from randomized clinical trials on the effects of dance on fall risk in older adults through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Fall risk was assessed through timed up and go, Berg Balance Scale, or one-leg stand tests. Data are presented as mean differences for timed up and go test and standardized mean differences for Berg Balance Scale and one-leg stand tests between treatments with 95% confidence intervals, and calculations were performed using random effects models. Significance was accepted when p < .05. A significant difference was found between dance interventions and the control groups in the general analysis of fall risk assessed by timed up and go (mean differences: -1.446 s; 95% confidence interval [-1.586, -1.306]; p < .001) and Berg Balance Scale and one-leg stand tests (standardized mean differences: 0.737; 95% confidence interval [0.508, 0.966]; p < .001) in favor of the intervention group. Different dance interventions decreased the fall risk in older practitioners.

Caregiving of children with Down syndrome: impact on quality of life, stress, mental and oral health.

AIM: Parental caregivers of children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a greater burden of daily activities that may affect their health. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate the impact of caregiving of children with Down syndrome on parenting quality of life, stress, mental and oral health. METHODS: Fifty-four parental caregivers of children with DS and 51 parents of children without physical or mental disabilities participated of this study. All participants were clinically examined to evaluate the presence of dental caries, gingival conditions and answered a sociodemographic questionnaire. Depression, anxiety, quality of life and coping strategies were assessed using specific instruments. Hair cortisol level was assessed as biological marker of chronic stress. RESULTS: Psychological and quality of life parameters were similar between the groups of caregivers (p > .05). Caregivers of children with DS were older (48.6 vs. 41.5, p < .001), had longer caregiving period (> 10 vs < 10 years, p = .003), presented higher gingival bleeding index (6.1 vs. 4.7, p = .014) and higher cortisol levels (55.9 vs. 38.4, p = .07) as compared with parents of children without disabilities. Sociodemographic data has no influence on cortisol levels (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the caregiving of children with DS has an impact on parenting oral health and stress.

Rating of Perceived Exertion as a Method to Determine Training Loads in Strength Training in Elderly Women: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of training using loads from a repetition maximum value (%1RM) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in elderly women. Methods: Twenty-five elderly women (60-75 years old) were randomly assigned to a group that trained using loads determined by 1RM test (G%; n = 12) or to a group that trained using loads determined by RPE (GPE; n = 13). Elderly women trained for 12 weeks using five exercises performed with 2-3 sets of 8-15 repetitions. Loads progressed from 45% to 75% of 1RM (G%) and from 13 to 18 from Rating Perceived Exertion of Borg Scale (GPE). The outcome measures, 1RM and maximum repetitions (RMs with 70% 1RM), were assessed before, between and after training programs. Results: Increased 1RM value and RMs were observed in both groups (20-42%, p < 0.001 and 56-76%, p < 0.001, respectively, for %G; and 17-56%, p < 0.001 and 47-106%, p < 0.001, respectively, for GPE), without differences between them. Conclusions: Prescribing loads using the RPE and 1RM might be similarly effective for training elderly women in order to promote strength gains. As a practical application, RPE could be an additional method to determine training loads. In spite of the promising results of the present study, it is not possible to state that the use of RPE is effective in monitoring loads during sub maximal strength training in elderly and more research must be carried out to confirm it.

Constraint Induced Movement Therapy Increases Functionality and Quality of Life after Stroke.

This blind randomized clinical trial evaluated the effect of CIMT on the functionality and quality of life (QOL) of chronic hemiparetics. Thirty volunteers were divided into two groups: Control (CG) and CIMT (CIMTG); evaluated before and after 12 and 24 intervention sessions. The scales used were: adapted Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment (FMA), Modified Ashworth, Stroke Specific Quality Of Life (SS-QOL) and the Functional Reach Test (FRT). The scores for all FMA variables in the CIMTG increased until the 24th session, differing from the pre-treatment. In the CG, the scores increased for pain, coordination/ speed and sensitivity. In the FRT there was an increase in the scores in both groups; after the 12th and 24th sessions, the result of the CIMTG was superior to the CG. For the SS-QOL in the CIMTG, the general score and most of the variables increased, as well as in the CG. Muscle tone in CIMTG was lower compared to CG after 24 sessions. Both protocols used in the study were effective, the CIMT protocol showed benefits in recovering the functionality of the paretic upper limb, in the functional range and in reducing muscle tone, with a consequent improvement in quality of life.

Relationship between schoolchildrens levels of physical activity, anthropometric indices and pulmonary function / Relação entre níveis de atividade física, índices antropométricos e função pulmonar de escolares

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and to correlate levels of physical activity with the pulmonary function of children with and without a diagnosis of asthma. Methods: This study was conducted in two phases with schoolchildren aged between eight and 16 years old in Porto Alegre/RS. In the first phase (cross sectional), the sample was classified as asthmatic if a physician had ever diagnosed them with asthma and if they reported symptoms and treatment for the disease in the past 12 months. In the second phase (control-case), the following were measured: anthropometry, physical activity levels, time spent in front of screens, and lung function (spirometry). Data are presented in mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile interval and by absolute and relative values. Chi-square, Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation were applied, with p<0.05 being significant. Results: 605 students participated in the study, 290 children with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and 315 classified as a control. 280 (47.3%) were male children, with an average age of 11.0±2.3 years old. The spirometric values showed differences in the classifications of airway obstruction levels between the asthma and control groups (p=0.005), as well as in the response to bronchodilator use for FEV1/FVC (p=0.023). In the correlation assessment, there was no correlation between physical activity with anthropometric values, nor with pulmonary function, pre-and post-bronchodilator. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that there is no relationship between either anthropometric values or physical activity levels with pulmonary function of asthmatic children.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar e correlacionar os níveis de atividade física com a função pulmonar de crianças com e sem diagnóstico de asma. Métodos: Estudo realizado em duas fases, em escolares de oito a 16 anos de Porto Alegre (RS). Na fase I (transversal), classificaram-se como asmáticos os escolares com diagnóstico positivo de um médico alguma vez na vida, com crises e tratamento para a doença nos últimos 12 meses. Na fase II (caso controle), foram avaliados: antropometria, níveis de atividade física e tempo gasto em frente às telas e função pulmonar (espirometria). Os dados são apresentados por média e desvio padrão ou mediana e intervalo interquartil e por valores absolutos e relativos, sendo aplicados os testes χ2, t de Student ou de Mann-Whitney e correlação de Spearman, com valor de significância p<0,05. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 605 escolares, 290 crianças com diagnóstico clínico de asma e 315 classificadas como controle. Do total, 280 (47,3%) crianças eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 11,0±2,3 anos. Os valores espirométricos demonstraram diferenças nas classificações dos níveis de obstrução das vias aéreas entre grupos asma e controle (p=0,005), além da resposta ao uso de broncodilatador, para o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1)/capacidade vital forçada (CVF) (p=0,023). Não houve correlação entre a prática de atividades físicas e valores antropométricos, tampouco entre a função pulmonar e o pré e pós-uso de broncodilatador. Conclusões: O estudo demonstrou não existir relação entre valores antropométricos e níveis de atividade física com a função pulmonar de crianças asmáticas em idade escolar.

Uso de prancha de baixo custo para avaliação do equilíbrio de indivíduos hemiparéticos / Use of low-cost plank for balance assessment in patients with chronic hemiparesis

Introdução: Na hemiparesia há uma inadequada descarga de peso nos membros inferiores que geram déficits de equilíbrio, sendo as pranchas de equilíbrio imprescindíveis para avaliação. Objetivo: Verificar a aplicabilidade clínica de uma prancha de baixo custo e da Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB) na avaliação do equilíbrio e a distribuição de peso nos membros inferiores de pacientes hemiparéticos. Métodos: Estudo piloto, transversal, quantitativo, de inovação tecnológica que realizou avaliação de 21 indivíduos acometidos com Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) por uma prancha de baixo custo. Resultados: Houve predominância de AVE isquêmico e hemiparesia direita. Na avaliação com a prancha, participantes com hemiparesia direita descarregaram maior peso na região do retropé, tanto com os pés juntos quanto na largura do quadril, enquanto os que possuem hemiparesia esquerda houve diferenças nas posições, com os pés juntos, pois a maioria descarregou o peso na região do antepé, enquanto com os pés na largura do quadril descarregaram na região do retropé. Quanto a avaliação pela EEB, as atividades funcionais que necessitavam de maior sustentação obtiveram menores médias, porém não houve correlação estatisticamente significativa com as posições sobre a prancha. Conclusão: A avaliação em saúde por meio da prancha de baixo custo torna-se um instrumento importante para identificar as alterações do equilíbrio e realizar intervenções apropriadas, entretanto não se correlaciona com a Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg. (AU)

Introduction: In hemiparesis the inadequate weight-bearing in the lower limbs generate balance deficits, and balance planks are essential for evaluation. Objective: To verify the clinical applicability of a low-cost board and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) in the assessment of balance and weight distribution in the lower limbs of hemiparetic patients. Methods: A pilot, cross-sectional, quantitative, technological innovation study carried out an evaluation of 21 individuals affected by stroke with a low-cost plank. Results: Ischemic stroke and right hemiparesis were predominant. In the evaluation with the plank, participants with right hemiparesis unloaded more weight in the hindfoot region, with both feet together and hip width, while those with left hemiparesis showed differences in positions, with feet together, as most unloaded the weight in the forefoot region, while with feet hip width unloaded in the hindfoot region. As for the assessment by BBS, the functional activities that needed more support obtained lower averages; however, there was no statistically significant correlation with the positions on the board. Conclusion: Health assessment using the low-cost plank can be an important tool to identify changes in balance and carry out appropriate interventions, however it does not correlate with Berg Balance Scale. (AU)

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOLCHILDREN'S LEVELS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES AND PULMONARY FUNCTION.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and to correlate levels of physical activity with the pulmonary function of children with and without a diagnosis of asthma. METHODS: This study was conducted in two phases with schoolchildren aged between eight and 16 years old in Porto Alegre/RS. In the first phase (cross sectional), the sample was classified as asthmatic if a physician had ever diagnosed them with asthma and if they reported symptoms and treatment for the disease in the past 12 months. In the second phase (control-case), the following were measured: anthropometry, physical activity levels, time spent in front of screens, and lung function (spirometry). Data are presented in mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile interval and by absolute and relative values. Chi-square, Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation were applied, with p<0.05 being significant. RESULTS: 605 students participated in the study, 290 children with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and 315 classified as a control. 280 (47.3%) were male children, with an average age of 11.0±2.3 years old. The spirometric values showed differences in the classifications of airway obstruction levels between the asthma and control groups (p=0.005), as well as in the response to bronchodilator use for FEV1/FVC (p=0.023). In the correlation assessment, there was no correlation between physical activity with anthropometric values, nor with pulmonary function, pre-and post-bronchodilator. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrates that there is no relationship between either anthropometric values or physical activity levels with pulmonary function of asthmatic children.

Influência do índice de massa corporal e do nível de atividade física no desenvolvimento motor e aptidão física de crianças / Influence of body mass index and physical activity level on the motor development and physical fitness in children

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se o índice de massa corporal e a atividade física influenciam no desenvolvimento motor e na aptidão física de crianças. Participaram 64 crianças com idade entre 9 e 10 anos de ambos os sexos, sendo avaliados: nível de atividade física, estado nutricional, aptidão física (força, flexibilidade e resistência) e desenvolvimento motor. A amostra foi dividida em quatro grupos, estratificados pelo nível de atividade física e estado nutricional. Os dados foram comparados por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05). Os resultados apontaram que 34,4% das crianças apresentaram massa corporal acima dos valores normativos e 50% eram sedentárias. A massa corporal elevada influenciou negativamente na resistência e na habilidade de controle de objetos, apesar que o nível de atividade física diminui o impacto da obesidade na força e na habilidade de locomoção. A flexibilidade não foi influenciada. Conclui-se que atividade física e estado nutricional podem influenciar na aptidão física e no desenvolvimento motor de crianças.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of body mass index and physical activity levels in the motor development and physical fitness of children. The study had the participation of 64 children aged between 9 and 10 years of both genders: physical activity level, nutritional status, physical fitness (strength, flexibility and endurance), and motor development. The participants were divided into four groups, stratified by level of physical activity and nutritional status. The data were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p <0.05). Results: 34.4% of the children had body mass above normative values, ​​and 50% were sedentary. High body mass has negatively influenced the resistance and ability to control objects, although the level of physical activity decreases the impact of obesity on strength and ability to move. Flexibility was not influenced. Conclusion: physical activity and nutritional status may influence the physical fitness and motor development in children.

Effects of Eccentric-Focused Versus Conventional Training on Lower Limb Muscular Strength in Older People: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

Eccentric-focused training promotes greater gains in muscle strength compared to other types of training in adults. However, for older people, these findings are still not well understood. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed using manuscripts that performed eccentric-focused (ET) and conventional resistance training (CT) at least four weeks and evaluated maximum muscle strength through tests of maximum repetitions in weight machine exercises (knee extension and leg press exercises). Five studies were included (n=138). Increases in muscle strength were found in both resistance training groups, without difference between them through meta-analysis. However, a large effect size has been observed only in ET. The findings suggest that resistance training protocols are similar to improve maximal strength in older people, despite larger effect sizes for eccentric-focused training.

Impaired mechanical properties of Achilles tendon in spastic stroke survivors: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: The spasticity could lead to decreased functional capacity and changes in musculoskeletal tissue. OBJECTIVE: To compare the Achilles tendon properties between the affected and contralateral limbs of participants with spasticity due to stroke and the healthy subjects. METHODS: Fifteen individuals with ankle spasticity due to stroke and 15 healthy subjects were recruited. Maximal isometric ankle joint torque was obtained with an isokinetic dynamometer, and an ultrasound was used to determine tendon length, tendon cross-sectional area, and the medial gastrocnemius myotendinous junction displacement. The Achilles tendon strength, displacement, stress, strain, stiffness, and Young's modulus were obtained during a maximum voluntary isometric plantarflexion contraction. RESULTS: There were no differences between Achilles tendon length among participants. Both limbs of participants with stroke showed reduced tendon cross-sectional area (~18%) compared to healthy limb. The affected limb showed decreased tendon strength (686 ± 293.3 N), displacement (10.6 ± 1.7 mm), Young's modulus values (849 ± 235.6 MPa), and lower stiffness (196.6 ± 67.6 N/mm) compared to the contralateral limb (strength, 1357.1 ± 294.8 N; displacement, 15.2 ± 5.5 mm; Young's modulus, 1431.8 ± 301.9 MPa; stiffness, 337.5 ± 98.1 N/mm) and to the healthy limb. The contralateral limb also showed decreased tendon strength (~26.2%) and stiffness (~21.5%) compared to the healthy group. CONCLUSION: There is a decrement in Achilles tendon morphological and mechanical properties of the affected limb in individuals with spasticity due to stroke. The contralateral limb had a thinner tendon more compliant likely to physical activity reduction.

Associação de estresse ocupacional e uso de psicotrópicos por docentes da área da saúde / Association between occupational stress and use of psychotropic drugs by health faculty / Asociación entre el estrés ocupacional y el uso de psicotrópicos por docentes del área de la salud

Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre o nível de estresse ocupacional e uso de psicotrópicos por docentes da área de saúde. Métodos: Estudo transversal, analítico e quantitativo, realizado entre novembro e dezembro de 2018, em uma instituição privada do estado de Goiás, onde 48 docentes universitários da área de saúde responderam a questionários sociodemográfico e profissional, Escala de Estresse no Trabalho e questionário sobre o uso de psicotrópicos. Analisaram-se os dados por meio de medidas descritivas e teste de qui-quadrado. Resultados: Foi detectado alto nível de estresse ocupacional em 39,6% da amostra. Houve associação significativa entre estresse ocupacional e as seguintes variáveis: uso atual ou prévio de medicação psicotrópica (0,037), percepção de melhora da qualidade de vida após terapia medicamentosa (p=0,041) e realização de atividades de risco no ambiente de trabalho (p=0,036). Conclusão: O uso de psicotrópicos pelos docentes universitários está significativamente associado ao estresse ocupacional na amostra em questão. (AU)

Differential impact of endurance, strength, or combined training on quality of life and plasma serotonin in healthy older women.

Aging is associated with a progressive decline in physical and neurophysiological functions, and some studies suggest that cerebral serotonin is decreased in older adults. These factors contribute to reduced ability to perform daily activities, influencing quality of life (QoL). Regular physical activity has demonstrated important benefits in reversing ageing effects; however, little is known whether different training protocols might induce differential effects on QoL. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different types of training on QoL and its relation with plasma serotonin in healthy older women. Forty-eight older women were randomly assigned in four groups: Strength Training (ST), Endurance Training (ET), Combined Training (CT), and Control Group (CG) which was instructed not to engage in any physical exercise during the study time. Participants underwent 12 weeks of training twice a week. Plasma serotonin and a scoring system questionnaire SF-36 for evaluation of QoL were assessed at baseline and after the completion of training protocols. When comparing pre- and post-training periods all trained groups showed improvement in QoL, but the CT improved more domains. Plasma serotonin was significantly lower in the ST and in the CT groups in comparison with controls after the 12-week training. Significant correlations of plasma serotonin with physical functioning, role-physical, general health, vitality, and mental health were observed. CT resulted in higher amelioration in QoL, in comparison with ET or ST only. All training protocols induced significant reductions in peripheral serotonin levels, which were negatively correlated with improvements in QoL.

Influence of ultrasonic activation using different final irrigants on antimicrobial activity, smear layer removal and bond strength of filling material.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ultrasonic activation (US) over final irrigants on antimicrobial activity, smear layer removal and bond strength. The root canals of 180 extracted human teeth were distributed into three experimental tests (n = 60). In each test, the samples were subdivided into six groups (n = 10) according to final irrigation protocols: G1:distilled water (DW); G2:DW + US; G3:17% EDTA; G4:QMix; G5:17% EDTA + US; and G6:QMix + US. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by counting of colony-forming units (CFUs), the smear layer removal by scanning electron microscopy and the bond strength by push-out test. Statistical analysis was performed for each evaluation (α = 5%). Groups 4 and 6 provided higher bacterial reduction, groups 5 and 6 provided higher smear layer removal, groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 provided the higher bond strength (P < 0.05). US activation did not improve the antimicrobial activity and the bond strength, whereas it improved the smear layer removal.

Color changes of esthetic elastomeric ligatures evaluated with the Commission Internationale d'Éclairage color system.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess and compare color changes in esthetic elastomeric ligatures after 30 days in situ using a spectrophotometer and the Commission Internationale d'Éclairage (CIE) color system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample comprised elastomeric ligatures of four color groups (n = 42): blue pearl (BP); colorless; white pearl (WP); and pearl. Four samples from each group were allocated in for quadrants of seven patients in a split-mouth model. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer in the elastomeric ligatures as received (T0) and after 30 days in situ (T1). Variables L*, a*, and b* were compared between times (T1-T0) with Wilcoxon paired ranks; color changes were compared between groups with Kruskal-Wallis test; Dunn's test was used for multiple comparisons. Spearman's correlation was applied between CIELAB and CIEDE2000 calculations. RESULTS: All groups showed color changes (T1-T0) in a* and b*, but only the Group BP had a change in L* (P < 0.01). Group C showed the greatest lightness decrease (ΔL = -2.49 ± 0.47) (P < 0.05), the smallest yellowing (Δb = 3.17 ± 0.88) (P < 0.05), and the smallest total color change (ΔE2000 = 3.19 ± 0.85), which had no statistical difference from Group WP (ΔE2000 = 3.36 ± 0.53). Correlation between ΔEab and ΔE2000 was moderate (r = 0.59; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Esthetic elastomeric ligatures became yellowish after 30 days in situ, and there were color differences between them.

Qualidade de vida, nível de atividade física e mobilidade funcional entre idosos institucionalizados e domiciliados / Quality of Life, Physical Activity Level and Functional Mobility among Institutionalized and Homebound Elderly People

Objetivo: comparar a qualidade de vida, os níveis de atividade física e a mobilidade funcional entre idosos institucionalizados e idosos domiciliados. Materiais e Métodos: trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e ex-post facto, realizada com 32 idosos, divididos em dois grupos: residentes em instituições (n = 16) e residentes em domicílio (n = 16). A seleção do grupo institucionalizado se deu por meio de sorteio de três das seis instituições existentes de um município do Vale do Taquari-RS, enquanto que os idosos domiciliados foram recrutados por meio de divulgação nos mesmos bairros em que estavam localizadas as instituições escolhidas. Para mensurar a qualidade de vida utilizou-se o Questionário Genérico SF-36, para o nível de atividade física o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física e para a mobilidade funcional o Teste Timed Up-and-Go. Os testes estatísticos Mann- Whitney, Qui quadrado e Teste T independente foram utilizados para análise estatística dos dados. Resultados: tanto a qualidade de vida em seus oito domínios como a mobilidade funcional, foram similares entre os grupos (p>0,05). Quanto ao nível de atividade física, 100% dos idosos institucionalizados e 37,5% dos domiciliados foram considerados sedentários, sendo esta diferença significativa (p<0,05). Conclusão: observou-se que o fato do idoso residir em sua residência ou em instituições específicas, não interfere na sua qualidade de vida e na sua mobilidade funcional. Já quanto ao nível de atividade física, ficou constatado que idosos domiciliados são mais ativos quando comparado aos seus pares. (AU)

Objective: To compare the quality of life, physical activity level and functional mobility among institutionalized and homebound elderly people. Material and Methods: This was a quantitative, descriptive and ex-post facto study developed with 32 elderly people divided into two groups: resident in institutions (n = 16) and resident at home (n = 16). The selection of the institutionalized group was made by drawing lots from three of the six institutions of Vale do Taquari-RS, while the homebound group was recruited through the same districts in which the chosen institutions were located. The SF-36 Generic Questionnaire was used to measure quality of life, while the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure physical activity level, and the Timed Upand- Go Test was employed for functional mobility. Mann- Whitney, Chi-square and independent T-tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: Both quality of life, in its eight domains, and functional mobility, were similar between groups (p> 0.05). Regarding the level of physical activity, 100% of the institutionalized and 37.5% of the homebound elderlies were considered sedentary, with a significant difference (p <0.05). Conclusion: Living in their residence or in specific institutions does not interfere with the elderlies' quality of life and functional mobility. Nevertheless, with regard to physical activity, homebound elderlies were found to be more active as compared to their peers.(AU)

Desenvolvimento e validação de um questionário sobre uso do Facebook voltado para praticantes de atividades físicas em academias / Development and validation of a questionnaire on Facebook use to gym users

A prática de atividades físicas vem sofrendo modificações com o avanço da internet. Usuários de academias utilizam desta tecnologia para se conectarem as redes sociais virtuais como o Facebook. Assim, o estudo tem como objetivo construir e validar um questionário sobre o uso do Facebook e a prática de atividades físicas. A partir do referencial teórico elaborou-se 20 itens separados em cinco domínios, com respostas em escala do tipo Likert, com pontuação final de 0 a 100. A validação interna do instrumento foi feita em cinco etapas: a) alfa de Cronbach (αC); b) Correlação de Kendall; c) coeficiente de correlação intraclas-se; d) efeitos de teto/piso; e) índice de Kappa. A amostra foi composta por 385 alunos de academias, sendo 273 do sexo feminino (70,9%), com média de idade 31,61±9,62 anos. Os valores atribuídos ao coeficiente de αC demonstram haver excelente fiabilidade entre perguntas (itens) e suas respostas (αC=0,923). Ao aplicarmos a correlação do αC (r²) encontramos todos os valores acima do esperado: ≥0,3, reforçando uma associação positiva entre itens e categorias. Os valores encontrados com a aplicação dos efeitos do teto/piso nos mostram que 10 itens (50%) apresentaram um efeito piso. A reprodutibilidade por meio do índice de Kappa atribuiu valor máximo (muito bom) para 11 itens, sendo que nenhum ficou na classificação mais fraca (pobre). Por fim, a validação demonstrou que o instrumento possui um bom desempenho para avaliar o que se propõe.

The physical activity has undergone changes with the advancement of internet. Gym users use this technology to connect to virtual social networks like Facebook. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a questionnaire to use Facebook as a tool to investigate human behavior in physical activity. From the theoretical framework was drawn up 20 items divided in five domains. The internal validation of the instrument was performed in five steps: a) Cronbach's alpha (αC); b) Kendall correlation; c) intraclass correlation coefficient; d) ceiling effects/floor; e) Kappa index. The sample consisted of 385 individuals, 273 women (70.9%) with mean age 31.61±9.62. The values assigned to αC coefficient demonstrate there is a excellent reliability of the questions (items) and answers (αC=0.923). By applying the correlation of αC (r²) we found all the values above the expected: ≥0,3 regarding that there is a positive association between items and domains. The values found in the application of the floor and ceiling effects show us that 10 items (50%) had a prevalence of minimal response option (never). The reproducibility through Kappa index assigned maximum value (very good) to 11 items, and none was the weakest classification (poor). However, the validation showed that the instrument has a good performance to assess what is proposed.