Fatores que contribuem para preocupação com a imagem corporal de estudantes universitárias / Factors that contribute to the body image concern of female college students

Resumo: Objetivo: Estimar a contribuição de variáveis sociodemográficas, laborais e do índice de massa corporal para a preocupação com a imagem corporal. Métodos: Para estimar a preocupação com a imagem corporal foram utilizadas as escalas Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) e Weight Concerns Scale (WCS)Foi realizada análise fatorial confirmatória das escalas e utilizados os índices Razão χ2 e graus de liberdade (χ2/gl), Confirmatory Fit Index (CFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI) e Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). A validade convergente foi estimada por Variância Extraída Média e Confiabilidade Composta e a consistência interna pelo Alfa de Cronbach padronizado (α). Foi confeccionado um modelo estrutural sendo a preocupação com a imagem corporal o construto central de segunda ordem. A adequação do modelo foi avaliada com base nos índices de ajustamento. O teste z foi utilizado para estimar a significância das trajetórias (β) utilizando-se 5% de significância. Resultados: Participaram 595 estudantes universitárias com média de idade de 20,42 ± 2,44 anos. O modelo completo, com a inserção de todas as variáveis independentes, apresentou ajustamento insatisfatório e foi refinado. O modelo final apresentou ajustamento satisfatório (χ2/gl = 5,75; CFI = 0,87; NFI = 0,85; RMSEA = 0,09) com a inclusão do consumo de medicamento devido aos estudos (β = 0,08; p = 0,04), desempenho acadêmico (β = 0,09; p = 0,02), classe econômica (β = 0,08; p = 0,03) e índice de massa corporal (β = 0,44; p < 0,001). Esse modelo explicou 22% da preocupação com a imagem corporal. Conclusão: O consumo de medicamentos devido aos estudos, o desempenho acadêmico, a classe econômica e o índice de massa corporal contribuem significativamente para a preocupação com a imagem corporal.

Abstract: Objective To estimate the contribution of sociodemographic and labor variables and body mass index to body image concern. Methods: In order to estimate body image concern, the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Weight Concerns Scale (WCS) were applied. A confirmatory factor analysis of scales was carried out. The reason χ2 by degree of freedom ratio (χ2/df ), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were used. Convergent validity was assessed through the average variance extracted and composed reliability and the internal consistency through standardized Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α). A structural model was developed, and the body image concern was the second-order main construct. The model appropriation was evaluated based on the goodness-of-fit indices. The z test was used to estimate the significance of trajectories (β) using a 5% significance level. Results: Totally, 595 female college students participated in the study, with a mean age of 20.42 ± 2.44 years. The entire model, with the inclusion of all independent variables, showed unsatisfactory adjustment and was refined. The final model presented a satisfactory adjustment (χ2/df = 5.75; CFI = 0.87; NFI = 0.85; RMSEA = 0.09) with inclusion of medication use because of studies (β = 0.08; p = 0.04), academic performance (β = 0.09; p = 0.02), economic class (β = 0.08; p = 0.03), and body mass index (β = 0.44; p < 0.001). This model explained 22% of body image concern. Conclusion: Medication use due to studies, academic performance, economic class and body mass index significantly contribute to body image concern.

Validation of the Weight Concerns Scale Applied to Brazilian University Students.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the Weight Concerns Scale (WCS) when applied to Brazilian university students. The scale was completed by 1084 university students from Brazilian public education institutions. A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. The stability of the model in independent samples was assessed through multigroup analysis, and the invariance was estimated. Convergent, concurrent, divergent, and criterion validities as well as internal consistency were estimated. Results indicated that the one-factor model presented an adequate fit to the sample and values of convergent validity. The concurrent validity with the Body Shape Questionnaire and divergent validity with the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Students were adequate. Internal consistency was adequate, and the factorial structure was invariant in independent subsamples. The results present a simple and short instrument capable of precisely and accurately assessing concerns with weight among Brazilian university students.

Weight concerns scale applied to college students: comparison between pencil-and-paper and online formats.

Online data collection is becoming increasingly common and has some advantages compared to traditional paper-and-pencil formats, such as reducing loss of data, increasing participants' privacy, and decreasing the effect of social desirability. However, the validity and reliability of this administration format must be established before results can be considered acceptable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity, reliability, and equivalence of paper-and-pencil and online versions of the Weight Concerns Scale (WCS) when applied to Brazilian university students. A crossover design was used, and the Portuguese version of the WCS (in both paper-and-pencil and online formats) was completed by 100 college students. The results indicated adequate fit in both formats. The simultaneous fit of data for both groups was excellent, with strong invariance between models. Adequate convergent validity, internal consistency, and mean score equivalence of the WCS in both formats were observed. Thus, the WCS presented adequate reliability and validity in both administration formats, with equivalence/stability between answers.

Factors that contribute to the body image concern of female college students.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the contribution of sociodemographic and labor variables and body mass index to body image concern. METHODS: In order to estimate body image concern, the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and the Weight Concerns Scale (WCS) were applied. A confirmatory factor analysis of scales was carried out. The reason χ2 by degree of freedom ratio (χ2/df ), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Normed Fit Index (NFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were used. Convergent validity was assessed through the average variance extracted and composed reliability and the internal consistency through standardized Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α). A structural model was developed, and the body image concern was the second-order main construct. The model appropriation was evaluated based on the goodness-of-fit indices. The z test was used to estimate the significance of trajectories (ß) using a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Totally, 595 female college students participated in the study, with a mean age of 20.42 ± 2.44 years. The entire model, with the inclusion of all independent variables, showed unsatisfactory adjustment and was refined. The final model presented a satisfactory adjustment (χ2/df = 5.75; CFI = 0.87; NFI = 0.85; RMSEA = 0.09) with inclusion of medication use because of studies (ß = 0.08; p = 0.04), academic performance (ß = 0.09; p = 0.02), economic class (ß = 0.08; p = 0.03), and body mass index (ß = 0.44; p < 0.001). This model explained 22% of body image concern. CONCLUSION: Medication use due to studies, academic performance, economic class and body mass index significantly contribute to body image concern.

Confirmatory factor analysis of different versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire applied to Brazilian university students.

This study aimed at evaluating the validity, reliability, and factorial invariance of the complete (34-item) and shortened (8-item and 16-item) versions of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) when applied to Brazilian university students. A total of 739 female students with a mean age of 20.44 (standard deviation=2.45) years participated. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to verify the degree to which the one-factor structure satisfies the proposal for the BSQ's expected structure. Two items of the 34-item version were excluded because they had factor weights (λ)<40. All models had adequate convergent validity (average variance extracted=.43-.58; composite reliability=.85-.97) and internal consistency (α=.85-.97). The 8-item B version was considered the best shortened BSQ version (Akaike information criterion=84.07, Bayes information criterion=157.75, Browne-Cudeck criterion=84.46), with strong invariance for independent samples (Δχ(2)λ(7)=5.06, Δχ(2)Cov(8)=5.11, Δχ(2)Res(16)=19.30).

[Diabetes mellitus: reasons for prevalence in different geographic regions of Brazil, 2002 2007]. / Diabetes mellitus: razão de prevalências nas diferentes regiões geográficas no Brasil, 2002 2007.

Awareness of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) as a relevant health problem in Brazil and realizing the importance of estimates of prevalence for public health planning and strategies, gave rise to this work seeking to estimate the reason for the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in different Brazilian states in the periods from 2002 to 2004 and 2005 to 2007. It involves a descriptive study based on Brazilian population data with a diagnosis of DM recorded in the Basic Care Information System (SIAB) of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The prevalence rates were calculated for the periods from 2002 to 2004 and 2005 to 2007 and the Prevalence Ratios were then estimated per location and per reliability interval of 95% (RI95%). A high prevalence of DM was observed in Brazilian states with a significant increase (R>1; RI95%>1) for the periods in all Brazilian states, especially the Federal District (R=1.9800; RI95%=1.97241.9876) and the state of Maranhão (R=1.5217; RI95%=1.51981.5235). The conclusion drawn was that there was a significant increase in the prevalence of DM in Brazil between 2002 and 2007, highlighting the need for the formulation of strategies for prevention and control of the disease.

Diabetes mellitus: razão de prevalências nas diferentes regiões geográficas no Brasil, 2002 2007 / Diabetes mellitus: reasons for prevalence in different geographic regions of Brazil, 2002 2007

Considerando o Diabetes mellitus (DM) como um relevante problema de saúde no Brasil e a importância das estimativas de prevalência para planejamento e estratégias em saúde pública, propôs-se este trabalho com o objetivo de estimar a razão de prevalências do DM nos diferentes estados brasileiros nos períodos de 2002 a 2004 e 2005 a 2007. Trata-se de estudo descritivo, baseado em dados da população brasileira com diagnóstico de DM cadastrada no Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (SIAB) junto ao Ministério da Saúde. As taxas de prevalência foram calculadas para o período de 2002 a 2004 e para 2005 a 2007, e posteriormente estimou-se a Razão de Prevalências (R) por ponto e por intervalo de 95 por cento de confiança (IC95 por cento). Observou-se alta prevalência de DM nos estados brasileiros com aumento significativo (R>1; IC95 por cento>1) entre os períodos em todos os estados brasileiros, com destaque para o Distrito Federal (R=1,9800; IC95 por cento=1,97241,9876) e o estado do Maranhão (R=1,5217; IC95 por cento=1,51981,5235). Pode-se concluir que houve aumento significativo na prevalência de DM no Brasil de 2002 a 2007, sinalizando para a necessidade de formulação de estratégias de prevenção e controle da doença.

Awareness of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) as a relevant health problem in Brazil and realizing the importance of estimates of prevalence for public health planning and strategies, gave rise to this work seeking to estimate the reason for the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in different Brazilian states in the periods from 2002 to 2004 and 2005 to 2007. It involves a descriptive study based on Brazilian population data with a diagnosis of DM recorded in the Basic Care Information System (SIAB) of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The prevalence rates were calculated for the periods from 2002 to 2004 and 2005 to 2007 and the Prevalence Ratios were then estimated per location and per reliability interval of 95 percent (RI95 percent). A high prevalence of DM was observed in Brazilian states with a significant increase (R>1; RI95 percent>1) for the periods in all Brazilian states, especially the Federal District (R=1.9800; RI95 percent=1.97241.9876) and the state of Maranhão (R=1.5217; RI95 percent=1.51981.5235). The conclusion drawn was that there was a significant increase in the prevalence of DM in Brazil between 2002 and 2007, highlighting the need for the formulation of strategies for prevention and control of the disease.

Aspectos clínicos e nutricionais na síndrome metabólica: [revisão] / Aspectos clínicos y nutricionales en el síndrome metabólico: [revisión] / Clinical and nutritional aspects in metabolic syndrome: [review]

Introdução: A síndrome metabólica, caracterizada pela associação entre obesidade abdominal, resistência à insulina, diminuição do HDL-colesterol, hipertrigliceridemia, hipertensão arterial e estados pró-trombótico e pró-inflamatório, se constitui fator de risco importante para doenças cardiovasculares, acometendo milhares de pessoas em todo o mundo. Objetivo: Revisar e avaliar os aspectos clínicos e nutricionais envolvidos na prevenção e no tratamento da síndrome metabólica. Discussão: Os estudos mostraram que a dieta deve preconizar o consumo de carboidratos complexos e com baixo índice glicêmico (relacionados com melhor homeostase da insulina e da glicose, tais como cereais integrais e outras fibras), frutas e hortaliças, gorduras mono e poliinsaturadas, proteínas vegetais e de peixes. deve-se limitar o consumo de açúcares simples para melhor controle da glicemia, além de gorduras saturadas e trans, principais lípides envolvidos com alterações no colesterol e triglicerídeos séricos. Conclusão: Com base no caráter preventivo da alimentação, pode-se constatar a relevância da adoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis a fim de estabelecer medidas de prevenção, controle e diminuição dos índices de morbidade e mortalidade da doença.

Introducción: El síndrome metabólico, caracterizado por la asociación entre la obesidad abdominal, resistencia a la insulina, disminución del colesterol HDL, hipertrigliceridemia, hipertensión y el estado protrombótico y proinflamatorio constituye un importante factor de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, que afecta a miles de personas en todo el mundo. Objetivo: Revisar y evaluar los aspectos clínicos y nutricionales involucrados en la prevención y el tratamiento del síndrome metabólico. Discusión: Los estudios han demostrado que la dieta debe promover el consumo de hidratos de carbono complejos y de bajo índice glucémico (relacionados con la homeostasis de la insulina y la glucosa, tales como los cereales integrales y fibra de otros), frutas y vegetales, grasas monoinsaturadas y poliinsaturadas, proteínas verduras y pescado. deben limitar la ingesta de azúcares simples para un mejor control de glucosa en la sangre y las grasas saturadas y trans, lípidos involucrados en importantes cambios en el colesterol y los triglicéridos. Conclusión: En base a la nutrición preventiva, se puede ver la importancia de adoptar hábitos alimenticios saludables a fin de establecer medidas para prevenir, controlar y reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome, characterized by the association between abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, decreased HDL-cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension and prothrombotic state and proinflammatory constitutes an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, affecting thousands of people around the world. Objective: To review and evaluate clinical and nutritional aspects involved in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Discussion: Studies have shown that the diet should advocate the consumption of complex carbohydrates and low glycemic index (related to improved insulin homeostasis and glucose, such as whole grains and other fiber), fruits and vegetables, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, proteins vegetables and fish. should limit intake of simple sugars for better control of blood glucose, and saturated and trans fats, lipids involved in major changes in cholesterol and triglycerides. Conclusion: Based on preventive nutrition, you can see the importance of adopting healthy eating habits in order to establish measures to prevent, control and reduction of morbidity and mortality.

Aspectos epidemiológicos da obesidade e sua relação com o Diabetes mellitus / Epidemiological aspects of obesity and its relation to diabetes mellitus

In Brazil and all over the world, a phenomenon resulting from changes in the demographic and epidemiologic patterns characterized by the increase in life expectancy and the emergence of non-transmissible chronic diseases was observed in the 20th century. Among such diseases, some outstanding ones are obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and some cancers. They are becoming the major causes of mortality, premature deaths and morbidity in developed and in developing countries. Therefore, this study aims to verify the current epidemiologic aspects of obesity and their relation with diabetes mellitus, pointing out reasons that make them the main problems of public health and also comment on the strategies used to reduce their impacts.

En Brasil como en el mundo, se observó durante el siglo XX un fenómeno resultante de los cambios en los modelos demográfico y epidemiológico caracterizado por el aumento de la expectativa de vida y la eclosión de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles. Entre éstas se destacan la obesidad, Diabetes mellitus, enfermedades cardiovasculares y algunos tipos de cáncer que son cada vez más las principales causas de morbidad, mortalidad y muerte prematura en países desarrollados o en vías de desarrollo. Este estudio fue realizado con el objetivo de verificar aspectos epidemiológicos actuales de la obesidad y su relación con Diabetes mellitus, evidenciando las razones que los sitúan entre los principales problemas de salud pública y analizando las estrategias utilizadas para minimizar su impacto.

No Brasil e em todo o mundo, observou-se no decorrer do século XX um fenômeno resultante de mudanças nos padrões demográfico e epidemiológico caracterizado pelo aumento da expectativa de vida e pela emergência de doençascrônicas não-transmissíveis. Dentre estas, destacam-se a obesidade, o Diabetes mellitus, as doenças cardiovasculares e alguns tipos de câncer. Estas enfermidades estão se tornando as maiores causas de morbidade, mortalidade e morte prematura em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Assim, realizou-se esta revisão com o objetivo de verificar aspectos epidemiológicos atuais da obesidade e sua relação com o Diabetes mellitus apontando razões que os enquadram dentro dos principais problemas de saúde pública e comentando as estratégias utilizadas para minimizar seu impacto.