Caso clínico. Diagnóstico precoz del carcinoma mucoepidermoide. A propósito de un caso clínico / Early diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Case report

El carcinoma mucoepidermoide (CME) se define como una neoplasia maligna epitelial de glándulas salivales, caracterizada histopatológicamente por la proliferación de células mucosecretoras, intermedias y epidermoides. Se presenta en glándulas salivales mayores como la parótida y cuando afecta a las glándulas salivales menores, el paladar es el sitio más comúnmente afectado, aunque también puede encontrarse a nivel del labio inferior, suelo de boca y trígono retromolar. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el caso de un paciente varón de 67 años que acudió al Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Virgen de la Paloma, presentando una lesión localizada en el trígono retromolar derecho de aproximadamente 7 meses de evolución. Su historial médico no refiere ningún antecedente personal ni familiar de especial importancia. En el examen clínico extraoral no se encontró ningún hallazgo patológico de interés, e intraoralmente presentaba una lesión tumoral con forma irregular y superficie lisa, localizada en el trígono retromolar derecho, de color rojo parduzco, de consistencia blanda y dolorosa a la palpación. Se solicitó radiografía panorámica en la cual no se observó ningún hallazgo patológico, por lo que se procedió a realizar una biopsia incisional para su estudio histopatológico. La histopatología reveló la presencia de fragmentos con una proliferación neoplásica maligna en la que se reconocen células claras de aspecto mucoso, estructuras glandulares y otras con cierta disposición quística, al igual que la presencia de placas epiteliales de aspectos epidermoides, con células intermedias y un epitelio mucoso superficial con paraqueratosis, obteniéndose finalmente un diagnóstico definitivo de CME. El CME se considera una neoplasia maligna agresiva, que obliga a dar seguimiento a cualquier lesión sospechosa para poder descartar o corroborar esta entidad

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is defined as a epithelial malignant neoplasm of the salivary glands, characterised histopathologically by the proliferation of mucus-secreting, intermediate and epidermoid cells.It appears in major salivary glandes such as the parotid gland and when it affects the minor salivary glands, the palate is the most commonly affected site, although it can also be found at the level of the lower lip, floor of the mouth and retromolar trigone. The objective of this paper is to describe the case of a male patient of 67 years of age who came to the surgical service, presenting a lesion located in the right retromolar trigone of approximately 7 months of evolution.His medical history does not report any personal or family background of special importance. During the extraoral clinical examination, no pathological finding of interest was found; intraorally he presented a tumoral lesion with an irregular shape and smooth surface, located in the right retromolar trigone, of a dark red colour, soft consistency and tender to touch. A panoramic x-ray was requested in which no pathological finding was observed, for which reason an incisional biopsy was performed for its histopathological study. The histology revealed the presence of fragments with a malignant neoplastic proliferation in which clear cells of a mucous appearance, glandular structures and others with a certain cystic arrangement were recognised, as well as the presence of epithelial plaques of an epidermoid appearance, with intermediate cells and superficial mucous epithelium with parakeratosis, finally obtaining a definitive diagnosis of Mucoepidermoid carcinoma MEC is considered an aggressive malignant neoplasm, which requires the monitoring of any suspicious lesion in order to be able to rule out or corroborate this entity

Oral and dental health status in patients with eating disorders in Madrid, Spain.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to describe and compare the oral and dental health status of two groups, one diagnosed with eating disorders (EDs), and another group without this pathology, assessing the following oral manifestations: dental alterations, periodontal disorders, soft tissue disorders, non-stimulated salivary flow, and oral pH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This comparative transversal epidemiological study included 179 participants, of whom 59 were diagnosed with EDs (Eating Disorder Group: EDG) and 120 had no antecedents of EDs (No Eating Disorder Group: NEDG). All patients fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: women aged over 18 years, diagnosed with an ED by a specialist, patients who had undergone at least 1 year monitoring by the Clinical Nutrition Unit, and had not received any periodontal treatment during the previous 6 months. Both groups were homogeneous in terms of sex, age, education, and socioeconomic level. Oral exploration was performed, registering clinical variables, as well as sociodemographic and socioeconomic data, oral hygiene habits, and smoking. Statistical significance was established as p<0.05 (confidence level > 95%). RESULTS: The dental erosion (DE) was the most significative feature of dental alterations. The degree of DE was significantly greater in the EDG (p<0.001). A significant association between soft tissue lesions and EDs was found (p<0.001) A notable difference in non-stimulated salivary flow was found between the groups (p<0.001). No significant differences between the groups were found for periodontal status, dental caries, or oral hygiene practices. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the results obtained, it is necessary to carry out oral/dental examination as soon as an ED is diagnosed with regular check-ups thereafter.

Oral tongue cancer in public hospitals in Madrid, Spain (1990-2008).

BACKGROUND: The cancer which appears in the mobile portion of the tongue is the most common neoplasm of the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to analyse oral tongue cancer epidemiology in a population of 610 patients diagnosed between 1990 and 2008 and detailed in the Tumour Registry of the Madrid region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis based on the following variables provided in the Tumour Registry was achieved: age, gender, histology, stage, location, treatment. Descriptive and analytic statistics with these variables, using Pearson's Chi-square test to study the relationship between the qualitative variables. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 61.53±13.95 years, with a gender ratio of 2.09:1 (413 males vs 197 females). The lesion was mainly localized in the lateral border of tongue, with other sites (dorsal face, ventral face, lingual tonsil, contiguous sites, tongue NOS) represented at lower rates. Squamous cell carcinomas (94.9%) far outweighted other histologies (salivary gland tumours, soft tissue tumours, haematolymphoid tumours). 59% of the cases appeared in localized stages, versus 35.2% in regional and 4.8% in distant stages. Surgery was the most frequently used treatment, followed by surgery in combination with radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Oral tongue cancer is a disease of the elderly, with a male predominance. It mainly appears in its lateral border, localized squamous cell carcinomas representing the great majority of lingual neoplasms.

Alpha lipoic acid efficacy in burning mouth syndrome. A controlled clinical tria

BACKGROUND: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and determine the statistical significance of the outcome variables. Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as an oral burning sensation in the absence of clinical signs which could justify the syndrome. Recent studies suggest the existence of neurological factors as a possible cause of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 patients with BMS, in two groups: case group with 600 mg/day and placebo as control group; with follow up of 2 months. RESULTS: 64% of ALA patients reported some level of improvement, with a level of maintenance of 68.75% one month after treatment. 27.6% of the placebo group also demonstrated some reduction in BMS symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term evolution and the intensity of symptoms are variables that reduce the probability of improvement with ALA treatment

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Oral ulcers: clinical aspects. A tool for dermatologists. Part II. Chronic ulcers.

Oral ulcers are generally painful lesions that are related to various conditions developing within the oral cavity. They can be classified as acute or chronic according to their presentation and progression. Acute oral ulcers are be associated with conditions such as trauma, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Behçet's disease, bacterial and viral infections, allergic reactions or adverse drug reactions. Chronic oral ulcers are associated with conditions such as oral lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, mucosal pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus, mycosis and some bacterial and parasitic diseases. The correct differential diagnosis is necessary to establish the appropriate treatment, taking into account all the possible causes of ulcers in the oral cavity. In this second part of this two-part review, chronic oral ulcers are reviewed.

Oral ulcers: clinical aspects. A tool for dermatologists. Part I. Acute ulcers.

Oral ulcers are generally painful lesions that are related to various conditions developing within the oral cavity. They can be classified as acute or chronic according to their presentation and progression. Acute oral ulcers are be associated with conditions such as trauma, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, Behçet's disease, bacterial and viral infections, allergic reactions or adverse drug reactions. Chronic oral ulcers are associated with conditions such as oral lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, mucosal pemphigoid, lupus erythematosus, mycosis and some bacterial and parasitic diseases. The correct differential diagnosis is necessary to establish the appropriate treatment, taking into account all the possible causes of ulcers in the oral cavity. In the first part of this two-part review, acute oral ulcers are reviewed.

No differences in caspase-3 and Bax expression in atrophic-erosive vs. reticular oral lichen planus.

BACKGROUND: Caspase-3 (CPP32) and Bax expression levels in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions are considered reliable markers of apoptosis. The malignant transformation of OLP remains a very controversial matter. The objective of this study was to compare histological and apoptotic phenomena between atrophic-erosive and reticular forms of OLP. METHODS: Analysis was conducted of biopsy samples from 18 patients with reticular and 14 with atrophic-erosive OLP. Conventional histology techniques were used to quantify histological markers of OLP and peroxidase/anti-peroxidase techniques to determine apoptosis markers caspase-3 (CPP32) and Bax. RESULTS: More Civatte bodies and lymphocyte exocytosis were observed in atrophic-erosive than reticular OLP samples, without any statistical difference. No statistical significant differences in caspase-3 expression were found between these OLP forms in suprabasal layer (58.3% vs. 43.8%), basal layer (83.3% vs. 68.8%) or infiltrate (69.2% vs. 46.6%). Bax expression was relatively infrequent, and no differences were observed between atrophic-erosive and reticular forms. CONCLUSIONS: The low frequency of apoptotic phenomena (caspase-3 and Bax) in epithelial cells of OLP may create a favourable substrate for malignant transformation. However, there does not seem to be an association with the clinical form (atrophic-erosive or reticular).

Do ambulatory-use Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) concentrates present risks?

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) concentrates have been widely used in the past decade as a complement to tissue regeneration procedures. The authors who have clinically used PRP refer no risk of infection, disease transmission, or undesirable effects. Nevertheless, there have been reports on the over-expression of growth factors (GFs) and their receptors related to tumour and dysplastic tissues. This has led to evaluation of the possible coincidences between carcinogenesis and the mitogenic pathways employed by GFs. The present study provides a review of the literature on the possible effects of the therapeutic uses of GFs (including PRP) in relation to carcinogenesis, their influence upon tissues with epithelial dysplasia or oral carcinoma, and their relation to tumour growth and infiltration.

Progressive bulbar palsy: a case report diagnosed by lingual symptoms.

The aim of this report is to show a case of Progressive Bulbar Palsy (PBP), diagnosed by oral medicine specialists, from oral symptoms of the disease. We have found no more than two published cases of PBP diagnosed by lingual alterations. We have followed the patient for almost four years, which is remarkable considering that the normal survival period for these patients is up to three years. We would like to emphasize the role of general dentists in the diagnosis of systemic conditions based on an oral examination that should include the oro-facial muscles.

Técnicas de obtención de tejido en Medicina y Patología Oral (I): Biopsia con bisturí. Biopsia con "punch" / Obtaining tissue techniques in oral medicine and pathology scalpel and biopsy technique with punch

En el presente artículo se ha realizado una revisión sobre las diferentes técnicas de obtención de tejido en Medicina y Patología oral. Se analiza los propósitos de la biopsia, los criterios para su realización y sus diferentes tipos. Se describen en detalle las dos formas de biopsia más comúnmente realizadas en mucosa oral: técnica de biopsia mediante bisturí frío y técnica mediante "punch" (AU)

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Métodos complementarios a la biopsia oral (II): punción aspiración con aguja fina (PAAF). Citología exfoliativa. Azul de toluidina / Complementary procedures to oral biopsy: fine needle aspiration. Exfoliative cytology. Toluidine blue

En el presente artículo se ha realizado una revisión en donde se analiza el papel de los diferentes tipos de exámenes citológicos en el diagnóstico de las lesiones de la cavidad oral. Se describe en detalle las técnicas de PAAF y citología exfoliativa, así como sus ventajas e inconvenientes. Se otorga un especial interés a la prueba de azul de toluidina, su uso y sus limitaciones, como técnica auxiliar en el proceso diagnóstico (AU)

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Anorexia y Bulimia: ¿Qué ve el odontólogo? / Anorexia and Bulimia: What the dentist see?

El objetivo del trabajo es llamar la atención del odontólogo acerca de la importancia que tiene su función en el diagnóstico precoz de enfermedades como la anorexia y la bulimia. Debido al aumento de la prevalencia de este tipo de trastornos, es fundamental que estos profesionales tengan unas nociones básicas sobre ambas patologías. Se han revisado ambos conceptos, sus manifestaciones orales y las correspondientes medidas a tomar, ya que con relativa frecuencia pueden aparecer en la consulta y no ser reconocidas por el profesional (AU)

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Risk of oral cancer associated with tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and oral hygiene: a case-control study in Madrid, Spain.

Oral cancer is a disease whose principal etiological factors are tobacco and alcohol consumption, which if controlled could help avoid many tumors. However, consumption has continued to grow for years. We have studied the risk of the principal factors established in the development of oral cancer and the influence of the oral hygiene level on the appearance of these tumors. Seventy-five cases of oral cancer and 150 controls from the Madrid community were interviewed on tobacco and alcohol consumption habits and their oral hygiene level. The Odds Ratio (OR) for consumption of 6-20 cigarettes/day is 3.1 and 7.96 for more than 20 cigarettes/day. When more than 50 g of alcohol/day is consumed the risk results in an OR of 5.3. Daily brushing is a protective factor (OR, 0.41). In conclusion, the most important risk factor for developing oral cancer is tobacco consumption followed by alcohol consumption.

[Oral herpes virus infection in immunodepressed patients: presentation of 2 cases. Review of the literature]. / Infección oral por herpes virus en pacientes inmunodeprimidos: presentación de 2 casos. Revisión de la literatura.

Two cases of herpetic intraoral infection, in inmunodepressed patients, are presented. We emphasize its diagnosis and therapeutical aspects. A bibliographic review is done.

[Lichen planus of the oral mucosa in the clinical course of chronic active hepatitis. Presentation of two cases]. / Liquen plano de la mucosa oral en el curso clínico de hepatitis crónica activa. Presentación de dos casos.

Two cases of oral lichen planus associated with chronic active hepatitis are presented. One of them it was also associated with achrosclerosis. A review of the literature is done, and it is suggested the possibility that oral lichen planus play a role of diagnostic importance in hepatic pathology.

[Radioprotective effect of ascorbic acid on oral structures in patients with cancer of the head and neck]. / Efecto radioprotector del acido ascorbico sobre estructuras orales en pacientes con cancer de cabeza y cuello.

It is considered the radioprotective effect of ascorbic acid in patients with head and neck cancer. It is observed a reduction of yatrogenic effects over oral structures secondary to radiotherapy. It is recommended the oral administration of ascorbic acid in this type of patients.