A new species of phlebotomine sandfly, Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) duckei (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil / Uma nova espécie de flebotomíneo, Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) duckei (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil

Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) duckei Oliveira, Alencar and Freitas sp. n. from Adolpho Ducke Reserve, Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, is described and illustrated based on three male specimens, the holotype and two paratypes. The paratypes have abnormalities in the external genitalia, one with asymmetric bilateral anomaly (different anomalies in each of certain paired structures) and the other with unilateral anomaly (anomaly in one of the paired structures). The new species probably belongs to the Serrana Series, integrating the list of the species whose males possess gonostylus with two stout spines (one apical and other subapical), as well as a small and very thin spine on the inner surface of the basal half.

Pintomyia (Pifanomyia) duckei Oliveira, Alencar e Freitas sp. n. da Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, Manaus, Estado do Amazona, Brasil, é descrita e ilustrada com base em três espécimes machos, o holótipo e dois parátipos. Os parátipos possuem anomalias na genitália externa, sendo um com anomalia bilateral assimétrica (anomalias diferentes em cada uma das estruturas pareadas) e outro com anomalia unilateral (anomalia em uma das estruturas pareadas). A nova espécie provavelmente pertence à Série Serrana, integrando a lista das espécies, cujos machos possuem gonóstilo com dois espinhos robustos (um apical e outro subapical), bem como um espinho delgado e muito curto na superfície interna da metade basal.

First record of Anopheles konderi Galvão & Damasceno (Diptera: Culicidae) carrying eggs of Dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr.) (Diptera: Oestridae), from Oriximiná municipality, Pará, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The muscoid fly Dermatobia hominis causes cutaneous myiases in mammals. Females of this species use a vector to carry their eggs to the host. This note describes Anopheles konderi acting as phoretic vector for D. hominis. METHODS: A female A. konderi carrying D. hominis was collected using light traps in Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil. The A. konderi specimen was identified at morphological and molecular levels. RESULTS: Eight eggs of D. hominis were observed on the Anopheles konderi female. CONCLUSIONS: Anopheles konderi, only the third Anopheles species recorded as a phoretic vector, may be a potential vector of D. hominis.

First record of anopheles konderi Galvão & Damasceno (Diptera: Culicidae) carrying eggs of dermatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr. ) (Diptera: oestridae), from oriximiná municipality, Pará, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The muscoid fly Dermatobia hominis causes cutaneous myiases in mammals. Females of this species use a vector to carry their eggs to the host. This note describes Anopheles konderi acting as phoretic vector for D. hominis. METHODS: A female A. konderi carrying D. hominis was collected using light traps in Oriximiná, Pará, Brazil. The A. konderi specimen was identified at morphological and molecular levels. RESULTS: Eight eggs of D. hominis were observed on the Anopheles konderi female. CONCLUSIONS: Anopheles konderi, only the third Anopheles species recorded as a phoretic vector, may be a potential vector of D. hominis.

Phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) diversity and their Leishmania DNA in a hot spot of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis human cases along the Brazilian border with Peru and Bolivia

In this study, we identified the phlebotomine sandfly vectors involved in the transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil, which is located on the Brazil-Peru-Bolivia frontier. The genotyping of Leishmania in phlebotomines was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 6,850 sandflies comprising 67 species were captured by using CDC light traps in rural areas of the municipality. Three sandfly species were found in the state of Acre for the first time: Lutzomyia georgii, Lu. complexa and Lu. evangelistai. The predominant species was Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi and Lu. davisi (total 59.27%). 32 of 368 pools were positive for the presence of Leishmania DNA (16 pools corresponding to Lu. davisi, and 16 corresponding to Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi), with a minimal infection prevalence of 1.85% in Lu. davisi and 2.05% in Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi. The Leishmania species found showed maximum identity with L. (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis in both phlebotomine species. Based on these results and similar scenarios previously described along the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia tri-border, the studied area must take into consideration the possibility of Lu. davisi and Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi as probable vectors of ACL in this municipality.

Description of the genital atrium of three Lutzomyia species in the subgenus Psathyromyia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebominae) from the Central Brazilian Amazon / Descripción del atrio genital de tres especies de Lutzomyia del subgénero Psathyromyia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebominae) de la Amazonía Central Brasileña

Phlebotomine sand flies are responsible for the transmission of the etiological agents of several diseases, including protozoan parasites that cause leishmaniases. In the Lutzomyia França genus, the females of some species are morphologically similar, and the morphological characters normally used to identify them are unreliable. The aim of this study was to distinguish between females of cryptic Lutzomyia França species from the subgenus Psathyromyia Barretto by analyzing the armature in the genital atrium (AGA). The species studied were Lutzomyia dendrophyla Mangabeira, L. scaffi Damasceno & Arouck and L. shannoni sensulato Dyar. Lab-reared females were dissected to isolate the genital atrium and spermathecae. The AGA of each species was then photographed, and the arrangement of spines described. We conclude that the AGA can be a useful tool for distinguishing between female cryptic species of the subgenus Psathyromyia.

Los flebotomíneos (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) son responsables por la transmisión de agentes etiológicos de varias enfermedades, incluyendo protozoarios parásitos que causan las leishmaniosis. En el género Lutzomyia França, las hembras de algunas especies tienen morfologías semejantes y los carácteres morfológicos utilizados para identificarlas no son confiables. El objetivo de este estudio fué distinguir las hembras de especies crípticas del subgénero Psathyromyia Barretto analizando la armadura del área genital (AGA). Las especies estudiadas fueron Lutzomyia dendrophyla Mangabeira-Filho, Lutzomyia scaffi Damansceno & Arouck y Lutzomyia shannoni sensulato Dyar. Las hembras criadas en laboratorio fueron diseccionadas para aislar la genitalia y la espermateca, las armaduras fueron fotografiadas y la distribución de las espinas fue descrita. Concluímos que la AGA puede ser una herramienta útil para distinguir las hembras crípticas del subgénero Psathyromyia.

A probable hybrid female Psychodopygus sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) specimen from Amazonas State, Brazil / Un híbrido probable en una hembra Psychodopygus sp. (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) en el estado de Amazonas, Brasil

Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors of several important etiological agents. Sand fly cibaria and genitalia exhibit morphological characters that are essential for species identification. A morphologically anomalous female sand fly of the subgenus Psychodopygus Mangabeira was found in a faunistic survey of a forested area near Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil. This specimen possesses two pairs of spermathecae and a cibarium with supernumerary rows of teeth. Most morphological anomalies in sand flies occur in the number and arrangement of spines in structures associated with the male genitalia. In females, the number of cibarial teeth is the most common form of anomaly. The specimen described here constitutes a rare anomalous record.

Los flebótomos son importantes vectores de varios agentes etiológicos. En flebótomos, los caracteres morfológicos del cibario y la genitália, son esenciales para la correcta identificación de las especies. Una hembra morfológicamente anómala del subgénero Psychodopygus Mangabeira, fue encontrada en un levantamiento faunístico en un área de bosque cerca de Manaus, estado de Amazonas, Brasil. Este espécime tiene dos pares de espermatecas y un cibario como hileras de dientes supranumerários. La mayoria de las anomalías morfológicas en los flebótomos ocurre en el número y disposición de las espinas en las estruturas de la genitália masculina. En las hembras, el número de dientes del cibario es la forma mas común de anomalía. El espécimen aqui descrito constituye un raro registro de anomalía.

Phlebotomine sandfly (Diptera: Psychodidae) diversity and their Leishmania DNA in a hot spot of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis human cases along the Brazilian border with Peru and Bolivia.

In this study, we identified the phlebotomine sandfly vectors involved in the transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil, which is located on the Brazil-Peru-Bolivia frontier. The genotyping of Leishmania in phlebotomines was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. A total of 6,850 sandflies comprising 67 species were captured by using CDC light traps in rural areas of the municipality. Three sandfly species were found in the state of Acre for the first time: Lutzomyia georgii, Lu. complexa and Lu. evangelistai. The predominant species was Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi and Lu. davisi (total 59.27%). 32 of 368 pools were positive for the presence of Leishmania DNA (16 pools corresponding to Lu. davisi, and 16 corresponding to Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi), with a minimal infection prevalence of 1.85% in Lu. davisi and 2.05% in Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi. The Leishmania species found showed maximum identity with L. (Viannia) guyanensis and L. (V.) braziliensis in both phlebotomine species. Based on these results and similar scenarios previously described along the Brazil/Peru/Bolivia tri-border, the studied area must take into consideration the possibility of Lu. davisi and Lu. auraensis/Lu. ruifreitasi as probable vectors of ACL in this municipality.

Epidemiological aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sandfly population, in the municipality of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: This work was carried out on the purpose of identifying the species of phlebotomine sandflies in the municipality of Monte Negro, state of Rondonia, Brazil, that may have been transmitting the American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), and concisely describe epidemiological aspects of disease. METHODS: The epidemiologic and socioeconomical indicators were obtained from government institutions and the local Municipal Secretary of Health. Phlebotomine sandflies were captured using CDC light traps between July 2006 to July 2008. The total of 1,240 of female sandflies were examined by PCR method directed to k-DNA. RESULTS: There has been a significant decrease in the incidence of ACL of about 50% over the last ten years in the municipality. A total of 1,935 specimens of 53 sandfly species were captured, three of the genus Brumptomyia genus and 50 of the genus Lutzomyia. The predominant species was Lutzomyia acanthopharynx, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia geniculata and Lutzomyia davisi. None were positive for Leishmania sp. CONCLUSIONS: Four sandflies species were found in the State of Rondonia for the first time: Brumptomyia brumpti, Lutzomyia tarapacaensis, Lutzomyia melloi and Lutzomyia lenti. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis, was also captured. Socioeconomical improvement of Brazilian economy and the increase of environmental surveillance in the last 15 years collaborated in the decrease of people exposed to vectors, reducing the incidence of ACL.

Epidemiological aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sandfly population, in the municipality of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazil

Introduction: This work was carried out on the purpose of identifying the species of phlebotomine sandflies in the municipality of Monte Negro, state of Rondonia, Brazil, that may have been transmitting the American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL), and concisely describe epidemiological aspects of disease. METHODS: The epidemiologic and socioeconomical indicators were obtained from government institutions and the local Municipal Secretary of Health. Phlebotomine sandflies were captured using CDC light traps between July 2006 to July 2008. The total of 1,240 of female sandflies were examined by PCR method directed to k-DNA. RESULTS: There has been a significant decrease in the incidence of ACL of about 50% over the last ten years in the municipality. A total of 1,935 specimens of 53 sandfly species were captured, three of the genus Brumptomyia genus and 50 of the genus Lutzomyia. The predominant species was Lutzomyia acanthopharynx, Lutzomyia whitmani, Lutzomyia geniculata and Lutzomyia davisi. None were positive for Leishmania sp. CONCLUSIONS: Four sandflies species were found in the State of Rondonia for the first time: Brumptomyia brumpti, Lutzomyia tarapacaensis, Lutzomyia melloi and Lutzomyia lenti. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis, was also captured. Socioeconomical improvement of Brazilian economy and the increase of environmental surveillance in the last 15 years collaborated in the decrease of people exposed to vectors, reducing the incidence of ACL.

Food safety systems in a small dairy factory: implementation, major challenges, and assessment of systems' performances.

The present study describes the implementation of a food safety system in a dairy processing plant located in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and the challenges found during the process. In addition, microbiological indicators have been used to assess system's implementation performance. The steps involved in the implementation of a food safety system included a diagnosis of the prerequisites, implementation of the good manufacturing practices (GMPs), sanitation standard operating procedures (SSOPs), training of the food handlers, and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP). In the initial diagnosis, conformity with 70.7% (n=106) of the items analyzed was observed. A total of 12 critical control points (CCPs) were identified: (1) reception of the raw milk, (2) storage of the raw milk, (3 and 4) reception of the ingredients and packaging, (5) milk pasteurization, (6 and 7) fermentation and cooling, (8) addition of ingredients, (9) filling, (10) storage of the finished product, (11) dispatching of the product, and (12) sanitization of the equipment. After implementation of the food safety system, a significant reduction in the yeast and mold count was observed (p<0.05). The main difficulties encountered for the implementation of food safety system were related to the implementation of actions established in the flow chart and to the need for constant training/adherence of the workers to the system. Despite this, the implementation of the food safety system was shown to be challenging, but feasible to be reached by small-scale food industries.

Influence of different shrinking temperatures and vacuum conditions on the ability of psychrotrophic Clostridium to cause 'blown pack' spoilage in chilled vacuum-packaged beef.

This study determined the ability of psychrotrophic Clostridium strains isolated from vacuum-packaged beefs and abattoir environments to cause 'blown-pack' spoilage of vacuum-packaged beef stored at 2 and 15 °C. The influence of shrinking temperatures (83, 84 and 87 °C) and vacuum pressure (6 and 9 mbar) on the occurrence of such spoilage as well as the effects of simulated transportation (500 km) on the integrity of packages was determined. At 15 °C and 2 °C, twelve and six strains caused 'blown-pack' spoilage, respectively. The combination of vacuum pressure (9 mbar) combined with shrinking temperature (87 °C) retarded the occurrence of spoilage. The simulated transportation under the experimental conditions did not affect the integrity of packages. More studies that assess the factors that may contribute for the occurrence of 'blown-pack' spoilage should be performed to avoid the occurrence of such spoilage during its shelf-life.

Mycobacteriosis in patients with breast implants: a case review from the Ivo Pitanguy Institute / Micobacteriose em implantes mamários: revisão da casuística do Instituto Ivo Pitanguy

INTRODUCTION: Reports of infections caused by rapidly growing mycobacteria during plastic surgery have increased in recent years despite improvements in techniques of asepsis/antisepsis and antibiotic prophylaxis. Infections occurring after the insertion of breast implants are a cause of patient morbidity and a significant problem for the surgeon. METHODS: Breast implant surgery cases complicated by mycobacterial infections at the Infirmary ward 38th of the Santa Casa da Misericórdia, Rio de Janeiro were retrospectively reviewed. A description of the current guidelines for the prevention and treatment of mycobacteriosis is included. Laboratory confirmed and clinically suspected cases were included in this study. RESULTS: Of 483 augmentation mammaplasty cases, 3 patients developed mycobacterial infections in the last 3 years. In 2 patients, there was a suspicion of infection that was not confirmed by laboratory data. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis is fundamental for reducing the incidence of mycobacteriosis during plastic surgery procedures. However, the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of mycobacterial diseases are important to minimize the morbidity of this type of infection.

INTRODUÇÃO: Nos últimos anos, foram crescentes os registros de infecções por micobactéria de crescimento rápido em cirurgia plástica, mesmo com a melhoria dos métodos de assepsia/ antissepsia e da antibioticoprofilaxia. A infecção após inclusão de implantes mamários causa grande morbidade às pacientes e transtorno ao cirurgião. MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo dos casos de infecção por micobactéria de crescimento rápido da 38ª Enfermaria da Santa Casa da Misericórdia do Rio de Janeiro, após inclusão de implantes mamários, em que são apresentadas propostas de prevenção e tratamento da micobacteriose. Foram incluídos os casos confirmados laboratorialmente e os clinicamente suspeitos. RESULTADOS: Até o presente momento foram confirmados 3 casos de infecção por micobactéria, num total de 483 mamaplastia de aumento no decorrer de 3 anos. Em 2 pacientes, houve suspeita de infecção, porém sem confirmação laboratorial. CONCLUSÕES: A profilaxia é o pilar fundamental para a redução do impacto da micobacteriose em procedimentos de cirurgia plástica. Entretanto, saber identificar, diagnosticar e tratar corretamente a micobacteriose é de suma importância para minimizar a morbidade da paciente.

Characterization of Brazilian lager and brown ale beers based on color, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity using chemometrics.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies have shown that beer has positive effects on inhibiting atherosclerosis, decreasing the content of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, by acting as in vivo free radical scavenger. In this research, the antioxidant activity of commercial Brazilian beers (n = 29) was determined by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH(·) ) assays and results were analyzed by chemometrics. RESULTS: The brown ale samples (n = 11) presented higher (P < 0.05) flavonoids (124.01 mg L(-1) ), total phenolics (362.22 mg L(-1) ), non-flavonoid phenolics (238.21 mg L(-1) ), lightness (69.48), redness (35.75), yellowness (55.71), color intensity (66.86), hue angle (59.14), color saturation (0.9620), DPPH(·) values (30.96% inhibition), and ORAC values (3, 659.36 µmol Trolox equivalents L(-1) ), compared to lager samples (n = 18). Brown ale beers presented higher antioxidant properties (P < 0.05) measured by ORAC (1.93 times higher) and DPPH (1.65 times higher) compared to lager beer. ORAC values correlated well with the content of flavonoids (r = 0.47; P = 0.01), total phenolic compounds (r = 0.44; P < 0.01) and DPPH (r = 0.67; P < 0.01). DPPH values also correlated well to the content of flavonoids (r = 0.69; P < 0.01), total phenolic compounds (r = 0.60; P < 0.01), and non-flavonoid compounds (r = 0.46; P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that brown ale beers, and less significantly lager beers, could be sources of bioactive compounds with suitable free radical scavenging properties.

Inovações sobre sistemas de embalagens para alimentos processados termicamente / Innovations for packaging systems thermally processed foods

Esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo avaliar os diferentes sistemas de embalagem disponíveis para alimentos termicamente processados e como as embalagens afetam o tipo de processo utilizado e a qualidade final do produto obtido. Foram abordados os principais processos térmicos utilizados e os seus requerimentos em termos de resistência (mecânica e térmica) da embalagem, além das vantagens e limitações dos principais materiais utilizados. Também foram tratados os desenvolvimentos recentes e importantes para superar parcialmente as limitações de cada tipo de material e reduzir os custos envolvidos, além das propriedades de barreira exigidas para que o alimento não sofra alterações, especialmente de ordem físico-química por oxidação, umidade e migração de materiais da embalagem, durante o seu armazenamento. Concluiu-se que existem várias opções de embalagens para alimentos termicamente tratados e que, enquanto embalagens tradicionais passam por constantes pesquisas para se manterem competitivas, as de plástico ou flexíveis são muito estudadas visando o desenvolvimento de sistemas compatíveis com o processamento térmico e baixo custo.

Probiotic Dairy Products as Functional Foods.

Foods that affect specific functions or systems in the human body, providing health benefits beyond energy and nutrients-functional foods-have experienced rapid market growth in recent years. This growth is fueled by technological innovations, development of new products, and the increasing number of health-conscious consumers interested in products that improve life quality. Since the global market of functional foods is increasing annually, food product development is a key research priority and a challenge for both the industry and science sectors. Probiotics show considerable promise for the expansion of the dairy industry, especially in such specific sectors as yogurts, cheeses, beverages, ice creams, and other desserts. This article presents an overview of functional foods and strategies for their development, with particular attention to probiotic dairy products. Moreover, special attention is paid to the sensory properties of such products to provide important information about their most desirable attributes.

Reconstrução da parede abdominal com retalho ilhado miocutâneo do tensor da fascia lata após queimadura elétrica / Abdominal wall reconstruction with island tensor fascia lata miocutaneous flap

Os autores apresentam o caso de um paciente de 19 anos vítima de queimadura por eletricidadede alta tensão, acometendo 30% da superfície corporal, com necrose da parede abdominal,amputação do membro superior direito e da genitália. Após tratamento no Centro de Terapiaa Queimados, foi encaminhado para o Serviço de Microcirurgia Reconstrutiva do Hospitaldos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro para reconstrução tardia. O paciente apresentavavolumoso abaulamento no abdome inferior, com cobertura de enxerto cutâneo de espessuraparcial. Foi submetido a reconstrução da parede com retalho ilhado miocutâneo do tensorda fascia lata no primeiro tempo, preparando o paciente para a reconstrução peniana comretalho microcirúrgico, num segundo tempo. A opção por retalho do tensor da fascia lata ea técnica cirúrgica empregada são apresentadas e discutidas.

The authors present a case of a 19 year-old male patient, burned by high tension electricityin 30% of the total body surface, who presented abdominal wall necrosis, upper right limband penile amputation. After treatment on a specialized burn unit, the patient was referredto the Microsurgery Department of Hospital dos Servidores do Estado do Rio de Janeirofor late reconstruction. The patient presented at that time a volumous bulge on the lowerabdomen previously covered with partial thickness skin graft. He was then submitted to afirst surgical step, by means of a tensor fascia lata miocutaneous flap coverage, preparingthe patient for a penile reconstruction on a second surgical step. There are presented anddiscussed the surgical technique and the option for the TFL flap.

Avaliação da eficiência da radiação ultravioleta na esterilização de embalagens plásticas / Evaluation of ultraviolet radiation in the sterilization of plastic packaging

O uso da radiação ultravioleta é um dos vários processos físicos que podem ser utilizados para a esterilização ou na higienização de superfícies que irão entrar em contato com alimentos. Objetivou-se, nesta pesquisa a avaliação da eficiência da radiação ultravioleta (UV) na esterilização de superfícies de embalagens para alimentos visando a redução da contaminação microbiológica. Tampas e filmes plásticos foram irradiados em uma fonte de ultravioleta emitindo comprimentos de ondas a 254 nm, no interior de uma câmara especialmente projetada para este estudo, através de um delineamento fatorial para testar as variáveis: tempo de exposição e intensidade de irradiação (distância da fonte). Avaliou-se o número de reduções decimais de esporos de Bacillus subtilis inoculados na superfície das embalagens. As reduções decimais obtidas não foram altas, variaram de 0,21 a 2,47, mas o uso da lâmpada UV foi altamente eficiente para tempo de exposição superior a 30 s e distância mínima de 20 cm da fonte, causando a redução total da carga microbiana inoculada.

Ultraviolet radiation is one of the major physical processes used to sterilize or to clean surfaces that will be in contact of foods. This research evaluated the efficiency of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to sterilize surfaces of plastic packaging materials based on the reduction of microbial counts. Plastic closures and films were irradiated by exposing them to lamps emitting UV radiation at 254 nm in an apparatus specially constructed for this study. Using an experimental design in order to investigate the effect of exposure time and distance from the source, the reduction number of Bacillus subtilis spores inoculated to the package surfaces were evaluated. The UV radiation efficiency was not high for short exposition time, presenting reduction number ranged from 0.21 to 2.47, but it was very efficient when exposed to more than 30 s at a distance of 20 cm.

Influência dos tipos de envoltórios, embalagens e temperaturas de estocagem sobre a estabilidade de mortadela / Influence of the kinds casing, packagings and temperatures of estocagem about the stability of salami

Mortadelas foram processadas na forma convencional e acondicionadas em três tipos de embalagens: envoltório de celulose fibrosa sem revestimento interno e externo, envoltório de celulose fibrosa embalado a vácuo em filme laminado (polietileno/etileno e acetado de vinila / poliamida (PE/EVA/PA) e envoltório de poliamida. Os produtos foram estocados por 70 dias nas temperaturas de 5, 15 e 25 ° C para determinações de perda de peso, umidade e análise sensorial. Resultados indicaram que a temperatura de estocagem e o tipo de envoltório tiveram forte influência na estabilidade do produto, principalmente em relação à perda de peso e, conseqüentemente, na aceitação sensorial. Os produtos em envoltório de celulose fibrosa sem revestimento interno e/ou externo, proporcionaram considerável perda de peso e a aceitação sensorial foi comprometida em tempo menor que 14 dias de estocagem em todas as temperaturas. A embalagem de poliamida também proporcionou significantes perdas de peso, embora menores que aquelas obtidas nos produtos acondicionados em envoltório de celulose fibrosa. A condição estudada da mortadela foi a acondicionada em envoltório de celulose fibrosa embalado a vácuo em filme laminado estocado a 5 ºC.

Alterações microbiológicas em água de coco (Cocus nucifera L) acondicionada em garrafas plásticas / Alterations microbiological in water of coconut (Cocus nucifera L) packaged in plastic bottles

Esta pesquisa visa avaliar a estabilidade de água de coco comercializada em garrafas plásticas de polietileno tereftalato (PET), nas formas congelada e refrigerada, quanto às alterações microbiológicas durante a estocagem e comercialização. Foi avaliada a vida-de-prateleira do produto congelado, submetido ao efeito da oscilação da temperatura, também, o efeito da temperatura de refrigeração da água de coco nestas duas formas usuais de comercialização. O monitoramento das alterações foi feito através de contagem padrão em placas, contagem de bolores e leveduras e do número mais provável de coliformes do produto, em intervalos semanais, ao longo do período de estocagem em condições cíclicas de congelamento (-5 a -18ºC) e em condições isotérmicas de 0,5, 10, 15, 20 e 25ºC. Para o produto refrigerado, as alterações nas contagens iniciais em conseqüência da multiplicação microbiológica, foram suficientes para determinar o fim da vida útil de comercialização. Como já era esperado, para a água congelada não se observou alteração na contagem inicial ao longo da estocagem.