Equations based on body mass index for body composition estimations of women presenting grade III obesity / Ecuaciones a partir del índice de masa corporal para estimar la composición corporal de mujeres con obesidad III

ABSTRACT Objective To develop and validate predictive equations to estimate the body composition of women with grade III obesity, using the body mass index (BMI) as a predictive variable. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 104 patients treated at the hospital of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro randomly divided into two groups, the Equation Group, used to generate regression equations, and the Validation Group, used to validate the equations. Body fat mass (BFM), body fat percentage (BFP), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water content (TBW) were valuated employing the bioimpedance method (InBody® 230). Results Polynomial equations exhibited the best fit and a general trend of results normalized by height squared presenting higher coefficients of determination (r2) was noted, positively affecting equation validations. Only one exception was observed, since the body fat percentage index (BFPI) resulted in an even lower correlation with BMI. Only these variables exhibited low r2 (0.11 to 0.29), while r2 values ranged from 0.51 to 0.94 for the other results. Conclusion Except for the BFP and BFPI, body composition can be estimated by the application of predictive BMI-based models. The equations employed for the indices normalized by the square of height were better predictors, while the use of equations that do not employ this normalization should consider the caveat that individuals with extreme BMI values (40 to 76 kg/m2) present greater estimate deviations in relation to the measured values.

RESUMEN Objetivo Desarrollar y validar ecuaciones predictivas para estimar la composición corporal de mujeres con obesidad III, utilizando el índice de masa corporal (IMC) como variable predictiva. Métodos Este estudio transversal involucró a 104 pacientes atendidos por el Hospital Universitario de la Universidad Federal de Río de Janeiro, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos. La masa de grasa corporal (MGC), el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), la masa musculoesquelética (MME), la masa libre de grasa (MLG) y el contenido de agua total (ACT) fueron valorados por el método de bioimpedancia (InBody® 230). Resultados Las ecuaciones polinómicas presentaron un mejor ajuste y se observó una tendencia general de resultados normalizados, con mayores coeficientes de determinación (r2), lo cual afectó positivamente las validaciones de las ecuaciones. Se observó apenas una excepción, en relación con el PGC, pues el índice de porcentaje de grasa corporal (IPGC) tuvo una correlación menor con el IMC. Estas variables exhibieron un r2 bajo (0,11 a 0,29). Los valores de r2 oscilaron entre 0,51 y 0,94 para los demás resultados. Conclusión Con excepción del PGC y el IPGC, la composición corporal puede estimarse por medio de la aplicación de modelos predictivos basados en el IMC. Las ecuaciones empleadas por los índices normalizados por el cuadrado de la estatura fueron mejores predictores, en tanto que el uso de las ecuaciones que no emplean esa normalización debe considerar la advertencia de que individuos con valores extremos de IMC (40 a 76 kg/m2) presentan una mayor estimación de las desviaciones en relación con los valores medidos.

Cut-Off Points of Visceral Adipose Tissue Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Military Men.

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has high metabolic activity and secretes a larger number of adipokines that are related to the inflammatory process. Quantifying VAT could estimate the risk of developing Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). This study was designed to determine the VAT cut-off points assessed by DXA associated with MetS in military men. In total, 270 (37.5 ± 6.9 years) military men from the Brazilian Army (BA) participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements, assessment of body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), hemodynamics and biochemical tests were performed. The Student's t test, independent samples, Person's correlation, ROC curve, Youden Index and positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were used. The MetS prevalence was 27.4%, which means that 74 (38.0 ± 7.3 years) military men had at least three risk factors of MetS present. The cutoff point of VAT with the highest balance between sensitivity (77.0%) and specificity (69.9%) was 1025.0 cm3 (1086.0 g). An area on the ROC curve was 0.801 (p < 0.000), which was very good precision. VAT ≥ 1025.0 cm3 (1086.0 g) is associated with the risk factors of MetS and is, therefore, a predictor of the disease with good indicators of sensitivity and specificity and a robust indicator of MetS.

Confiabilidade de indicadores antropométricos e fisiológicos para desenvolvimento de um índice de saúde para idosos / Reliability of anthropometric and physiological indicators for the development of an elderly health index / Confiabilidad de los indicadores antropométricos y fisiológicos en el desarrollo de un índice de salud para ancianos

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a confiabilidade de indicadores antropométricos e fisiológicos para o desenvolvimento de um índice de saúde para indivíduos idosos. Métodos Estudo quantitativo de corte transversal, onde a amostra foi composta por 63 idosos de ambos os sexos, participantes do Projeto Movimenta Cruz das Almas, como parte do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) da cidade de Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Idade igual ou superior a 60 anos. Sendo 58 indivíduos do sexo feminino e cinco masculino. Procedimento estatístico multivariado de análise de cluster e a análise de correlação de Spearman para apurar a intensidade da associação, e o Teste de Kruskal-Wallis para mensurar os escores em nível ordinal; p<0,05. Resultados A amostra apresentou uma média de idade de 64,29±4,55 anos. Configurando um maior número de idosos no grupo de pré-idosos (61,9 %), seguido pelos idosos jovens (26,37 %), os de média idade (10,47 %) e os idosos de idade avançada (1,26 %). A análise de cluster mostrou-se viável na identificação e validação de indicadores de saúde para idosos. Na determinação do grau de correlação das variáveis estudadas, os testes não paramétricos, Correlação de Spearman (p=0,0188), mostrou uma correlação estatisticamente significativa, e no teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p=0,0018) altamente significativa (H=15.0230). Conclusão Os resultados apontam para a eficiência e a confiabilidade na utilização de variáveis antropométricas e fisiológicas no processo de classificação de indicadores para a construção de índices de saúde.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the reliability of anthropometric and physiological indicators for the development of a health index for the senior population. Methods A cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted with a sample of 63 senior men and women participating in the Movimenta Cruz das Almas Project, of the Family Health Program (PSF in Portuguese) in Cruz das Almas, Bahia (Brazil). The age of the sample was equal to or greater than 60 years, and included 58 females and five males. A multivariate statistical cluster analysis was performed and the Spearman's rho was used to determine the intensity of the association. Finally, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to measure scores at the ordinal level (p<0.05). Results The individuals included in the sample had a mean age of 64.29±4.55 years. Most of them were in the pre-elderly group (61.90 %), followed by young elders (26.37 %), middle aged elders (10.47 %) and advanced age seniors (1.26 %). The statistical cluster analysis seemed to be feasible for identifying and validating health indexes for the elderly. When determining the degree of correlation between the variables, the Spearman's test (p=0.0188) showed a statistically significant correlation, while the Kruskal-Wallis test (p=0.0018) found a highly significant correlation (H=15.0230). Conclusion Results point to the efficiency and reliability of anthropometric and physiological variables for the classification of indicators in the development of health indexes.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la fiabilidad de los indicadores antropométricos y fisiológicos para el desarrollo de un índice de salud para los ancianos. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal, con una muestra de 63 ancianos de ambos sexos, participantes del Proyecto Movimiento Cruz das Almas, como parte del Programa de Salud Familiar (PSF) de la ciudad de Cruz das Almas, Bahía. Con edades iguales o mayores de 60 años. Fueron 58 sujetos femeninos y cinco masculino. Se utilizaron procedimientos estadísticos multivariados de análisis de conglomerados y análisis de correlación de Spearman, para determinar la intensidad de la asociación; y la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis para medir las puntuaciones de nivel ordinal; p<0,05. Resultados La muestra tenía una edad media de 64,29±4,55 años, con un mayor número de personas de edad avanzada en un grupo pre-anciano (61,90 %), seguido por los ancianos recientes (26,37 %), los de edad media (10,47 %) y los ancianos de la edad avanzada (1,26 %). El procedimiento estadístico de análisis de cluster resultó viable para la identificación y validación de indicadores de salud de personas de edad avanzada. Al determinar el grado de correlación de variables, las pruebas no paramétricas, correlación de Spearman (p=0,0188) mostró una correlación estadísticamente significativa, y la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis (p=0,0018) fue altamente significativa (H=15,0230). Conclusión Los resultados muestran la eficacia y fiabilidad del uso de variables antropométricas y fisiológicas en el proceso de clasificación de los indicadores para la construcción de índices de salud.

Equações para a determinação da idade óssea e maturação sexual de crianças e adolescentes / Equations for determining bone age and sexual maturation of children and adolescents / Ecuaciones para determinar la edad ósea y la maduración sexual de niños y adolescentes

Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar equações de predição da Idade óssea e de um índice de maturação sexual para crianças de 9 a 14 anos do gênero masculino da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos Participaram do estudo 400 crianças e adolescentes, sendo que 300 sujeitos (75 %) tiveram seus resultados utilizados para o desenvolvimento das equações e 100 sujeitos (25 %) para a validação das mesmas. Aplicou-se o método paramétrico de regressão Stepwise Correlation, sendo as variáveis independentes constituídas por medidas antropométricas e tomando-se como base decisória o EPE (Erro Padrão de Estimativa) combinado ao índice de regressão (R) e de determinação (R2). Resultados O modelo preditor mais significativo, correspondeu a:Idade Óssea = 0,062*Estatura(cm) + 0,426*Id.Cronol. + 0,041*MassaCorp.(Kg) - 0,390* Diâmetro Fêmur. No segundo momento, tomou-se como variável dependente a Maturação Sexual segundo os critérios de Tanner (IMT), e nesse contexto adicionou-se como variável independente a Idade Óssea (IO), calculando-se o segundo Modelo preditor nas mesmas condições de aceitabilidade anteriormente mencionadas: Índice Maturação Tuner (IMT) = 0,5423*Idade Óssea estimada - 0,0374*Estatura (cm) + 0,0388*MassaCorp (Kg). Conclusões A obtenção de resultados por métodos não invasivos é um avanço no diagnóstico médico para prevenções de doenças, como também equações com esses objetivos, um facilitador na orientação e seleção esportiva.(AU)

Objective This study had objective develop and validate prediction equations bone age and an index of sexual maturity for children 9 to 14 years old male from the city of Rio de Janeiro. Methods The study included 400 children and adolescents and 300 subjects (75 %) had their results used to develop the equations and 100 subjects (25 %) for the validation of the same. Applied the method parametric regression Stepwise Correlation, being the independent variables consist of anthropometric measurements and taking decisions based on the SEE (Standard Error of Estimate) combined with regression rate (R) and determination (R2). Results The most significant predictor model, accounted for: Age Bone= 0,062 * Height(cm) + 0,426 * Id.Cronol. + 0,041 * MassaCorp.(Kg) - 0,390 * Diameter Femur. Secondly, it was taken as the dependent variable sexual maturation according to the criteria of Tanner (IMT), and in this context was added as an independent variable the bone age (IO), calculating the second predictor model under the same conditions of acceptability previously mentioned: Maturation Index Tuner (IMT) = 0,5423 * age estimated bone - 0,0374 * Height(cm) + 0,0388 * MassaCorp.(Kg). Conclusions The results obtained by non-invasive methods are a breakthrough in medical diagnostics for disease prevention, as well as equations with these objectives, a facilitator in guiding the selection and sports.(AU)

Objetivo El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar y validar ecuaciones de predicción de la edad ósea y el índice de maduración sexual de los niños de 9 a 14 años del género sexo masculino de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Métodos Participaron 400 niños y adolescentes. Los resultados de 300 sujetos (75 %) se utilizaron para desarrollar las ecuaciones y los de 100 sujetos (25 %) para validarlos. Se utilizó método paramétrico de correlación por medio de regresión por pasos. Las variables independientes fueron las medidas antropométricas y las decisiones se tomaron con base en el error estándar estimado, combinado con el índice de regresión (R) y la determinación (R2). Resultados El modelo predictor más significativo es: Edad ósea = 0,062 * Altura (cm) + 0.426 * Id.Cronol. + 0,041 * MassaCorp (Kg.) - 0.390 * Diámetro fémur. La segunda vez, se convirtió en la maduración sexual como variable dependiente en función de criterios de Tanner (IMT), y en ese contexto se agregó como una variable independiente el Medio Bone (IO). Un segundo modelo predictor, obtenido en las mismas condiciones de aceptabilidad mencionadas anteriormente, fue: Índice maduración Tuner (IMT) = 0.5423 * Edad ósea estimada - 0,0374 * Altura (cm) + 0.0388 * MassaCorp (Kg). Conclusión Los resultados obtenidos mediante métodos no invasivos son un avance en el diagnóstico médico para la prevención de enfermedades; las ecuaciones obtenidas con estos objetivos, son un facilitador en la orientación y selección deportiva.(AU)

[Equations for determining bone age and sexual maturation of children and adolescents]. / Equações para a determinação da idade óssea e maturação sexual de crianças e adolescentes.

Objective This study had objective develop and validate prediction equations bone age and an index of sexual maturity for children 9 to 14 years old male from the city of Rio de Janeiro. Methods The study included 400 children and adolescents and 300 subjects (75 %) had their results used to develop the equations and 100 subjects (25 %) for the validation of the same. Applied the method parametric regression Stepwise Correlation, being the independent variables consist of anthropometric measurements and taking decisions based on the SEE (Standard Error of Estimate) combined with regression rate (R) and determination (R2). Results The most significant predictor model, accounted for: Age Bone= 0,062 * Height(cm) + 0,426 * Id.Cronol. + 0,041 * MassaCorp.(Kg) - 0,390 * Diameter Femur. Secondly, it was taken as the dependent variable sexual maturation according to the criteria of Tanner (IMT), and in this context was added as an independent variable the bone age (IO), calculating the second predictor model under the same conditions of acceptability previously mentioned: Maturation Index Tuner (IMT) = 0,5423 * age estimated bone - 0,0374 * Height(cm) + 0,0388 * MassaCorp.(Kg). Conclusions The results obtained by non-invasive methods are a breakthrough in medical diagnostics for disease prevention, as well as equations with these objectives, a facilitator in guiding the selection and sports.

Digital dermatoglyphic heritability differences as evidenced by a female twin study.

The genetic and environmental contributions to determine digital dermatoglyphic traits were investigated by using female dizygotic and monozygotic twin pairs to estimate heritability indexes (h(2)). The evaluated sample was composed by 20 monozygotic twin pairs and 13 dizygotic twin pairs. A significant heritability (h(2) = 0.65 to 0.96) was observed for 12 dermatoglyphic characteristics (delta indexes and ridge counts for right hand, left hand and both hands, and ridge counts for most individual fingers). A negative correlation between the ridge counts and heritability indexes from individual fingers was found for the left hand, which appears to be associated to a higher arch pattern frequency in most left-hand fingers, since this frequency was negatively correlated with ridge counts and positively correlated with heritability indexes. Heritability indexes of right-hand fingers were positively correlated with loop pattern frequency and negatively correlated with whorl pattern frequency. The low heritability of ridge counts from left thumb, ring and little fingers (h(2) = 0.11 to 0.32) indicates a higher chance that the chorion type had an influence in the intra-pair variance of monozygotic twins. Results confirmed the predominant genetic influence on the total ridge count. The heritability indexes varied in up to 8 times between different fingers and its association to ridge counts and pattern frequency was very variable between hands, evidencing that the use of dermatoglyphic traits from individual fingers as indicators of genetic influences to other human traits should consider this variability.