Pulmonary inflammation promoted by type-2 dendritic cells is a feature of human and murine schistosomiasis.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting over 200 million people in multiple organs, including the lungs. Despite this, there is little understanding of pulmonary immune responses during schistosomiasis. Here, we show type-2 dominated lung immune responses in both patent (egg producing) and pre-patent (larval lung migration) murine Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) infection. Human pre-patent S. mansoni infection pulmonary (sputum) samples revealed a mixed type-1/type-2 inflammatory cytokine profile, whilst a case-control study showed no significant pulmonary cytokine changes in endemic patent infection. However, schistosomiasis induced expansion of pulmonary type-2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) in human and murine hosts, at both infection stages. Further, cDC2s were required for type-2 pulmonary inflammation in murine pre-patent or patent infection. These data elevate our fundamental understanding of pulmonary immune responses during schistosomiasis, which may be important for future vaccine design, as well as for understanding links between schistosomiasis and other lung diseases.

Los niños con necesidades especiales y su seguridad como ocupantes de automóviles / The safety of children with special needs as car occupants

Objetivo: el objetivo de este artículo es abrir un debate en España sobre la seguridad en el automóvil de los niños con necesidades especiales. Material y métodos: se han revisado y resumido los principales manuales y guías sobre la materia existentes en EE. UU., Canadá y Suecia. Se han tabulado las soluciones técnicas recomendadas para alrededor de 30 condiciones o necesidades especiales. Se ha realizado un análisis de mercado inicial, vía e-mail, de soluciones técnicas disponibles en España. Resultados: se estima que en España hay al menos 60 000 niños con necesidades especiales desde el punto de vista de su transporte seguro en el automóvil. Son varios los países que ofrecen manuales o guías sobre la materia: EE. UU., Canadá y Suecia. Este no es el caso de España. Mientras que algunos niños con necesidades especiales pueden utilizar asientos infantiles convencionales, otros necesitan soluciones técnicas especializadas. No todas están disponibles en España; de hecho, el mercado nacional es muy limitado. Los asientos especiales pueden ser caros y necesitarse durante cortos periodos de tiempo. Conclusiones: se espera que el presente resumen sirva como punto de partida para un debate posterior, liderado por la comunidad pediátrica española, sobre el transporte seguro en el automóvil de niños con necesidades especiales. El debate debería finalizar con la redacción y difusión de una guía para profesionales médicos, padres y tutores (existen ya ejemplos a nivel internacional). Sería recomendable la promoción de programas de ayuda económica y préstamos de asientos especiales para determinadas condiciones médicas especiales (AU)

Objective: to open a debate in Spain about the safety of children with special needs as car passengers. Material and methods: a review of the international literature has been undertaken in order to identify related articles, handbooks and guides. Several ones have been found in EE.UU., Canada and Sweden. Findings have been summarized in a table with technical solutions for around 30 different medical conditions. A preliminary market analysis in Spain has been performed. Results: the number of children with special needs from the point of view of their safety in the automobile has been estimated in Spain in around 60,000. Several countries have developed handbooks or guides on this matter. This is not the case in Spain. Some children with special needs can use conventional child safety seats; others need specialized (medical) seats. Not all technical solutions available in other countries are sold in Spain; the number of solutions in the Spanish market, in fact, is very small. Special needs seats are normally very expensive; in some cases they are only needed during a short period of time. Conclusions: the authors aim to trigger a more profound debate in Spain about the safety of special needs children as car passengers. This debate should be steered by the Spanish pediatrician community. The final outcome should be a handbook for medicine practitioners, parents and tutors (several examples exist at international level). It is recommended to implement purchase and loans programs to support the use of specialized child seats (AU)

Linfoma tipo malt subglótico, una extraña localización / Subglottic malt-type lymphoma, a rare locution

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 79 años que presentaba una tumoración subglótica cuyo análisis anatomopatológico dio diagnóstico de linfoma tipo MALT. Tras descartar diseminación de la enfermedad se administró tratamiento radioterápico, con evidencia de remisión de la enfermedad. El interés de este trabajo estriba en la escasez y rareza de los linfomas laríngeos, y en especial del linfoma tipo MALT de localización subglótica. Hacemos una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema, exponiendo las pautas diagnósticas a seguir y el tratamiento de elección según su estado de evolución (AU)

We report a case of a 79-year-old woman presenting subglottic tumor whose hystopathological study was MALT-type lymphoma. After excluding the possibility of systemic dissemination, local radiotherapy treatment was applied. The interest of this study lies in the rare involvement of haematopoietic neoplasms in the larynx, especially the MALT-type in subglottic location. We review the literature on this subject, exposing the clinical, therapeutical and follow up data in respect to the initial location of the lymphoma (AU)

[Subglottic MALT-type lymphoma: unusual location]. / Linfoma tipo MALT subglótico, una extraña localización.

We report a case of a 79-year-old woman presenting subglottic tumor whose hystopathological study was MALT-type lymphoma. After excluding the possibility of systemic dissemination, local radiotherapy treatment was applied. The interest of this study lies in the rare involvement of haematopoietic neoplasms in the larynx, especially the MALT-type in subglottic location. We review the literature on this subject, exposing the clinical, therapeutical and follow up data in respect to the initial location of the lymphoma.

[Neck liposarcoma. Presentation of one case and revision of the literature]. / Liposarcoma cervical. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura.

Neck liposarcoma is an infrequent tumor in the head and neck area. A case in a 70 years male is reported with a presentation the in inferior third of the lateral neck region. Two previous surgical procedures and Radiotherapy (50 Gy) were carried out. A modified radical dissection was performed. No metastatic nodes were found. A revision of the literature is done with special remarks on prognostic factors; histology and surgical treatment with wide margins are favourable factors.

[Diagnosis of mesial temporal sclerosis with magnetic resonance imaging]. / El diagnóstico de la esclerosis temporal mesial mediante imagen de resonancia magnética.

INTRODUCTION: Mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is a progressive drug-resistant epileptic syndrome which requires rapid, effective diagnosis and treatment. Histologically there is atrophy and gliosis of the hippocampus. OBJECTIVE: To establish magnetic resonance (MR) imaging guidelines for correct diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We made a prospective study of 78 patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (44 women and 34 men; age 6-66 years, mean 31 years). Using a magnet of 1.5 Teslas paracoronal sections were made of the hippocampus with T1 volumetric with inversion-recovery, FLAIR (fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery) and T2 relaxometry. A control group of 30 healthy volunteers was established. The reduction in volume and hippocampal T2 hyperintensity were considered to be MTS diagnosed on MR. RESULTS: No hippocampal differences were observed among the healthy volunteers. The confidence intervals (mean +/- 1.96 SD) were: right volume: 4.169-5.911 mm3; left volume: 4.097-5.940 mm3; time of T2 relaxation: 98-113 ms. MTS was observed in 42 patients (54%): 24 left, 14 right and four asymmetrical bilateral. The results of the diagnostic validity (sensitivity/specificity) were: T1 volumetric 91/92%, FLAIR 93.5/98% and T2 relaxometry 91/92%. There was atrophy of other extrahippocampal structures in five cases of MTS; 10 patients with MTS (23.5%) had another extrahippocampal lesion associated (dual pathology), particularly migration disorders; 21 patients (27%) had lesions without MTS (tumors, alterations of migration, nonspecific gliosis) and in 15 cases (19%) there were no abnormal findings. A total of 27 patients were operated on: 22 with MTS (21 had diagnostic MR, one case had no abnormal findings), four cases had tumors and one had cortical dysplasia. CONCLUSION: The combination of quantitative techniques (T1 volumetric with inversion-recovery and T2 relaxometry) and FLAIR optimize MTS diagnosis using MR.

El diagnóstico de la esclerosis temporal mesialmediante imagen de resonancia magnética / The diagnosis of mesial temporal sclerosis by magnetic resonance imaging

Introducción. La esclerosis temporal mesial (ETM) es un síndrome epiléptico farmacorresistente, progresivo y que requiere diagnóstico y tratamiento rápidos y eficaces. Histológicamente presenta atrofia y gliosis del hipocampo. Objetivo. Establecer un protocolo de imagen de resonancia magnética (RM) para su diagnóstico correcto. Pacientes y métodos. Realizamos un estudio prospectivo de 78 pacientes con epilepsia del lóbulo temporal farmacorresistente (44 mujeres y 34 varones; edad: 6-66 años, media: 31 años). Con imán de 1,5 Teslas se realizaron cortes paracoronales a hipocampos con volumetría-T1 con inversión-recuperación, FLAIR (fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery) y relaxometría-T2. Se estableció un grupo control de 30 voluntarios sanos. Se consideró ETM por RM la disminución de volumen e hiperintensidad-T2 hipocampal. Resultados. En los voluntarios sanos no existieron diferencias entre hipocampos. Los intervalos de confianza (media ñ 1,96 DE) fueron: volumen derecho: 4.169-5.911 mm3; volumen izquierdo: 4.097-5.940 mm3; tiempo de relajación T2: 98-113 ms. Se detectó ETM en 42 pacientes (54 por ciento): 24 izquierdas, 14 derechas y cuatro bilaterales asimétricas. Los resultados de validez diagnóstica (sensibilidad/especificidad) fueron: volumetría-T1 91/92 por ciento, FLAIR 93,5/98 por ciento y relaxometría-T2 91/92 por ciento. Cinco casos de ETM presentaron atrofia de otras estructuras extrahipocampales; 10 pacientes con ETM (23,5 por ciento) asociaron otra lesión extrahipocampal (patología dual), sobre todo alteraciones de migración; 21 pacientes (27 por ciento) mostraron lesiones sin ETM (tumores, alteraciones migracionales, gliosis inespecíficas) y 15 casos (19 por ciento) no mostraron hallazgos. Un total de 27 pacientes fueron intervenidos: 22 con ETM (21 con RM diagnóstica y un caso sin hallazgos), cuatro con tumores y uno con displasia cortical. Conclusión. La combinación de técnicas cuantitativas (volumetría-T1 con inversión-recuperación y relaxometría-T2) y FLAIR optimiza el diagnóstico de ETM mediante RM (AU)

[Nasopharyngeal melanoma: a case report]. / Melanoma de nasofaringe. A propósito de un caso.

The AA. present a case of disseminated primitive melanoma of the rhinopharynx. The main difficulty was to establish the differential diagnosis, owing to the rarity of this tumor's type in such a sitting. The patient showed intracranial metastases which took him to death in a short term.