Approach to interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis-A survey to pulmonologists and rheumatologists in Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Interstitial lung disease is a leading cause of mortality in patients with systemic sclerosis. Currently, there is a lack of consensus regarding screening, rescreening, diagnosis, and follow-up practices in interstitial lung disease associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-ILD) in Colombia. METHODS: A structured survey focused on clinical practices in patients with SSc-ILD was conducted. Members of the Asociación Colombiana de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax (Asoneumocito) and the Asociación Colombiana de Reumatología (Asoreuma) were invited to participate from March 2023 to May 2023. RESULTS: We surveyed 51 pulmonologists and 44 rheumatologists. Overall, 51.6% reported having access to multidisciplinary team discussion in ILD. Among the 95 participants, 78.9% would routinely perform a high-resolution computed tomography scan of the chest once a diagnosis of systemic sclerosis was established. This practice is more frequent among rheumatologists (84.1%) than among pulmonologists (74.5%). Approximately half of the participants would rescreen patients annually with computed tomography scan (56.8%) if baseline images were negative. Spirometry (81.1%), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (80.0%), and 6-min walk test (55.8%) were the most frequently performed tests upon diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. During follow-up, participants would consider repeating pulmonary function tests mostly every 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Screening of SSc-ILD is high among pulmonologists and rheumatologists. Decision-making on diagnosis and follow-up is similar between specialties, but there are variations in their frequency and indications. Further research is needed to evaluate how to adapt recommendations for assessing SSc-ILD in different settings.

Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases-A Cross-Sectional Study of School-Aged Children in Rural Mexico.

Background: Dietary energy density (DED) is associated with chronic disease markers in adults. However, results in children are still controversial. Objective: To evaluate the DED of children and its association with obesity and biomarkers of chronic disease. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 284 children (6-10 y) from rural Mexico. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-h recalls. DED was calculated for "foods only" (DEDfo) and for "foods and beverages" (DEDfb). Weight, height, and body fat percent (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured. Inflammatory cytokines, lipid profile, leptin, and insulin resistance were determined from a fasting blood sample. Results: DEDfo was 1.91 ± 0.36 kcal/g and DEDfb was 1.36 ± 0.31 kcal/g. Higher DEDfo and DEDfb were associated with higher risk to have insulin resistance [odds ratio (OR) = 3.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.66, 9.22, P < 0.01; OR = 3.51, 95% CI: 1.25, 9.87, P = 0.02, respectively]. Higher DEDfo was associated with higher risk of higher leptin levels (OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.01, 10.23). Also, DEDfo and DEDfb were associated with higher concentrations of cholesterol (ß = 11.67, 95% CI: 1.81, 19.53, P = 0.03; and ß = 11.74, 95% CI: 2.69, 20.74 P = 0.01, respectively) and higher odds of having high insulin concentrations (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.26, 5.06, P = 0.01; and OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.30, 6.70, P = 0.01). DEDfo and DEDfb were not associated with any measure of obesity and inflammatory cytokines in the adjusted models. Conclusions: DED was associated with higher leptin and cholesterol concentrations, and having insulin resistance, but not with any measure of obesity or inflammation. Reducing DED may reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and improve insulin sensitivity in school-aged children.

Zinc Transporter ZnT1 mRNA Expression Is Negatively Associated with Leptin Serum Concentrations but Is not Associated with Insulin Resistance or Inflammatory Markers in Visceral Adipose Tissue.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between biomarkers of chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and zinc transporter ZnT1 expression in human visceral adipose tissue. Visceral adipose tissue obtained from 47 adults undergoing laparoscopic surgery for cholecystectomy was used to analyze ZnT1 mRNA expression by RT-qPCR. ZnT1 mRNA levels were compared between subjects with normal weight, overweight, and obesity. A significantly lower ZnT1 expression was observed in overweight and obesity compared with normal-weight subjects (p = 0.0016). Moreover, subjects with normal weight had significantly higher serum zinc concentration (97.7 ± 13.1 mg/L) than subjects with overweight (87.0 ± 12.8 mg/L) and obesity (83.1 ± 6.6 mg/L) (p = 0.002). Pearson test showed a positive correlation between serum zinc concentrations and ZnT1 mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue (r = 0.323; p = 0.031) and a negative correlation with body mass index (r = - 0.358; p = 0.013). A linear regression model was used to analyze the associations between ZnT1 mRNA expression and serum zinc levels, insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR), serum adipokines (leptin and adiponectin), and serum inflammation biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein). Interestingly, leptin concentrations were negatively associated with ZnT1 mRNA expression (p = 0.012); however, no significant associations were found for the rest of the analyzed variables. Future research is needed to analyze the causality of negative association between ZntT1 expression in visceral adipose tissue and leptin.

Markers of Inflammation, Tissue Damage, and Fibrosis in Individuals Diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Pneumonia: A Cohort Study.

Previous studies have noted that persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience persistent lung dysfunction after an episode of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that inflammation during pneumonia triggers increased tissue damage and accelerated pulmonary fibrosis, resulting in a gradual loss of lung function. We carried out a prospective cohort study of people diagnosed with CAP and/or HIV between 2016 and 2018 in three clinical institutions in Medellín, Colombia. Clinical data, blood samples, and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were collected at baseline. Forty-one patients were included, divided into two groups: HIV and CAP (n = 17) and HIV alone (n = 24). We compared the concentrations of 17 molecules and PFT values between the groups. Patients with HIV and pneumonia presented elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-1RA, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, and MIP-1ß) compared to those with only HIV. A marked pulmonary dysfunction was evidenced by significant reductions in FEF25, FEF25-75, and FEV1. The correlation between these immune mediators and lung function parameters supports the connection between pneumonia-associated inflammation and end organ lung dysfunction. A low CD4 cell count (<200 cells/µL) predicted inflammation and lung dysfunction. These results underscore the need for targeted clinical approaches to mitigate the adverse impacts of CAP on lung function in this population.

O ensino da sexualidade em cursos de Graduação em Enfermagem: revisão sistemática da literatura / La enseñanza de la sexualidad en cursos de graduación en Enfermería: revisión sistemática de la literatura / The teaching of sexuality in Undergraduate Nursing courses: a systematic literature review

A presente revisão sistemática da literatura procura identificar as evidências disponíveis em relação à maneira como a sexualidade humana figura nos currículos de Graduação em Enfermagem. A busca foi realizada em publicações datadas de janeiro de 2013 a setembro de 2022. Com abordagem qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, após a análise, em face dos elementos comuns observados, foram criadas cinco categorias de conteúdo: formas de abordagem; conteúdo; construção coletiva do currículo; cultura cis-heteronormativa e seus reflexos; e propostas de intervenção. Tais categorias foram descritas e, por meio delas, se tornou possível traçar um panorama que indica os principais resultados de pesquisas produzidas com foco no escopo proposto.(AU)

The present systematic review of the literature seeks to identify the evidence available in relation to the way in which human sexuality figures in undergraduate nursing curricula. The search was carried out in publications dated from January 2013 to September 2022. With a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory approach, after the analysis, in view of the common elements observed, five categories of content were created: forms of approach; content; collective construction of the curriculum; cis-heteronormative culture and its reflections; and intervention proposals. Such categories were described, and through them it became possible to draw an overview that indicates the main results of research produced with a focus on the proposed scope.(AU)

La presente revisión sistemática de la literatura busca identificar las evidencias disponibles con relación a la manera como la sexualidad humana figura en los currículos de graduación en Enfermería. La búsqueda se realizó en publicaciones con fecha de enero de 2013 a septiembre de 2022. Con abordaje cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, después del análisis, considerando los elementos comunes observados, se crearon cinco categorías de contenido: formas de abordaje, contenido, construcción colectiva del currículo, cultura cis-heteronormativa y sus reflejos y propuestas de intervención. Se describieron esas categorías y por medio de ellas fue posible trazar un panorama que indica los principales resultados de investigaciones producidas con enfoque en el alcance propuesto.(AU)

Síndrome de burnout em residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia de uma maternidade-escola / Burnout syndrome in gynecology and obstetrics residents of a teaching maternity unit

RESUMO Introdução: Os médicos residentes constituem um grupo de risco para distúrbios emocionais e comportamentais, e isso pode levar à síndrome de burnout e interferir negativamente no atendimento prestado. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar os estressores vivenciados por residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia (GO) de uma maternidade-escola do Sul do Brasil e estimar a prevalência da síndrome de burnout entre eles. Método: Realizou-se a coleta de dados de agosto a dezembro de 2020 com 21 residentes. A coleta compreendeu duas etapas: na primeira, fez-se uma entrevista semiestruturada, por meio de um roteiro-guia, visando identificar os estressores vivenciados pelos residentes em GO. Na sequência, os participantes receberam um questionário autoaplicável que teve por objetivo medir o nível de burnout pautado no Maslach Burnout Inventory. Para análise dos dados qualitativos, adotou-se a metodologia discurso do sujeito coletivo. Para análise dos dados quantitativos, foi utilizada a descrição analítica dos dados. Resultado: Entre os estressores vivenciados pelos residentes, destacam-se: falta de acolhimento pela equipe multiprofissional ao ingressarem na residência; excessiva carga horária de trabalho; poucas horas de sono; o desafio de se tornarem responsáveis pelo próprio aprendizado; as várias abordagens terapêuticas por preceptores diferentes para um mesmo problema; sensação de insuficiência de conteúdo teórico durante a residência; culpa por não estudarem o quanto acreditam que deveriam; diminuição do tempo destinado ao lazer e à atividade física; alto nível de estresse; abalo emocional que a grande responsabilidade assumida acarreta; e falta de apoio psicológico. Dos 21 médicos residentes, a síndrome de burnout esteve presente em 57,1% dos participantes. Exaustão emocional foi a mais frequente dimensão (52,7%), seguida por despersonalização (33,3%) e baixa realização profissional (9,5%). Conclusão: Os estressores relatados apontam para necessidade de revisão da residência a fim de que consequências nefastas à saúde mental de residentes, como a síndrome de burnout e suas consequências, sejam prevenidas, diminuídas ou sanadas, de modo a evitar danos tanto para os residentes como para os pacientes por eles atendidos e para instituição de saúde. São propostas medidas profiláticas na busca de melhorias na qualidade de vida, na qualidade do atendimento e, talvez no aspecto mais importante: a mudança de foco, da residência centrada no serviço para a residência centrada no aprendiz.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Medical residents constitute a risk group for emotional and behavioral disorders, which can lead to Burnout Syndrome, negatively interfering with the care provided. Objective: To identify the stressors experienced by Gynecology and Obstetrics residents of a teaching maternity hospital in southern Brazil and estimate the prevalence of Burnout Syndrome among them. Method: Data was collected from August to December 2020 with 21 residents and comprised two stages: the first consisted of a semi-structured interview, using a guide script, aiming to identify the stressors experienced by the GO residents. Subsequently, the participants received a self-administered questionnaire that aimed to measure the level of Burnout based on the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Qualitative data analysis was performed using the Collective Subject Discourse methodology. Quantitative data analysis was performed using the analytical description of the data. Results: Among the stressors experienced by residents, the following stand out: lack of acceptance by the multidisciplinary team when entering the residency; excessive workload; lack of sleep; the challenge of becoming responsible for one's own learning; the various therapeutic approaches by different preceptors for the same problem; feeling of insufficient theoretical content during the residency; guilt for not studying as much as you believe you should; decreased time devoted to leisure and physical activity, high level of stress; emotional upheaval that the great responsibility assumed entails and lack of psychological support. Of the 21 resident physicians, Burnout Syndrome was present in 57.1% of the participants. Emotional exhaustion was the most frequent dimension (52.7%), followed by Depersonalization (33.3%) and Low professional achievement (9.5%). Conclusion: The reported stressors point to the need to review the residency so that harmful consequences to the mental health of students, such as Burnout syndrome and its consequences, are prevented, reduced or remedied, avoiding damage to the residents, their patients and the health care institution. Prophylactic measures are proposed in the search for improvements in the quality of life, the quality of care and, perhaps most importantly, the shift in focus from a service-centered residency to a learner-centered residency.

Vivir con secuelas de enfermedad cerebrovascular: experiencias y significados de las personas que las presentan / Living with sequelae of cerebrovascular disease: experiences and meanings of the people who present these sequelae / Vivendo com séquelas de doença cerebrovascular: vivências e significados das pessoas que as apresentam

Resumen El interés de llevar a cabo este estudio se basa en la necesidad de comprender las experiencias vividas por las personas que han sufrido secuelas físicas de enfermedad cerebrovascular. Esta investigación se realizó en el municipio de Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda, Colombia. Objetivo: comprender las experiencias y los significados que las personas que han sufrido una enfermedad cerebrovascular les dan a las secuelas físicas causadas por ella. Metodología: estudio cualitativo, que se caracteriza por ser holístico, reflexivo, hermenéutico, con enfoque etnográfico y parte de la mirada "emic". Se incluyó a 16 personas mayores de 30 años con secuelas físicas de enfermedad cerebrovascular, a quienes se entrevistó, se incluyó diario de Campo. Resultados: para los participantes, la enfermedad cerebrovascular es un suceso que no avisa y perdura con la instauración de secuelas físicas y psicológicas, que generan exclusión propia y de otros, llevándolos al aislamiento, la culpabilización y la estigmatización, y esto los enfrenta a la necesidad de reincorporarse y ser independientes o resignarse y permanecer dependientes. Conclusión: los participantes con secuelas físicas y psicológicas viven experiencias que pueden ser obstáculos que acentúan el aislamiento, la culpabilización y la estigmatización, tanto de ellos mismos como de otras personas hacia ellos.

Abstract The interest in carrying out this study is based on the need to understand the experiences of people who have suffered physical sequelae of cerebrovascular disease. This research was carried out in the municipality of Santa Rosa de Cabal, Risaralda, Colombia. Objective: To understand the experiences and meanings that people who have suffered a cerebrovascular disease give to the physical sequelae caused by it. Methodology: Qualitative study, which is characterized by being holistic, reflective, hermeneutic, with an ethnographic approach and part of the "emic" view. Sixteen people over 30 years of age with physical sequelae of cerebrovascular disease were included, and they were interviewed and kept a field diary. Results: For the participants, cerebrovascular disease is an event that does not warn and lasts with the establishment of physical and psychological sequelae, which generate exclusion for themselves and others, leading them to isolation, blaming, and stigmatization, and this confronts them with the need to rejoin and be independent or resign and remain dependent. Conclusion: Participants with physical and psychological sequelae live experiences that can be obstacles that accentuate isolation, blame and stigmatization, both from themselves and from other people towards them.

Resumo O interesse em realizar este estudo baseia-se na necessidade de compreender as experiências de pessoas que sofreram sequelas físicas de doença cerebrovascular. Esta pesquisa é realizada no município de Santa Rosa de Cabal - Risaralda, Colômbia. Objetivo: Compreender as vivências e os significados que as pessoas que sofreram uma doença cerebrovascular atribuem às sequelas físicas por ela causadas. Metodologia: Estudo qualitativo, que se caracteriza por ser holístico, reflexivo, hermenêutico, de abordagem etnográfica e inserido no olhar "êmico". Foram incluídas 16 pessoas com mais de 30 anos com sequelas físicas de doença cerebrovascular, as quais foram entrevistadas e mantidas em diário de campo. Resultados: Para os participantes, a doença cerebrovascular é um evento que não alerta e perdura com o estabelecimento de sequelas físicas e psicológicas, que geram exclusão própria e alheia, levando-os ao isolamento, culpabilização e estigmatização, e isso os confronta com a necessidade de reingressar e ser independente ou renunciar e permanecer dependente. Conclusões: Os participantes com sequelas físicas e psicológicas vivem experiências que podem ser obstáculos que acentuam o isolamento, a culpabilização e a estigmatização, tanto de si próprios como dos outros em relação a eles.

Carcinomatosis peritoneal en cáncer de pulmón: revisión de la literatura con reporte de caso / Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in Lung Cancer: Literature Review with a Case Report

En Colombia, para 2020, el cáncer de pulmón se reportó como la segunda neoplasia con mayor incidencia y la primera con mayor tasa de mortalidad según las cifras del minis-terio de salud de Colombia. El compromiso peritoneal en el cáncer de pulmón es algo extremadamente raro, se considera <1%. A continuación, exponemos un caso de car-cinomatosis peritoneal en cáncer de pulmón en un hospital en la ciudad de Bogotá. Se incorpora una posterior revisión descriptiva de la literatura de los casos clínicos de car-cinomatosis peritoneal en cáncer de pulmón reportados en la literatura mundial en los últimos 20 años, con el objetivo de resumir las principales características de estos pa-cientes que permiten plantear hipótesis de su enfoque terapéutico y pronóstico

In Colombia for 2020, lung cancer was reported as the fifth neoplasm with the highest incidence and the second with the highest mortality rate. Peritoneal involvement in lung cancer is extremely rare, it is considered <1%. Next, we present a case of peritoneal car-cinomatosis in lung cancer in Bogotá, with a subsequent literature review of the litera-ture of clinical cases of peritoneal carcinomatosis in lung cancer reported in the world li-terature in the last 20 years. The aim is to summarize the main characteristics of these patients that allow to hypothesize their prognostic and therapeutic approach

Food insecurity is associated with glycemic markers, and socioeconomic status and low-cost diets are associated with lipid metabolism in Mexican mothers.

The association between socioeconomic status (SES) and chronic disease has recently become more evident in middle- and low-income countries. We hypothesized that poor socioeconomic conditions, such as food insecurity, low educational level, or low SES, may restrict access to a healthy diet and may be associated with cardiometabolic risk independently of body fat. This study examined the relation between socioeconomic indicators, body fat, and cardiometabolic disease risk markers in a random sample of mothers living in Queretaro, Mexico. Young and middle-aged mothers (n = 321) answered validated questionnaires to determine SES, food insecurity, and educational level and a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to determine dietary patterns and the cost of individual diet. Clinical measurements included anthropometry, blood pressure, lipids profile, glucose, and insulin. Obesity was present in 29% of the participants. Women with moderate food insecurity had higher waist circumference, glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance than women with food security. High triglyceride concentration and lower levels of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with lower SES and lower educational level. Women who consumed a lower carbohydrate diet had higher SES, higher education, and better cardiovascular risk markers. The higher carbohydrate diet profile was the least expensive diet. There was an inverse association between the cost and energy-density of foods. In conclusion, food insecurity was associated with glycemic control markers, and lower SES and education were related to a low-cost, higher carbohydrate diet and to a greater cardiovascular risk. The influence of the social environment on obesity and cardiovascular diseases needs to be further explored.

Exposure of workers in tanneries, construction and beauty salons in Armenia to occupational environmental pollution. Case study

The objective of this research was to evaluate the working and health conditions of workers in three sectors of the economy of Armenia, Colombia (tanneries, construction sites, and beauty salons) exposed to chemical and physical agents. A descriptive observational study of the working conditions and health of workers in their work environments was carried out, by visiting 10 companies per sector. The evaluation of working conditions in construction sites gave High (high risk), as well as in tanneries. Beauty salons gave an evaluation of Medium (medium risk).

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las condiciones de trabajo y salud de los trabajadores, de tres sectores de la economía de Armenia, Colombia (curtiembres, obras de construcción y salones de belleza), expuestos a agentes químicos y físicos. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de las condiciones de trabajo y salud de los trabajadores en sus entornos laborales, visitando 10 empresas por sector. La evaluación de las condiciones de trabajo en las obras de construcción dio un resultado Alto (riesgo elevado), al igual que en las curtiembres. Los salones de belleza obtuvieron una evaluación Media (riesgo medio).

Honeybee Pollen From Southern Chile: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, Bioaccessibility, and Inhibition of DNA Damage.

Honeybee pollen (HBP) chemical composition is highly variable conforming to the floral and geographical origin of the pollen grains. The beneficial effects and functional properties of the HBP are well-known and have been mainly attributed to their high content of antioxidant polyphenols. In this work, twelve HBPs samples from the Southern region of Chile (X Región de Los Lagos) were characterized for the first time according to their botanical origin, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activity. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion assay was done to simulate the human upper digestive tract. Selected honeybee pollen extracts (HBPEs) were assessed as bioaccessible fractions during an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Contents of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and recovery index of quercetin, myricetin, and cinnamic acid were monitored in different steps of gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, the protective effect of in vitro digested HBP towards DNA damage induced by peroxyl radicals was evaluated. The introduced species Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae), Lotus pedunculatus Cav. (Fabaceae), and Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae) predominated in all the HBPs analyzed, while the native species Buddleja globosa Hope (Scrophulariaceae), Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret (Myrtaceae), Embothrium coccineum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Proteaceae) and Eucryphia cordifolia Cav. (Cunoniaceae) appeared less frequently. The content of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity in HBPEs achieved full bioaccessibility at the end of the intestinal digestion step. However, results obtained by a state-of-the-art technique (i.e. HPLC-DAD) demonstrated relatively low values of bioaccessible quercetin and cinnamic acid after the digestion process. In contrast, myricetin showed a high bioaccessibility in the intestinal digestion steps. The protective effect of in vitro digested HBP towards DNA damage induced by peroxyl radicals showed promising results (up to 91.2% protection). In conclusion, HBPs from the X Region de Los Lagos are rich sources of phenolic antioxidants that protect DNA from strand breakage. Therefore, the potential of HBPEs in preventing gastric and/or intestinal cancer should be further considered.

Public perception of healthcare system response to COVID-19: Findings from a web based observational study in Villavicencio, Colombia.

This study explores the community perceptions of COVID-19 and the healthcare system's response to it.: A web-based descriptive observational study was conducted on the general population during the third quarter of 2020 through the application of a survey via social media. Of the sample, 55% have minimal connection with prevention programs, while 66.3% received little or no information about COVID-19, and 69.62% were considered at risk of getting sick from COVID-19. Further, 73.14% were afraid to go to healthcare centers fearing the risk of becoming infected by COVID-19. The low-income population is at greater risk (OR 4.32), as well as those who have not been informed by their insurer of the risks of COVID-19 (OR 2.18). There is a need to strengthen the healthcare system and the quality and design of effective self-care educational interventions during the pandemic.

Nutrient Density as a Dimension of Dietary Quality: Findings of the Nutrient Density Approach in a Multi-Center Evaluation.

The nutrient adequacy of a diet is typically assessed by comparing estimated nutrient intakes with established average nutrient requirements; this approach does not consider total energy consumed. In this multinational survey investigation in Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa, we explore the applications of the "critical nutrient-density approach"-which brings energy requirements into the equation-in the context of public health epidemiology. We conducted 24 h dietary recalls in convenience samples of normal-weight (BMI 18.5-25 kg/m2) or obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), low-income women in three settings (n = 290). Dietary adequacy was assessed both in absolute terms and using the nutrient density approach. No significant differences in energy and nutrient intakes were observed between normal-weight and obese women within any of the three samples (p > 0.05). Both the cut-point method (% of EAR) and critical nutrient density approach revealed a high probability of inadequate intakes for several micronutrients but with poor concordance between the two methods. We conclude that it may often require some approximate estimate of the habitual energy intake from an empirical source to apply a true critical nutrient density reference for a population or subgroup. This will logically signify that there would be more "problem nutrients" in the diets examined with this nutrient density approach, and efforts toward improved food selection or food- or biofortification will frequently be indicated.

Proximity and High Density of Convenience Stores Was Associated With Obesity in Children of a Rural Community of Mexico: Using a Geographic Information System Approach.

BACKGROUND: Food environment (FE) has been linked to obesity in urban areas, but there is limited information in rural areas, particularly in developing countries, where prevalence of obesity is high. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between FE and childhood obesity using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). METHODS: A total of 218 (8-10 years) children participated in a cross-sectional study. Weight, height, and body fat were measured. Geolocation of convenience stores (CS) and participants' households was collected, and the amount of processed food (PF) in the stores was measured. The proximity to the nearest CS and the number of CS within a 250-m buffer from each participant's household was calculated using GIS. Linear regression models between obesity measurements and FE were performed. RESULTS: The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was 32%. A total of 91% of the children had access to a CS within 250 m. On average, 48% of the shelf-space of the CS were occupied with PF. A positive association between the density of CS with body fat % (ß = .145; 95% CI, 0.048-0.241, P = .004), abdominal fat % (ß = .206; 95% CI, 0.048-0.241, P = .003), and body mass index (BMI)-for-age z-score (BMIz; ß = .028; 95% CI, 0.005-0.062, P = .005) was found. Living closer to CS was associated with increases in body fat % (ß = -0.009; 95% CI, -0.017 to -0.001, P = 0.025), abdominal fat % (ß = -0.012; 95% CI, -0.023 to -0.001, P = 0.033), and BMIz (ß = -0.002, 95% CI, -0.004 to -0.001, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: In a rural community in Mexico, a high density and low proximity to CS is associated with obesity in school-aged children.

Síndrome de reacción a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos inducido por carbamazepina de liberación prolongada: reporte de un caso

El síndrome de reacción a fármacos con eosinofilia y síntomas sistémicos es una reacción de hipersensibilidad a fármacos poco común, pero con una alta mortalidad, por ello se requiere un diagnóstico precoz y un manejo oportuno. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 32 años con diagnóstico de epilepsia y trastorno esquizofreniforme orgánico, secundarios a encefalitis viral, y que ha recibido tratamiento con múltiples fármacos. Tres semanas después de añadir carbamazepina de liberación prolongada a su terapia habitual, la paciente presentó una erupción cutánea difusa tipo habón, edema facial, fiebre, linfadenopatía, leucocitosis con eosinofilia y elevación de las transaminasas. La administración de la carbamazepina fue suspendida, se administró antihistamínicos y glucocorticoides por vía oral, y la paciente mejoró.

The drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome is a rare but highly lethal drug hypersensitivity reaction. Thus, it requires an early diagnosis and timely management. We present the case of a 32-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of epilepsy and organic schizophreniform disorder, secondary to viral encephalitis, who was treated with multiple drugs. Three weeks after the addition of extended-release carbamazepine to her usual therapy, the patient presented a diffuse welt-type skin rash, facial edema, fever, lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis with eosinophilia and elevated transaminases. Carbamazepine administration was discontinued, antihistamines and glucocorticoids were administered orally, and the patient showed a remarkable improvement.

Refletindo sobre a sacralização da amamentação e sua influência na sexualidade materna / Reflexionando sobre la sacralización de la lactancia materna y su influencia en la sexualidad materna / Reflecting on the sacralization of breastfeeding and its influence on maternal sexuality

RESUMO Objetivo: refletir sobre a sacralização da amamentação e sua influência na sexualidade materna. Método: trata-se de estudo teórico-reflexivo sobre a experiência da amamentação, centrado nas concepções instituídas socialmente sobre o ato de amamentar e na vivência da sexualidade durante a maternidade. Resultados: a articulação do estudo com a realidade vivida por mulheres que amamentam possibilitou o reconhecimento da influência do paradigma vigente da sacralização da amamentação nos significados e escolhas da forma de agir das mulheres. As repercussões podem ser danosas tanto para a saúde materna quanto para a criança, por meio da vivência de sentimentos de culpa, vergonha ou até mesmo a decisão pelo desmame precoce. Conclusão: a amamentação é pautada no alicerce dos significados que envolve a divindade e a sacralização do ato de amamentar, anulando perspectivas da sexualidade e tendo como consequência uma visão distorcida e velada do que é vivido quando comparado com o que é desejado socialmente para esse período.

RESUMEN Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la sacralización de la lactancia materna y su influencia en la sexualidad materna. Método: se trata de un estudio teórico-reflexivo sobre la experiencia de la lactancia materna, centrado en concepciones socialmente instituidas sobre el acto de amamantar y sobre la vivencia de la sexualidad durante la maternidad. Resultados: la articulación del estudio con la realidad vivida por las mujeres que amamantan permitió reconocer la influencia del paradigma actual de sacralización de la lactancia materna sobre los significados y elecciones de cómo actúan las mujeres. Las repercusiones pueden ser perjudiciales para la salud tanto materna como infantil, a través de la experiencia de sentimientos de culpa, vergüenza o incluso la decisión de realizar un destete temprano. Conclusión: la lactancia materna se basa en el fundamento de significados que involucran la divinidad y la sacralización del acto de amamantar, anulando las perspectivas de la sexualidad y dando como resultado una visión distorsionada y velada de lo vivido frente a lo socialmente deseado para este período.

ABSTRACT Objective: to reflect on the sacralization of breastfeeding and its influence on maternal sexuality. Method: this is a theoretical-reflective study on the experience of breastfeeding, centered on socially instituted conceptions about the act of breastfeeding and on the experience of sexuality during motherhood. Results: the articulation of the study with the reality experienced by women who breastfeed enabled the recognition of the influence of the current paradigm of sacralization of breastfeeding on the meanings and choices of how women act. The repercussions can be harmful for both maternal and child health, through the experience of feelings of guilt, shame or even the decision to wean early. Conclusion: breastfeeding is based on the foundation of meanings involving divinity and the sacralization of the act of breastfeeding, nullifying perspectives of sexuality and resulting in a distorted and veiled view of what is experienced when compared to what is socially desired for this period.

Ascariasis, Amebiasis and Giardiasis in Mexican children: distribution and geographical, environmental and socioeconomic risk factors.

The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the geographical distribution of Ascariasis, Amebiasis and Giardiasis, and to identify specific geographical, socioeconomic and environmental factors that are associated with the incidence of these infections in Mexican children. We made use of publicly available data that was reported by federal organizations in Mexico for the year 2010. The contribution of geographical, socioeconomic and environmental factors to the incidence of infections was assessed by a multivariable regression model using a backwards selection procedure. A. lumbricoides incidence was associated with mean minimum temperature of the state, the state-wide rate of households without access to piped water and toilet, explaining 77% of the incidence of A. lumbricoides infections. Mean minimum precipitation in the state, the rate of households without access to a toilet, piped water and sewage system best explained (73%) the incidence of E. histolytica infections. G. lamblia infections were only explained by the latitude of the state (11%). In addition to the well-known socioeconomic factors contributing to the incidence of A. lumbricoides and E. histolytica we found that temperature and precipitation were associated with higher risk of infection.

Gut Bacterial Families Are Associated with Body Composition and Metabolic Risk Markers in School-Aged Children in Rural Mexico.

Background: Differences in gut microbiota composition have been associated with obesity and metabolic alterations in children. The aim of this study was to analyze the abundance of the main bacterial families of the gut among children according to their body composition and metabolic markers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 93 school-aged children (8.4 ± 1.6 years old). Anthropometric and body composition variables were measured and a blood sample was collected to determine glucose, insulin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, leptin, and cytokines [interleukin 6, interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)]. DNA was extracted from stool samples and the abundance of bacterial families (Bacteroidaceae-Porphyromonadaceae-Prevotellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae-Ruminococcaceae) was determined by qPCR assays. Results: Children with obesity and high waist/height ratio had lower Bacteroidaceae-Porphyromonadaceae-Prevotellaceae and higher abundance of Lactobacillaceae when compared with normal-weight children. TNFα was negatively associated and IL-10 was positively associated with Bacteroidaceae-Porphyromonadaceae-Prevotellaceae. Triglycerides showed a positive relationship with Lachnospiraceae-Ruminococcaceae whereas high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was negatively associated with Lactobacillaceae. Conclusion: In rural Mexican school-aged children, a low abundance of Bacteroidaceae-Porphyromonadaceae-Prevotellaceae and a high abundance of Lactobacillaceae are associated with obesity and metabolic disturbances.

Educational intervention for the evaluation of nasal symmetry in cleft lip and palate operated patients.

Background: Nasal asymmetry is one of the most frequent characteristics of patients with cleft lip and palate. The anthropometric measurement (AM) is an accessible and reliable method that can be used by specialists to evaluate nasal asymmetry in patients with cleft lip and palate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention applied to cleft lip and palate specialists to increase the accuracy of AM in the evaluation of nasal asymmetry. Methods: Quasi-experimental study. Results: In the first phase of the study, five of the 13 AM reported a mean difference (MD) > 1.5 mm, and 12 of the 13 AM showed results greater than 2 SD (standard deviations). In the second phase, the results showed 11 of the 13 AM with MD < 1 mm, and 9 of the 13 AM were less than 2 SD. Conclusions: The intervention carried out with the manual of AMs increased the knowledge of the specialists on the anatomy points and AM that can be used to evaluate the nasal asymmetry in patients with cleft lip and palate. Educational intervention help to increase the agreement between examiners to perform a reliable evaluation of nasal asymmetry in patients with these conditions.

Introducción: La asimetría nasal es una de las características más frecuentes de los pacientes con labio y paladar hendido; la medición antropométrica (MA) es un método accesible y confiable que puede ser utilizado por los especialistas para evaluarlo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de una intervención educativa aplicada a especialistas que tratan pacientes con labio y paladar hendido para incrementar la precisión en las MA en la evaluación de la asimetría nasal. Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental. Resultados: En la primera fase del estudio, 5 de las 13 medidas antropométricas reportaron una diferencia de medias (DM) > 1.5 mm, y 12 de las 13 MA mostraron resultados mayores a dos desviaciones estándar (DE). Los resultados en la segunda fase evidenciaron 11 de las 13 MA con DM < 1 mm, y 9 de las 13 MA fueron menores a dos DE. Conclusiones: La intervención realizada con el Manual de medidas antropométricas aumentó los conocimientos de los especialistas sobre la anatomía, puntos y MA que se pueden utilizar para evaluar la asimetría nasal en pacientes con labio y paladar hendido. La intervención educativa ayuda a aumentar el acuerdo entre los evaluadores para realizar una evaluación confiable de la asimetría nasal en pacientes con estos padecimientos.