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1.
Med. paliat ; 16(2): 100-110, mar. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-60748

RESUMO

Introducción: la demencia es una enfermedad cada vez más frecuente en nuestra sociedad. Uno de los problemas que causa mayor conflicto ético es la alimentación e hidratación cuando el paciente no es capaz de deglutir por sí mismo. Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio es conocer la mejor evidencia científica sobre el tema, aportar argumentación ética para deliberar sobre el conflicto de valores existente y por último ofrecer unas recomendaciones que ayuden a abordar este problema ético con la mayor prudencia posible. Material y método: se ha realizado una búsqueda en Pubmed de la literatura más relevante en los últimos 5 años y se han revisado de manera más exhaustiva las revistas más prestigiadas en bioética durante este periodo. En el desarrollo del trabajo hemos seguido el método deliberativo propuesto por el Profesor Diego Gracia que nos parece es el más adecuado para estructurar una revisión bioética. Resultados: la pérdida de la función de comer se asocia con la fase final de la enfermedad. Los últimos estudios estiman que la media de supervivencia después del comienzo de los síntomas de demencia es menor de lo estimado anteriormente. La colocación de la PEG (gastrostomía percutánea endoscópica) ha aumentado los últimos años, aunque no parece que mejore la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Se intentan aportar reflexiones éticas que ayuden en la toma de decisiones. Conclusiones: se considera fundamental una buena formación de los profesionales sanitarios en el tema y una información clara y exhaustiva alas familias para que la toma de decisiones sea lo más cercana a los deseos del paciente. Por este motivo se anima a la realización de voluntades anticipadas (AU)


Background: dementia is nowadays a more frequent illness in our society. One of the problems causing significant ethical conflict is the nutrition and hydration of a patient who is no longer able to swallow for himself. Objective: the objective of this study was to incorporate scientific evidence on this problem, and to offer ethical arguments to better understand the existing conflicts of values. An additional aim of the study was to recommend how health professionals might address this ethical problem with the greatest possible prudence. Material and methods: the most relevant literature over the last five years has been reviewed in Pubmed. The most prestigious bioethics journal shave also been thoroughly reviewed. Over the development of the project we followed the deliberation method proposed by Professor Diego Gracia, which we believe to be the most effective method for a bioethics review. Results: there is a close relationship between inability to eat and final stages of this disease. The latest studies indicate that average survival rates after dementia symptom onset are lower than previously thought. Although the use of PEG (percutaneous endoscopy gastrostomy) has increased in recent years, this practice does not appear to improve quality of life in patients. This paper attempts to offer an ethical framework that can be of help in the decision-making process. Conclusions: to conclude, it is important to highlight the good training of health professionals on the subject, and to provide clear and thorough information to families so that decision-making can be as consistent with patient wishes as possible. Therefore, it is essential that the patient documents his or her wishes in an advance directive (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Cuidados Paliativos/ética , Hidratação , Apoio Nutricional , Transtornos Cognitivos/terapia , Testamentos Quanto à Vida/ética , Demência/terapia , Doença de Alzheimer/terapia
2.
Med. paliat ; 14(3): 169-173, jul.-sept. 2007. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-62602

RESUMO

Objetivo: describir las características, tratamiento, efectos secundarios y grado de control de dolor en enfermos con cáncer avanzado. Método: estudio multicéntrico observacional realizado en pacientes con cáncer avanzado que presentan dolor crónico. Participan 19 centros hospitalarios con Servicios de Cuidados Paliativos incluyendo pacientes ingresados y de consultas externas. Se realiza un único cuestionario un día determinado. Resultados: se realizan 440 cuestionarios, la mitad de ellos a pacientes hospitalizados y la otra mitad de consultas externas. El 55% de los pacientes son mayores de 65 años, 63% varones, con una mediana en el índice de Karnofsky de 50%. Los tumores más frecuentes son gastrointestinales, genitourinarios y pulmonares. El tiempo medio con dolor de los pacientes es de 9meses y la intensidad media del dolor es de 5,11/10. Presentan dolor controlado (ENV < 3) el 26% de los enfermos. Existen factores de mal pronóstico en cuanto al alivio del dolor en el 45%. El 81% de los pacientes está en tratamiento con opioides potentes, siendo los opioides más utilizados el fentanilo transdérmico (48%) y la morfina (37%). El 51% de los enfermos presenta algún tipo de toxicidad secundaria a los opioides. Conclusiones: los pacientes presentan una elevada prevalencia e historia prolongada de dolor. La mayoría de los pacientes está en tratamiento con opioides potentes. Fentanilo transdérmico y morfina son los fármacos más utilizados. A la vista de los resultados obtenidos, consideramos que se puede optimizar el alivio del dolor en nuestras unidades (AU)


Objective: to describe the features, treatment, side effects, and relief of pain in advanced cancer patients. Method: an observational multicenter study was carried out with advanced cancer patients who had chronic pain. Nineteen hospitals with palliative care units (either with inpatients or outpatients) were included. Only one questionnaire is administered. Results: 440 questionnaires were completed, half of them by inpatients, half of them by outpatients. All of them were interviewed on a selected day. 55% patients are over 65 years, 63% are male, and Karnofsky index is 50% of median value. The most frequent tumours are gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and pulmonary growths. Patients had pain for an average 9 months, and pain severity had a mean value of 5.11/10. The study showed that 26% of patients had good pain relief (ENV < 3); 45% of patients had poor prognosis factors for pain relief. 81% of patients received potent opioids. Most commonly used opioids included transdermal fentanyl (48%) and morphine (37%); 51% of patients had opioid-related toxicity. Conclusions: patients had a high prevalence of pain for long periods of time. Most patients received potent opioids. Transdermal fentanyl and morphine are the most commonly used medicines. According to results obtained, we considerer that pain relief could be optimized in our units (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Dor Intratável/tratamento farmacológico , Unidades Hospitalares/estatística & dados numéricos , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Dor Intratável/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/complicações , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêutico
3.
Med. paliat ; 14(4): 212-216, 2007. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-72210

RESUMO

Objetivo: evaluar la dependencia funcional y deterioro cognitivo de los pacientes con cáncer avanzado atendidos en sus domicilios dentro de un programa de cuidados paliativos desarrollado por una Unidad de Hospitalización a Domicilio perteneciente a un hospital de tercer nivel («agudos»). Material y método: se analizan 1.423 pacientes que corresponden a la totalidad de enfermos de cáncer avanzado atendidos por la unidad entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2005. Resultados: destaca la fuerte dependencia física y marcado deterioro cognitivo de los pacientes al ingreso en programa con media de índice de Barthel de 34 y test de Pfeiffer mayor de 4 en el 50% de los casos. La estancia media fue de 12,5 días (DS 18). El 56% (797) de los pacientes falleció en su propio domicilio, el 10,8 (153) reingresó en nuestro hospital y el 6,8 (97) se derivó a una Unidad de Cuidados Paliativos de hospital sociosanitario. Los pacientes que fallecieron en el domicilio eran mayores (71 años) que los que reingresaron en el hospital (66) (p < 0,01) y presentaron al ser incluidos en programa mayor nivel de dependencia funcional (Barthel medio: 22,3 y 49,5 respectivamente, p < 0,001) y deterioro cognitivo (Pfeiffer medio 5,8 vs. 2,5, p < 0,001). Conclusiones: la complejidad relacionada con la dependencia funcional y el deterioro cognitivo de los pacientes y, como consecuencia, con la carga de cuidados que necesitan, no determina el lugar de la muerte. La edad de los enfermos es un factor modulador de la ubicación del paciente a lo largo de la evolución de su enfermedad (AU)


Objective: To assess functional dependence and cognitive deterioration in patients with advanced cancer cared for at home as part of a palliative care programme developed by a Hospitalisation at Home Unit at a level-three (acute) hospital. Material and method: 1,423 patients were analyzed, representing all patients with advanced cancer cared for at the Unit between January 2000 and December 2005. Results: It was noted that patients had major physical dependence and marked cognitive deterioration when they entered the program, since 50% of cases presented a mean of 34 on the Barthel index and over 4 in Pfeiffer's test. Mean stay was 12.5 days (SD 18). 56% of patients (797) died at home, 10.8% (153) were readmitted to our hospital, and 6.8% (97) were referred to a palliative care unit of a socio-sanitary hospital. Patients who died at home were older (71 years) than those who were readmitted to hospital (66) (p < 0.01), and on entry to the program they displayed a higher level of functional dependence (Barthel mean: 22.3 and 49.5 respectively, p < 0.001) and cognitive deterioration (Pfeiffer mean 5.8 vs.2.5, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The complexity of patients' functional dependence and cognitive deterioration, and the resulting care burden, does not determine the place of death. Patient age is a regulatory factor with regard to where patients are cared for as their disease progresses (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pacientes Domiciliares/psicologia , Pacientes Domiciliares/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar , Assistência Domiciliar/métodos , Assistência Domiciliar/psicologia , Assistência Terminal/ética , Assistência Terminal/métodos , Doente Terminal/classificação , Doente Terminal/psicologia , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Idoso Fragilizado , Serviços de Assistência Domiciliar/organização & administração , Cuidados Paliativos/organização & administração , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Atenção Primária à Saúde
4.
Aten Primaria ; 11(6): 298-300, 1993 Apr.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8499536

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing intervention (personal and ongoing dietary counselling) on the treatment of obese patients. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental intervention study (prospective, randomized, with a control group and non-blind). SETTING: At the Primary Care level: carried out in two General Medical practices in the city of Valls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 64 obese patients (Body Mass Index > 27) who had not carried out any hypocaloric dieting in the previous 30 days were included in the study. The patients were drawn from both practices. In a random manner, 32 were assigned to the control group and 32 to the intervention group. There were 7 losses: people who did not attend all the appointments. INTERVENTIONS: A standard diet was distributed to the intervention group. They had a fortnightly appointment in the nursing station, where their data were recorded and they received personal dietary counselling. The control group patients were only handed and explained the diet; and given appointments at 2 and 4 months in order to check their weight. MAIN MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The average weight loss at 2 months was 3.9 kg in the intervention group and 2.2 kg in the control group (SD p < 0.05). At four months, the weight loss was 2.9 kg in the control group and 4.5 kg in the intervention group (no SD). CONCLUSIONS: Given the scant difference between the weight losses observed in both groups, the conclusion is that, although they are effective, the efficiency of these types of intervention is low. The resources required are excessive, considering that at the end a weight loss at 2 months of little relevance and at 4 months of no significance, in comparison with the control group, is obtained.


Assuntos
Aconselhamento , Dieta Redutora , Obesidade/dietoterapia , Adulto , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Tempo , Redução de Peso
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