Effect of Disinfection Protocols on Bacterial Reduction in Mandibular Molars.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the bacterial reduction effect of disinfection protocols used in lower molars infected by Enterococcus faecalis. METHODS: Eighty extracted lower molars were prepared and inoculated with E. faecalis for 2 months. The teeth were then distributed into 2 control groups (n = 4) and 4 experimental groups (n = 18) in function of the disinfection protocol utilized: G1. WaveOne Gold (WOG), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and Ultracal; G2. WOG, PUI and calcium hydroxide (CH); G3. WOG, XP-Endo Finisher (XPF) and Ultracal; G4. WOG, XPF and CH. Bacteriological samples were collected previously (S1), after preparation (S2), final agitation (S3) and intracanal dressing (S4). Microbial growth was assessed according to culture turbidity and UV spectrophotometry. Statistical analyses used the Friedman test for paired samples and Kruskal-Wallis test for non-paired data (p<0.05). RESULTS: No protocol eliminated E. faecalis effectively. The S2, S3 and S4 samples were statistically different from the S1 samples in G1, G2, G3 and G4 (p<0.05). Statistical differences were observed in bacterial reduction between G1 and G2 and G1 and G3 after the intracanal medicament (S4) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The WOG + PUI + CH disinfection protocol showed higher percentages of bacterial reduction.

Influence of Chitosan 0.2% in Various Final Cleaning Methods on the Bond Strength of Fiberglass Post to Intrarradicular Dentin.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of Chitosan 0.2% in various final cleaning methods on the bond strength of fiberglass post (FP) to intrarradicular dentin. Ninety bovine incisors were sectioned to obtain root remnants measuring 18 mm in length. The roots were divided: G1: EDTA 17%; G2: EDTA 17% + PUI; G3: EDTA 17% + EA; G4: EDTA 17% + XPF; G5: Chitosan 2%; G6: Chitosan 2% + PUI; G7: Chitosan 2% + EA; G8: Chitosan 2% +XPF. After carrying out the cleaning methods, the posts were installed, and the root was cleaved to generate two disks from each root third. Bond strength values (MPa) obtained from the micro push-out test data were assessed by using Kruskal-Wallis and Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner tests for multiple comparisons (α = 5%). Differences were observed in the cervical third between G1 and G8 (p = 0.038), G4 and G8 (p = 0.003), G6 and G8 (p = 0.049), and Control and G8 (p = 0.019). The final cleaning method influenced the adhesion strength of cemented FP to intrarradicular dentin. Chitosan 0.2% + XPF positively influenced adhesion strength, with the highest values in the cervical third.

Bibliometric and systemic review of the state of the art of occupational risk management in the construction industry.

Objectives. The objective of this study is to use bibliometric and systemic terms to select and analyze a set of articles dealing with occupational risk management in the civil construction industry. Methods. Knowledge development process - constructivist (ProKnow-C) methodology was used as an intervention instrument to guide the selection of the bibliographic portfolio and to support systemic analysis. Results. The bibliographic portfolio was created and included 20 articles. Bibliometric highlights were relevant articles, authors, countries of origin, journals and keywords. Systemic analysis showed opportunities to contribute to the state of the art in all areas of knowledge, enabling the researcher to understand theoretical bases, gaps and research opportunities for the theme and thus establish their research question in accordance with the established knowledge vision. Conclusions. The systemic analysis of each article in the bibliographic portfolio based on the decision support model and areas of knowledge present in each stage of its construction measures the amplitude of the knowledge at each stage, and therefore the completeness of or gaps in each article. This clarifies the overall state of and gaps in the field, showing opportunities for new research.

Constructivist multi-criteria model to support the management of occupational accident risks in civil construction industry.

Civil construction is one of the industrial sectors with continuous growth globally, particularly in Brazil in the last 50 years. Unfortunately, it is also one of the productive segments with the highest incidence of accidents, which overshadows its merits as a driver of economic growth and job creation. The damage to workers' health caused by accidents at work results from the presence of work environment risk factors. Therefore, this study aims to manage these risk factors for the civil construction industry. The work is original with respect to building a model to support risk management in civil construction for a specific and relevant context. It is ensured by presenting an unprecedented approach to the sector that incorporates information not considered by classic generic approaches. This research, thereby, seeks to build a model to support the risk management of accidents in the workplace in the prefabricated concrete construction industry. It is a case study with a constructivist approach and an exploratory and descriptive character, incorporating the Multicriteria Methodology for Decision Aiding-Constructivist (MCDA-C). The main findings include (i) identifying the strategic objectives: occupational safety policy, work environment, machines and equipment, condition of materials, procedures and methods, and skills, which were operationalized via 58 criteria; (ii) examining the scales of the criteria such as the performance profile of the current situation and the goal, highlighting the vulnerabilities and potentials; (iii) proposing improvement actions for the vulnerabilities, thus supporting risk management in the organization. Among the contributions, managers and professionals in the field contribute to the possibility of using an instrument customized to the context and legitimate to their concerns and values stands out. Furthermore, the contributions of researchers include the challenge of improving their generic models with the knowledge of personalized models.

Transcriptional memory of dFOXO activation in youth curtails later-life mortality through chromatin remodeling and Xbp1.

A transient, homeostatic transcriptional response can result in transcriptional memory, programming subsequent transcriptional outputs. Transcriptional memory has great but unappreciated potential to alter animal aging as animals encounter a multitude of diverse stimuli throughout their lifespan. Here we show that activating an evolutionarily conserved, longevity-promoting transcription factor, dFOXO, solely in early adulthood of female fruit flies is sufficient to improve their subsequent health and survival in midlife and late life. This youth-restricted dFOXO activation causes persistent changes to chromatin landscape in the fat body and requires chromatin remodelers such as the SWI/SNF and ISWI complexes to program health and longevity. Chromatin remodeling is accompanied by a long-lasting transcriptional program that is distinct from that observed during acute dFOXO activation and includes induction of Xbp1. We show that this later-life induction of Xbp1 is sufficient to curtail later-life mortality. Our study demonstrates that transcriptional memory can profoundly alter how animals age.

Manejo do Esôfago de Barrett / Management of Barrett's esophagus

O esôfago de Barrett é uma patologia que vem ganhando maior importância nas últimas décadas pelo fato do aumento do número de casos no mundo como um todo e por se tratar de doença que pode evoluir para o adenocarcinoma de esôfago. Apresenta dificuldade no seu rastreio uma vez que a doença do refluxo gastreosofágico é um fator predisponente para o desenvolvimento do esôfago de Barret e que inúmeros pacientes se encontram assintomáticos não buscando, portanto, atendimento médico. Além disto, é importante salientar a dificuldade do diagnóstico endoscópico e histopatológico de forma correta, observando-se grande discordância entre os resultados encontrados. Com o avanço na qualidade de imagem dos endoscópios mais modernos consegue-se identificar áreas suspeitas com mais facilidade e com isso realizar biópsias mais direcionadas, aumentando a possibilidade de um resultado histopatológico positivo. O acompanhamento dos casos diagnosticados de esôfago de Barrett dependem basicamente do grau de displasia encontrado no estudo histopatológico que deve ser confirmado por dois patologistas com experiência em patologias do trato gastrointestinal. Com o avanço da endoscopia nas últimas décadas, o tratamento desta patologia mudou drasticamente. Anteriormente, utilizava-se da esofagectomia na grande maioria dos casos, com uma morbimortalidade elevadíssima. Atualmente, com o advento das ressecções endoscópicas e a terapia de ablação por radiofrequência houve um grande ganho na qualidade de vida para os doentes e diminuição na morbimortalidade. Ainda hoje temos uma doença com um alto número de casos em todo o mundo, difícil de se diagnosticar e acompanhar, mas que nos últimos anos apresentou grandes avanços na sua terapia endoscópica, trazendo qualidade e sobrevida para os pacientes.

Barrett's esophagus is a pathology that has been gaining more importance in recent decades due to the growth in the number of cases in the world as a whole and because it can evolve into esophageal adenocarcinoma. It presents difficulties in its screening since gastroesophageal reflux disease is a predisposing factor for the development of Barrett's esophagus and that many patients are asymptomatic and do not seek medical attention. In addition, it is important to highlight the difficulty of the correct endoscopic and histopathological diagnoses, observing a great disagreement between the results found. With the great advance in the image quality of the most modern endoscopes, it is possible to identify suspicious áreas more easily and, thus, perform more targeted biopsies, increasing the possibility of a positive histopathological result. The monitoring of diagnosed cases of Barrett's esophagus depends on the degree of dysplasia found in the histopathological study that most be confirmed by two pathologists with experience in pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. The treatment of this pathology with the advancement of endoscopy in recent decades has changed dramatically. Previously, esophagectomy was used in the vast majority of cases, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, with the advent of endoscopic resections and radiofrequency ablation therapy, there has been a great gain in quality of life for patients and a decrease in morbidity and mortality. Thus far, we still have a disease with a high number of cases worldwide and challenging to diagnose and monitor, however, in recent years, we have made great advances in its endoscopic therapy, bringing quality of life and survival to the affected patients.

Manejo do Esôfago de Barrett / Management of Barrett's esophagus

"O esôfago de Barrett é uma patologia que vem ganhando maior importância nas últimas décadas pelo fato do aumento do número de casos no mundo como um todo e por se tratar de doença que pode evoluir para o adenocarcinoma de esôfago. Apresenta dificuldade no seu rastreio uma vez que a doença do refluxo gastreosofágico é um fator predisponente para o desenvolvimento do esôfago de Barret e que inúmeros pacientes se encontram assintomáticos não buscando, portanto, atendimento médico. Além disto, é importante salientar a dificuldade do diagnóstico endoscópico e histopatológico de forma correta, observando-se grande discordância entre os resultados encontrados. Com o avanço na qualidade de imagem dos endoscópios mais modernos consegue-se identificar áreas suspeitas com mais facilidade e com isso realizar biópsias mais direcionadas, aumentando a possibilidade de um resultado histopatológico positivo. O acompanhamento dos casos diagnosticados de esôfago de Barrett dependem basicamente do grau de displasia encontrado no estudo histopatológico que deve ser confirmado por dois patologistas com experiência em patologias do trato gastrointestinal. Com o avanço da endoscopia nas últimas décadas, o tratamento desta patologia mudou drasticamente. Anteriormente, utilizava-se da esofagectomia na grande maioria dos casos, com uma morbimortalidade elevadíssima. Atualmente, com o advento das ressecções endoscópicas e a terapia de ablação por radiofrequência houve um grande ganho na qualidade de vida para os doentes e diminuição na morbimortalidade. Ainda hoje temos uma doença com um alto número de casos em todo o mundo, difícil de se diagnosticar e acompanhar, mas que nos últimos anos apresentou grandes avanços na sua terapia endoscópica, trazendo qualidade e sobrevida para os pacientes"(AU)

"Barrett's esophagus is a pathology that has been gaining more importance in recent decades due to the growth in the number of cases in the world as a whole and because it can evolve into esophageal adenocarcinoma. It presents difficulties in its screening since gastroesophageal reflux disease is a predisposing factor for the development of Barrett's esophagus and that many patients are asymptomatic and do not seek medical attention. In addition, it is important to highlight the difficulty of the correct endoscopic and histopathological diagnoses, observing a great disagreement between the results found. With the great advance in the image quality of the most modern endoscopes, it is possible to identify suspicious áreas more easily and, thus, perform more targeted biopsies, increasing the possibility of a positive histopathological result. The monitoring of diagnosed cases of Barrett's esophagus depends on the degree of dysplasia found in the histopathological study that most be confirmed by two pathologists with experience in pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. The treatment of this pathology with the advancement of endoscopy in recent decades has changed dramatically. Previously, esophagectomy was used in the vast majority of cases, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, with the advent of endoscopic resections and radiofrequency ablation therapy, there has been a great gain in quality of life for patients and a decrease in morbidity and mortality. Thus far, we still have a disease with a high number of cases worldwide and challenging to diagnose and monitor, however, in recent years, we have made great advances in its endoscopic therapy, bringing quality of life and survival to the affected patients"(AU)

Board social capital and structure, ownership and financial variables of Brazilian companies: A three levels dataset integrating directors, board networks and firm characteristics.

This data article incorporates, in an unbalanced panel data, five variables types: financial and market; board structure; board network and social capital; ownership and governance level; the cost of capital. The dataset is formed of 6024 firm-level annual observations based on 622 Brazilian public companies investigated between the years of 2002 and 2015, totaling 56 variables. A three-level data structure was created to allow aggregate directors and network board data into the panel data. Directors' data and adjacency matrix are included to allow for multilevel hierarchical analyzes as well as the use of analytical methods of social networks.

The effect of the food grade additive phosphate pre-treatment prior to the industrial cooking process in the quality of cooked peeled shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

BACKGROUND: The food-grade additive phosphates have been highlighted as a potential alternative as a humectant agent to avoid large yield losses. Thus, the combined effect of phosphate with industrial cooking on shrimp quality was evaluated. Phosphate concentration (3% and 5%) and contact time (30 and 60 min) were evaluated as a pre-treatment to the industrial cooking of the peeled shrimp, in a shrimp processing plant. The yield process (%), physical quality [pH, color, texture, and water-holding capacity (WHC)] and chemical quality [moisture, protein, moisture/protein ratio, phosphate, and sodium] were also evaluated. RESULTS: Our results showed that the food grade phosphates treatment showed a satisfactory effect on reduction of the weight loss, increase of the WHC (after cooking and posterior thawing), increase of the M/P ratio, improvement of the texture, decrease in the meat coloring, increase of the pH (0.3 to 0.5 units), but no affect on the shrimp overall quality (cooking yield, texture, WHC). Therefore, the residual phosphate and sodium contents increased proportionally with the concentration and time of contact with the additives, and slightly above the legal phosphate limit allowed. CONCLUSION: We observed that the phosphate used as a pre-treatment of cooking step in shrimp plant processing improves the product quality, however, this treatment must be realized in accordance with the current federal legislation in each country. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Quality characteristics of broiler chicken meat from free-range and industrial poultry system for the consumers.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine and compare the quality parameters of broiler chicken meat from free-range and industrial poultry system. Proximate composition, color, pH, shear force, microbial quality and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Both free-range and industrial chicken meat presented PSE (pale, soft and exudative) anomaly (L* > 53). An inverse correlation between lightness, pH and shear force was observed. The free range broiler meat had higher yellow color (b* 11.56) and shear force (2.75 kgf) and lower red color (a* 1.65) and pH (5.75) in comparison to the industrial broiler meat, due intensive physical activity on growing phase and influence of the pre-slaughter stress on the rigor mortis. The thigh cut from free range broiler meat showed higher protein levels (18.00%), while to the thigh and drumstick cuts of industrial broiler meat showed higher total fat levels (3.4 and 5.0%, respectively). In general, each strain and chickens producing methods gave the peculiar characteristics to meat (chemical, physical, microbiological and sensorial).

Physicochemical characterization of Atlantic Canadian seafood processing plant effluent.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary assessment of the potential impacts of Atlantic Canadian seafood processing effluents on the aquatic environment through physical-chemical characterization. Shellfish and finfish effluent samples were collected and characterized by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), adsorbable organic halides (AOX), soluble BOD5 and soluble COD. Effluent concentration ranges were BOD5 (179 to 276mgL-1), COD (458 to 1717mgL-1), turbidity (28.8 to 88.3NTU), TSS (27.2 to 120.1mgL-1), NH3-N (1.5 to 12.9mgL-1) and AOX (3.2 and 0.4mgL-1) for flatfish and salmon processing effluents respectively, and cleanup shift AOX (3.5 and 0.5mgL-1). The characteristics of these effluents assessed have the potential to contaminate and degrade receiving water body environments. Improved performance may be possible with further treatment technology optimization on an effluent-specific basis.

Qualidade microbiológica de filés de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) durante o armazenamento em gelo / Microbiological quality of the Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets in ice storage

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o frescor microbiológico de filés sem pele de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), cultivada durante o seu armazenamento em gelo. Os filés com peso médio de 120g foram acondicionados em caixas isotérmicas, com gelo em escama, na proporção de 1:1 (filé: gelo). Estas caixas foram armazenadas em uma câmara fria, com temperatura externa e interna de aproximadamente 4°C e 0ºC, respectivamente. Realizaram-se análises microbiológicas a cada 72 horas, a partir do tempo zero, em triplicata. A qualidade microbiológica das amostras de tilápia foi aceitável durante o armazenamento.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological freshness of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skinless fillets, during storage in ice. The average weight of 120g fillets were packed in cool boxes with scale ice, 1:1 ratio (fillet: ice). These boxes were stored in a cold room with internal and external temperature of about 4°C and 0°C, respectively. Microbiological analyzes were performed every 72 hours from time zero in triplicate. The microbiological quality of the tilapia samples was acceptable during storage.

Qualidade e segurança do pescado / Seafood quality and safety

A carne de pescado possui uma constituição química peculiar que lhe confere riqueza nutricional, porém com alto potencial de deterioração. Neste contexto, os benefícios nutricionais deste grupo alimentar só podem ser aproveitados quando os fatores segurança e qualidade forem garantidos, tornando-se fundamental o emprego de ferramentas que possam agir na contenção dos mecanismos de deterioração, como o emprego da cadeia do frio em todas as etapas do seu processamento. O presente artigo teve o objetivo de reunir as informações relevantes relatadas na literatura sobre pescado, suas características gerais, mecanismos de deterioração e métodos de avaliação da qualidade.

Restructured fish product from white croacker (Micropogonias furnieri) mince using microbial transglutaminas

This study aimed at determining the influence of three concentrations of commercial transglutaminase enzyme in restructured fillet of minced fish from white croacker (Micropogonias furnieri), one of the four marine species with notability in Brazil. The restructured fillet developed had advantages when compared to traditional fillet, such as absence of spine and less flavour intensity (washes cycles). Washing process for white croacker mince was compared with five clarification agents: water (control), phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). The higher quality product (whiteness) was obtained with calcium carbonate washes. Three concentrations (1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 percent) of microbial transglutaminase MGTase (Active TG-B percentv/v and Active TG-BP percentw/w) were compared, in order to produce fish restructured product (boneless fillet). The concentration of 1.5 percent (both enzymes), produced better results. The restructured products were compared by sensory analysis and showed better sensory parameters (appearance, odour, flavour and texture) samples treated with Active TG-B (solution form).

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a influência de três concentrações de enzima transglutaminase comercial em filés reestruturado a partir de polpa de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri), uma das quatro espécies marinhas notáveis no Brasil. O filé reestruturado desenvolvido tem vantagens quando comparado aos filés tradicionais, tais como, a ausência da espinhas e sabor menos intenso (ciclos de lavagens). O processo de lavagem da polpa de corvina foi comparado com cinco agentes clarificantes: água (controle), ácido fosfórico (H3PO4), cloreto de sódio (NaCl), carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3) e bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3). O produto de qualidade superior (mais branco) foi obtido com a lavagem com carbonato de cálcio. Três concentrações (1,5 por cento, 1,0 por cento e 0,5 por cento) de transglutaminase microbiana (Activa TG-B por cento v/v e Activa TG-BP por cento p/p) foram comparadas a fim de produzir o produto reestruturado (filé sem espinha). A concentração de 1,5 por cento (ambas as enzimas) produziu melhores resultados. Os produtos reestruturados foram comparados através de análise sensorial, e apresentaram melhores parâmetros sensoriais (aparência, odor, sabor e textura), as amostras tratadas com Activa TG-B (forma de solução).

Toxicology evaluation of Atlantic Canadian seafood processing plant effluent.

The purpose of this study was to carry out an acute aquatic toxicity assessment on select effluent samples from Atlantic Canadian seafood processing plants. Raw effluent acute aquatic toxicity for the flatfish and salmon effluents was assessed using the acute lethality test and Microtox test. The effectiveness of dissolved air flotation treatment (DAF) in removing acute toxicity from these effluents was evaluated using the Microtox test. The salmon effluent failed the acute lethality test using rainbow trout while the flatfish effluent showed acute toxicity in the Microtox test with a 50% inhibiting concentration (IC(50)) of 38.84%. Subsequent treatment by DAF of the flatfish and salmon effluents increased IC(50) values by 20% and 26% respectively. The findings of this study indicate that all of the processing effluents sampled showed characteristics that could potentially degrade effluent receiving waters and acute toxicity was demonstrated in the two raw finfish effluents. Application of DAF treatment was successful in significantly increasing Microtox IC(50) values, thereby reducing acute toxicity, but failed to entirely remove acute toxicity.

Ozone: an emerging technology for the seafood industry

In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on the safety of foods, and in particular on the intervention methods to reduce and eliminate human pathogens from fresh product, especially fresh seafood. Traditional technology utilizes water with or without a sanitizing agent to wash fresh seafood. Chlorine is the most widely used sanitizing agent available for fresh product, but it has a limited effect in killing bacteria on seafood surfaces. An alternative treatment is being sought to improve food safety. Many research and industrial trials are underway to validate the use of ozone in the food industry. This article intends to show a clean technology to be applied in seafood industry and to show that many studies must be done to demonstrate the best concentrations and the best methods of ozone applications in diverse seafood species, so that the governments of all the countries can approve their application in the fishing industry.

Nos últimos anos, tem sido cada vez maior a atenção concentrada na segurança dos alimentos e, em especial, sobre os métodos de intervenção para reduzir e eliminar os agentes patogênicos humanos de produtos frescos, principalmente o pescado fresco. Tecnologias tradicionais utilizam água, com ou sem um agente de desinfecção para lavagem do pescado fresco. O cloro é o agente sanitizante disponível mais amplamente utilizado para produtos frescos, mas tem um efeito limitado na eliminação de bactérias na superfície do pescado. Um tratamento alternativo está sendo procurado para melhorar a segurança alimentar. Muitas pesquisas e experimentos industriais estão em andamento para validar a utilização do ozônio na indústria de alimentos. Este artigo tenciona mostrar uma tecnologia limpa para ser aplicada na indústria do pescado e para mostrar que muitos estudos devem ser feitos para demonstrar as melhores concentrações e os melhores métodos de aplicação de ozônio em diversas espécies de pescado, a fim de que os governos de todos os países possam aprovar sua aplicação na indústria da pesca.

Análise de risco no setor pesqueiro: parte II: a pesca / Risk analysis in fisheries sector: part II: fishing

Considerando que a etapa de captura do pescado (pesca) representa uma grande parcela de acidentes no setor pesqueiro, cabe discutir nesse artigo as causas dos principais acidentes e formas de minimizá-las, bem como integrar as Boas Práticas de Pesca e Análise de Risco, com a legislação específica. Percebe-se a grande necessidade de fiscalização sobre a segurança e saúde de vida a bordo, bem como no manejo do pescado.

Oxygen release compound as a chemical treatment for nutrient rich estuary sediments and water.

The objectives of this work were: (i) to evaluate the efficacy of Oxygen Release Compound (ORC), oxygen providing agent that enhance the oxidation of organic matter in fresh water, marine water, and sediment; and (ii) to explore the potential aquatic toxicity that might be generated due to its use. A bench scale laboratory experiments were conducted using five different water sources (2 freshwater, 2 marine water and a deionised water). During the assay, flasks of 1 L capacity were dosed with artificial sediment and ORC and kept at room temperature for 10 days. Temperature, pH, DO, UV254, TOC and Mg were periodically measured. The potential aquatic toxicity that might be generated as a by-product of ORC use was performed. The experimental results reveal that ORC is indeed effective in releasing oxygen over a long period of time and it is also effective for the remediation of natural waters enriched with organic matter. The toxicity test shows that ORC treatment did not create any biological toxicity in freshwater samples (IC50<1 Toxicity Unit-TU). However, marine water samples reveal a high toxicity and had IC50>1 TU. The study proves that ORC was an appropriate technology that can safely be used to treat natural waters enriched with nutrient and natural organic matter.