Enfermedad Tromboembólica Venosa en el período grávido puerperal. Diagnóstico, tratamiento y profilaxis / Venous Thromboembolic Disease in the puerperal gravid period. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis / Doença tromboembólica venosa no período gravídico puerperal. Diagnóstico, tratamento e profilaxia

Resumen: El embarazo y puerperio son situaciones asociadas fisiológicamente con un marcado aumento del riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. El riesgo se estima entre 7 a 10 veces superior que en mujeres de igual edad y 15-35 veces superior que la población control, durante el puerperio y hasta la sexta semana post-parto. Los factores de riesgo son distintos durante el período prenatal y post-parto. Los métodos diagnósticos incluyen radiografía, angio-tomografía de tórax y centellograma pulmonar ventilación-perfusión, ecodoppler venoso y venografía por resonancia nuclear magnética. El tratamiento supone un desafío que va desde la elección de la droga anticoagulante, los cambios en la farmacocinética durante el embarazo, entre otros. Se presentan algoritmos diagnósticos y terapéuticos.

Abstract: Pregnancy and the puerperium are physiologically associated with a markedly increased risk of venous thromboembolic disease. The risk is estimated between 7 to 10 times higher than in women of the same age and 15-35 times higher than the control population, during the puerperium and up to the sixth week postpartum. Risk factors are different during the prenatal and postpartum period. Diagnostic methods include radiography, chest angio-tomography and ventilation-perfusion lung scintigraphy, venous Doppler ultrasound, and magnetic resonance venography. Treatment involves a challenge that ranges from the choice of anticoagulant drug, changes in pharmacokinetics during pregnancy, among others. Diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are presented.

Resumo: A gravidez e o puerpério estão fisiologicamente associados a um risco acentuadamente aumentado de doença tromboembólica venosa. O risco é estimado entre 7 a 10 vezes maior do que em mulheres da mesma idade e 15 a 35 vezes maior do que na população controle, durante o puerpério e até a sexta semana pós-parto. Os fatores de risco são diferentes durante o período pré-natal e pós-parto. Os métodos de diagnóstico incluem radiografia, angiotomografia de tórax e cintilografia pulmonar de ventilação-perfusão, ultrassom Doppler venoso e venografia por ressonância magnética nuclear. O tratamento envolve um desafio que vai desde a escolha do anticoagulante, mudanças na farmacocinética durante a gravidez, entre outros. Algoritmos diagnósticos e terapêuticos são apresentados.

Pre-eclampsia y Trombofilia hereditaria / Pre-eclampsia and hereditary thrombophilia / Pré-eclâmpsia e trombofilia hereditária

Resumen: Los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo constituyen una de las principales causas de mortalidad materna y perinatal en todo el mundo. Se ha estimado que la pre-eclampsia complica del 2 al 8% de los embarazos a nivel mundial. Se han asociado múltiples factores de riesgo: antecedentes de pre-eclampsia, hipertensión arterial crónica, diabetes pre-gestacional, gestación múltiple, enfermedad renal crónica y algunas enfermedades autoinmunes (como el síndrome antifosfolípidico y el lupus eritematoso sistémico). Se realiza una revisión sobre las medidas generales de prevención de la pre-eclampsia.

Abstract: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are one of the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality worldwide. Pre-eclampsia has been estimated to complicate 2-8% of pregnancies worldwide. Multiple risk factors have been associated: history of pre-eclampsia, chronic arterial hypertension, pre-gestational diabetes, multiple gestation, chronic kidney disease, and some autoimmune diseases (such as antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus). A review is carried out on the general measures of prevention of pre-eclampsia.

Resumo: Os distúrbios hipertensivos da gravidez são uma das principais causas de mortalidade materna e perinatal em todo o mundo. Estima-se que a pré-eclâmpsia complique de 2 a 8% das gestações em todo o mundo. Múltiplos fatores de risco têm sido associados: história de pré-eclâmpsia, hipertensão arterial crônica, diabetes pré-gestacional, gestação múltipla, doença renal crônica e algumas doenças autoimunes (como síndrome antifosfolípide e lúpus eritematoso sistêmico). É realizada uma revisão das medidas gerais de prevenção da pré-eclâmpsia.

La Hipertensión Arterial es factor de riesgo para el desarrollo y progresión de la Enfermedad Renal Crónica / Arterial Hypertension is a risk factor for the development and progression of Chronic Kidney Disease

RESUMEN El vínculo entre Hipertensión Arterial (HTA) y Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) es recíproco y complejo. La HTA es un factor de riesgo reconocido para el desarrollo de ERC, y la incidencia de enfermedad renal se incrementa conforme aumenta la severidad de la HTA. Adicionalmente la presencia de HTA se vincula a progresión de la ERC desde etapas tempranas hasta el desarrollo de ERC-extrema. La presencia de HTA enmascarada, HTA de túnica blanca y la pérdida del patrón dipping nocturno se vinculan a desarrollo y progresión de enfermedad renal. El tamizaje de ERC es recomendado para pacientes con HTA en riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad. Es más discutido si debe realizarse tamizaje en individuos con bajo riesgo de desarrollar ERC. Las cifras objetivo de presión arterial en este grupo de pacientes son sugeridas por las guías KDIGO. Múltiples estudios han buscado identificar si el control intensivo de presión arterial disminuye la incidencia de ERC y su progresión pero los resultados no son concluyentes. El presente trabajo revisa el vínculo entre HTA y desarrollo y progresión de la ERC. Se puntualiza sobre la población con HTA que se beneficia del tamizaje de ERC y los valores objetivo de presión arterial en este grupo.

ABSTRACT The link between Arterial Hypertension (AHT) and Chronic Renal Disease (CKD) is reciprocal and complex. HBP is a recognized risk factor for the development of CKD, and the incidence of renal disease increases as the severity of hypertension increases. Additionally, the presence of hypertension is linked to progression of CKD from early stages to the development of extreme-ERC. The presence of masked HTA, white tunica HTA and loss of nocturnal dipping pattern are associated with development and progression of renal disease. Screening for CKD is recommended for patients with hypertension at risk of developing the disease. It is more controversial whether screening should be done in individuals at low risk of developing CKD. The target blood pressure figures in this group of patients are suggested by the KDIGO guidelines. Multiple studies have sought to identify whether intensive blood pressure control decreases the incidence of CKD and its progression but the results are inconclusive. This paper reviews the link between hypertension and development and progression of CKD. It is pointed out the population with hypertension that benefits from CKD screening and target blood pressure values ​​in this group.

Impact of minimal residual disease on outcomes after umbilical cord blood transplantation for adults with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: an analysis on behalf of Eurocord, Cord Blood Committee and the Acute Leukaemia working party of the European group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.

The status of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) in adults with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (Ph+ALL) and the impact of minimal residual disease (MRD) before transplant are not well established. We analysed 98 patients receiving UCBT for Ph+ALL in first (CR1) or second (CR2) complete remission (CR1, n = 79; CR2, n = 19) with MRD available before UCBT (92% analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). Median age was 38 years and median follow-up was 36 months; 63% of patients received myeloablative conditioning and 42% received double-unit UCBT. Eighty-three patients were treated with at least one tyrosine kinase inhibitor before UCBT. MRD was negative (-) in 39 and positive (+) in 59 patients. Three-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 34%; 45% in MRD+ and 16% in MRD- patients (P =0·013). Three-year cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality was 31%; it was increased in patients older than 35 years (P = 0·02). Leukaemia-free survival (LFS) at 3 years was 36%; 27% in MRD+ and 49% in MRD- patients (P = 0·05), and 41% for CR1 and 14% for CR2 (P = 0·008). Multivariate analysis identified only CR1 as being associated with improved LFS. In conclusion, MRD+ before UCBT is associated with increased relapse. Strategies to decrease relapse in UCBT recipients with Ph+ALL and MRD+ are needed.

Hematoma espinal extradural espontáneo / Spontaneous extradural spinal haematoma

No disponible

[Spontaneous extradural spinal haematoma]. / Hematoma espinal extradural espontaneo.

TITLE: Hematoma espinal extradural espontaneo.

Hiperpotasemia severa en emergencia: Manifestaciones clínicas y manejo terapéutico a propósito de tres casos / Severe hyperkalemia in the emergency: Clinical manifestations and therapeutic management on three cases

La hiperpotasemia se define como la elevación del potasio plasmático por encima de 5,5 mEq/L. Es una alteración electrolítica que puede determinar complicaciones clínicas fatales, siendo las más graves las cardiovasculares y musculares. Es consecuencia de una disminución en la eliminación renal del potasio, distribución corporal desde el espacio intracelular al extracelular, o aumento del aporte del ion. Entre los factores que se vinculan a la presencia de repercusiones clínicas está el nivel de hiperpotasemia, la velocidad de su instalación y la coexistencia con otras disionías. Se presentan tres casos de hiperpotasemia severa asistidos en el departamento de emergencia. Presentan como elementos comunes la presencia de alteraciones electrocardiográficas y la necesidad de hemodiálisis para su corrección. La estrategia terapéutica consiste en antagonizar los efectos a nivel de la membrana celular, facilitar el ingreso del potasio al espacio intracelular y remover el exceso corporal del ion. Se destaca la importancia del reconocimiento y diagnóstico precoz de las repercusiones clínicas de la hiperpotasemia en los pacientes con riesgo de presentarla.

ABSTRACT:: Arch Med Interna 2012 - 34(3):91-94 Hyperkalemia is defined as the elevation of serum potassium levels over 5.5 mEq/L. It is an electrolytic disorder that may lead to lethal clinical complications, with cardiovascular and muscular events being the worst. It results from a reduction of potassium excretion by the kidney, body distribution from the intracellular to the extracellular space, or an increased intake or administration of the ion. The clinical impact depends on a number of factors, including the severity of the hyperkalemia, its rate of onset and the co-existence with other ionic imbalances. The paper discusses two patients that sought care at the emergency department with severe hyperkalemia. They both presented with electrocardiographic disorders, and they both required hemodialysis. The therapeutic strategy consists of antagonizing the effects at the level of the cell membrane, facilitating the transfer of potassium into the cell and removing the excessive ion from the body. The authors emphasize the importance of an early detection and diagnosis of the clinical impact of hyperkalemia in the patients at risk of developing the disorder.

Effect of oxcarbazepine on sleep architecture.

The most common side effects following administration of antiepileptic drugs involve alterations in sleep architecture and varying degrees of daytime sleepiness. Oxcarbazepine is a drug that is approved as monotherapy for the treatment of partial seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. However, there is no information about its effects on sleep pattern organization; therefore, the objective of this work was to analyze such effects. Animals (Wistar rats) exhibited three different behavioral and electrophysiological states of vigilance: wakefulness, slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Oral treatment with oxcarbazepine (100 mg/kg) produced an increment in total sleep time throughout the recording period. This increment involved both SWS and REM sleep. Mean duration of the REM sleep phase was not affected. In contrast, the frequency of this sleep phase increased significantly across the 10-hour period. REM sleep latency shortened significantly. Results obtained in this work indicate that oxcarbazepine's acute effects point to hypnotic properties.

Características sociodemográficas, de salud y utilización de recursos sanitarios de cuidadores de ancianos atendidos en domicilio / Socio-demographic characteristics of health and use of sanitary resources by elderly caregivers at home

La población de mayores es susceptible de padecerenfermedades crónicas e invalidantes que los confinanen su domicilio. Atención Primaria, desde susprogramas específicos para estos pacientes, atiendesus necesidades. Sin embargo, la mayor parte de loscuidados son asumidos por las familias, generalmentepor un cuidador principal, al que el hecho de cuidarrepercute física y psíquicamente. Interesa conocer lascaracterísticas sociodemográficas y de salud, así comolos factores que determinan el estado de salud y utilizaciónde recursos sanitarios de estos cuidadores en eldesempeño del rol de cuidadores de ancianos incapacitadosatendidos en domicilio. Se realizó un estudiode corte transversal en estos cuidadores. Se estudiaronvariables sociodemográficas, clínicas, de relacióncon el cuidado, percepción del estado de salud, estadopsicopatológico, nivel de sobrecarga y utilizaciónde recursos sanitarios.El perfil demográfico del cuidador de nuestra área esmujer casada, que no trabaja, hija de la persona incapacitada,con estudios primarios, de una edad media de56 años y la mayoría tiene su edad comprendida entre47 y 63. Se mostraron determinantes de la percepcióndel estado de salud la edad y la relación de parentescocon la persona cuidada. También se obtuvo asociaciónsignificativa entre las variables Índices de Katz y Lawtony Brody con puntuación de la Escala de Zarit. Respectoa la utilización de los recursos sanitarios, se encontrósignificación estadística entre diagnóstico médico dedepresión con las variables utilización de los servicios deurgencia y consulta médica por parte del cuidador(AU)

The population of old people may suffer of chronic diseases, with increasing incapacity and high level of dependency,which keep them at home. The Health CareServices offer them attention through its specific programs,adapted to their true needs. Although, most ofthe care is given by the families, in general by a maincaregiver, who supports the effects of it, physically andpsychically. It’s important to know the sociodemographicand clinical characteristics, as well as the factors whichdetermine the health condition, and the use of healthcare resources of these caregivers when attending elderlywith high level of dependence at home. A cross-sectionalstudy of these caregivers was undertaken. The sociodemographicand clinical variables were studied, in relationto the care, perception of the health condition,psychopathologic status, overload, and use of the healthcare resources.The demographic profile of a caregiver in our area is awoman, married, unemployed, daughter of the impairedold person, with Primary Education, with an average ageof 56 years old –the majority is between 47 and 63 yearsold–. Factors as the perception of the health condition, theage, and the family relation to the patient were shown asdeterminant. It was also obtained a significant relationbetween the Index variables of Katz, Lawton and Brodywith Zarit’s scale punctuation. Concerning the use of thehealth care resources, the statistics revealed prevailing themedical diagnosis of depression with its variables of usingthe emergency services and medical consultation from thecaregiver(AU)

[Severe acquired aplastic anemia: historical outcome of patients treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from matched sibling donors. A study by the Spanish Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children (GETMON)]. / Aplasia medular grave adquirida: evolución histórica de los resultados obtenidos con trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos de donante familiar. Estudio del Grupo Español para el Trasplante de Médula Osea en Niños (GETMON).

INTRODUCTION: Allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the treatment of choice for acquired aplastic anaemia in children. Experience with this approach from Spanish Working Party for Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children in two sequential time periods (1982-1990 and 1991-2004) is reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty two consecutive patients with a median age of 10 years were transplanted; 18 in the 1982-1990 period and 44 in the 1991-2004 period. Conditioning regimen consisted mainly of irradiation and cyclophosphamide in the first period (72 % of patients) and cyclophosphamide +/- anti-thymocyte globulin (62 %) in the second. Graft versus host disease prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine in most patients (57/62). RESULTS: Fifty one patients are alive and disease-free at a median follow-up of 127 months. Five years probability of event-free survival is 82 %. The survival increased from 61 % to 91 % during the two time periods. Eleven patients died from graft failure or rejection (3), acute or chronic graft versus host disease and infection (4) or multi-organ failure (4). Univariate analysis identified two significant prognostic factors: interval diagnostic/transplant and time period of transplant (for both p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This experience corroborates that allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the best treatment for severe acquired aplastic anaemia, with a current disease-free survival of 90 % of patients.

Aplasia medular grave adquirida: evolución histórica de los resultados obtenidos con trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos de donante familiar. Estudio del Grupo Español para el Trasplante de Médula Ósea en Niños (GETMON) / Severe acquired aplastic anemia: historical outcome of patients treated by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from matched sibling donors. A study by the Spanish Group for Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children (GETMON)

Introducción: El trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos (TPH) de donante familiar compatible es el tratamiento de elección en la aplasia medular adquirida (AMA) grave en la infancia. Se presenta la experiencia de Grupo Español para el Trasplante de Médula Ósea en Niños en esta enfermedad a lo largo del período cronológico 1982-2004. Pacientes y métodos: Recibieron un trasplante 62 pacientes con una mediana de edad de 10 años. En el período 1982-1990 lo recibieron 18 pacientes y en el período 1991-2004, 44. El régimen de acondicionamiento varió según el período cronológico; en el primero se utilizó preferentemente la asociación de radioterapia y ciclofosfamida (72 % de los casos) y en el segundo ciclofosfamida con o sin globulina antitimocitaria (62 %). La profilaxis de enfermedad injerto contra huésped más utilizada fue la ciclosporina (57/62 pacientes). Resultados: Un total de 51 pacientes están vivos y en remisión completa de su aplasia con períodos de observación de entre 24 y 289 meses (mediana de 127 meses). La probabilidad de supervivencia actuarial libre de eventos a 5 años es del 82 %. Dicha supervivencia se incrementó del 61 al 90 % entre los dos períodos analizados. Un total de 11 pacientes fallecieron por fracaso o pérdida del injerto (3), enfermedad injerto contra huésped aguda o crónica asociada a infecciones (4) o fallo multiorgánico (4). El análisis univariante evidenció dos factores con valor predictivo para la supervivencia: el intervalo diagnóstico/trasplante y el período cronológico en que se efectuó (en ambos, p = 0,03). Conclusiones: Esta experiencia confirma que el trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos de donante familiar compatible es el tratamiento de elección para la aplasia medular grave adquirida, con un porcentaje de supervivencia libre de episodios del 90 % en la actualidad (AU)

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the treatment of choice for acquired aplastic anaemia in children. Experience with this approach from Spanish Working Party for Bone Marrow Transplantation in Children in two sequential time periods (1982-1990 and 1991-2004) is reported. Patients and methods: Sixty two consecutive patients with a median age of 10 years were transplanted; 18 in the 1982-1990 period and 44 in the 1991-2004 period. Conditioning regimen consisted mainly of irradiation and cyclophosphamide in the first period (72 % of patients) and cyclophosphamide ± anti-thymocyte globulin (62 %) in the second. Graft versus host disease prophylaxis consisted of cyclosporine in most patients (57/62). Results: Fifty one patients are alive and disease-free at a median follow-up of 127 months. Five years probability of event-free survival is 82 %. The survival increased from 61 % to 91 % during the two time periods. Eleven patients died from graft failure or rejection (3), acute or chronic graft versus host disease and infection (4) or multi-organ failure (4). Univariate analysis identified two significant prognostic factors: interval diagnostic/transplant and time period of transplant (for both p = 0.03). Conclusions: This experience corroborates that allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is the best treatment for severe acquired aplastic anaemia, with a current disease - free survival of 90 % of patients (AU)

Allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in second complete remission-similar outcomes after matched related and unrelated donor transplant: a study of the Spanish Working Party for Blood and Marrow Transplantation in Children (Getmon).

The authors report the results of 58 children with ALL in 2CR after related (n = 31) or unrelated (n = 27) AHSCT. Characteristics at diagnosis and initial and after relapse antileukemic treatment were similar in the related donor (RD) and the unrelated donor (UD) groups. Conditioning consisted of TBI/CY +/- VP-16 for patients > or = 3 years old (n = 43) and Bu/CY for the rest. Median recipient age was 8 years (range 1-17) in the RD and 9 years (range 3-14) in the UD group. Median follow-up was 54 months (range 24-80) and 52 months (range 22-85) in the RD and the UD groups repectively. The 5-year EFS probability was 43 +/- 9% for the RD group and 36 +/- 9% in the UD group (p = .25). The transplant-related mortality was 16% in the RD and 37% in the UD group (p = .016). In the RD group 36.7% of patients relapsed versus 18.6% in the UD group (p = .05). GvHD associated with organ failure or infection caused most of the transplant-related deaths in both groups. Survivor quality of life for both groups was good (Lansky score < or = 90).

[Informal caretakers in Spain, their profile and care provided]. / Los cuidadores informales en España. Perfil y cuidados prestados.

The authors carried out a systematic search in main data bases and a methodological content review by paired authors about selected publications. The authors reviewed and analyzed 332 articles about informal caretakers and they chose 182 which complied with their selection criteria. The profile for informal caretakers of persons aged over 65 in Spain is identified as well as the type of care he/she provides. It is worth highlighting the introduction of a new factor in caretaking for the elderly during recent years at a national Spanish level, and since the 1990s on an international level: paid non-professional immigrant caretakers. This phenomenon makes the different traits which ethnic minority caretakers have reflect on the dynamics and the results of this study.

Estado de salud y utilización de recursos sanitarios de una población de ancianos atendidos en domicilio / Health conditions and use of social care resources in a population of the elderly taken care at home

La población de personas mayores, respecto a la población general en España, representa un 15,4%, proporción que aumentará en el futuro, sobre todo en mayores de 80 años. La atención domiciliaria de esta población es alternativa a su institucionalización, por lo que interesa conocer sus características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de utilización de recursos sanitarios para responder a sus necesidades reales. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en pacientes incluidos en un programa de incapacitados. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, capacidad funcional y cognitiva, y utilización de recursos sociosanitarios. Nuestros pacientes son una población mayor, presentan deterioro cognitivo importante, nivel elevado de dependencia y comorbilidad. Una quinta parte considera su estado de salud como malo. Utilizan con frecuencia los servicios de urgencia y, en menor medida, ingresan en el hospital. Algunas características sociodemográficas de estos pacientes determinan su nivel de audición y estado mental, tales como la edad, ocupación en su etapa laboral e ingresos económicos. Se mostraron determinantes de la utilización de los servicios sanitarios las patologías crónicas, la polifarmacia, escasamente las incapacidades funcionales y los ingresos económicos

Older persons represent 15,4% of the population of Spain. This proportion will increase in the future, especially for persons older than 80 years of age. As home care for this population is an alternative to their institutionalization, it is necessary to determine their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, as well as their use of health care resources, in order to respond to their true needs. We undertook a cross-sectional study of patients included in an Incapacity Program. Variables studied included sociodemographic and clinical factors, functional and cognitive capacity, and the use of health and social care resources. The patients were older, with important cognitive worsening, and a high level of dependence and accompanying disease. One fifth considered their health status as poor. They often used the emergency services, and less often were admitted to hospital. Certain sociodemographic characteristics of these patients determined their level of hearing and mental status, such as age, occupation during their working life, and financial income. Factors determining their use of the health services were chronic disease, polypharmacy, slight functional incapacity and financial income (AU)

Comparison of intensive chemotherapy, allogeneic, or autologous stem-cell transplantation as postremission treatment for children with very high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: PETHEMA ALL-93 Trial.

PURPOSE: The optimal postremission therapy for children with very high-risk (VHR) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is not well established. This randomized trial compared three options of postremission therapy: chemotherapy and allogeneic or autologous stem-cell transplantation (SCT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: All 106 VHR-ALL patients received induction with five drugs followed by intensification with three cycles of chemotherapy. Patients in complete remission (CR) with an HLA-identical family donor were assigned to allogeneic SCT (n = 24) and the remaining were randomly assigned to autologous SCT (n = 38) or to delayed intensification followed by maintenance chemotherapy up to 2 years in CR (n = 38). RESULTS: Overall, 100 patients achieved CR (94%). With a median follow-up of 6.5 years, 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) probabilities were 45% (95% CI, 37% to 54%) and 48% (95% CI, 40% to 57%), respectively. The three groups were comparable in the main pretreatment ALL characteristics. Intention-to-treat analysis showed no differences for donor versus no donor in DFS (45%; 95% CI, 27% to 65% v 45%; 95% CI, 37% to 55%) and OS (48%; 95% CI, 30% to 67% v 51%; 95% CI, 43% to 61%), as well as for autologous SCT versus chemotherapy comparisons (DFS: 44%; 95% CI, 29% to 60% v 46%; 95% CI, 32% to 62%; OS: 45%; 95% CI, 31% to 62% v 57%; 95% CI, 43% to 73%). No differences were found within the different subgroups of ALL and neither were differences observed when the analysis was made by treatment actually performed. CONCLUSION: This study failed to prove that, when a family donor is available, allogeneic SCT produces a better outcome than autologous SCT or chemotherapy in children with VHR-ALL.

Satisfacción del paciente con la atención de enfermería / Patient satisf action with nursing care

La satisfacción percibida por el paciente es uno de los resultados que se derivan de la atención de este estudio fue evaluar la satisfacción de los pacientes hospitalizados con los cuidados de como puntuación diferencial entre expectativas y percepciones, y analizar las características sociodemográficas asistenciales. Se realizó un estudio transversal enviando por correo una encuesta con escala SERVQUAL a los alta en 5 períodos en el transcurso de 2 años. Se establecieron las características psicométricas por su fiabilidad y validez. Las variables determinantes puntuación SERVQUAL se analizaron mediante ANCOVA. La puntuación diferencial SERVQUAL mostraron como determinantes de satisfacción el sexo (p < 0,001), la formación académica (p del hospital en su conjunto (p < 0,001) y conocer el nombre de la enfermera que les atendía (p< 0,001) (AU)

Patient satisfaction is one of the outcomes of health care. We determined the level of satisfaction among hospital patients, measured as a differential score between expectations and perceptions, relevant socio-demographic and care-related characteristics. A cross-sectional study was performed by sending a postal survey with the SERVQUAL scale from the hospital in 5 distinct periods over 2 years. The psychometric characteristics were validated for their reliability and validity. The determinant SERVQUAL score were analyzed by ANCOVA. The overall differential score was -0.74. Determinants were sex (p < 0.001), level of education (p < 0.019), the overall evaluation of the hospital the name of the nurse (p < 0.001) (AU)

Patient satisfaction with nursing care in a regional university hospital in southern Spain.

Patient satisfaction is a valid indicator for measurement of service quality. Patients' opinions are important because dissatisfaction suggests opportunities for improvement. We evaluated the satisfaction of patients with nursing care in a regional university hospital in southern Spain and determined the relevant sociodemographic and attendance characteristics. A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken using the SERVQUAL questionnaire. Reliability and validity of the SERVQUAL instrument were established. The only interaction considered was gender and education level. Analysis of covariance showed that the only factors significantly associated with lower patient satisfaction were female gender, higher educational level, lower overall satisfaction with the hospital, and not knowing the name of the nurse.

Recursos y consecuencias de cuidar a las personas mayores de 65 años: Una revisión sistemática / Resources and consequences of caregiving for people older than 65: a systematic review

Introducción: El cuidado prestado por los cuidadores principales de personas mayores constituye el principal soporte que éstas reciben. Proporcionar estos cuidados afecta de diferente manera a cada cuidador. La literatura es amplia y extensa al describir estas repercusiones de la tarea de cuidar sobre el cuidador, así como en referencia a los recursos de apoyo utilizados. Método: Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura, en las principales bases de datos nacionales e internacionales, sobre las intervenciones, recursos y repercusiones de la tarea de cuidar sobre los cuidadores informales de personas mayores. Conclusiones: Los cuidadores informales españoles de personas mayores parecen disponer de diferentes recursos de apoyo en su tarea de cuidado, aunque sigue siendo la familia la principal fuente de ayuda frente a los sistemas formales. La literatura recoge repercusiones tanto positivas como negativas derivadas de la responsabilidad del cuidado. Entre estos últimos, encontramos como máximo exponente los estados ansioso-depresivos, así como la sobrecarga del cuidador. Sin embargo, estas consecuencias negativas se entrelazan e interactúan con las afectaciones positivas. La revisión realizada nos invita a afirmar que se precisa el desarrollo de más estudios para tratar de esclarecer la relación entre ambos polos de la experiencia del cuidado (AU)

[Nijmegen breakage syndrome associated with pulmonary lymphoma]. / Linfoma pulmonar asociado a síndrome de Nijmegen.

Nijmegen breakage syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a peculiar dysmorphic syndrome (microcephaly, "bird-like" facies, short stature), combined immunodeficiency with recurrent infections, X-ray hypersensitivity and predisposition to malignancy, mainly lymphomas, as a consequence of chromosome instability due to anomalies in the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks.We present a 6-year-old boy with Nijmegen breakage syndrome, who developed a large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, localized in the lung without nodal involvement.

[Prevalence and risk factors for pressure ulcers]. / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de úlceras por presión.

OBJECTIVES: To study prevalence of pressure ulcers among functionally impaired patients in the community and evaluate risk factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers in these patients.Design. Cross-sectional, observational study. SETTING: Community dwellers served by the Primary Health Care Area of Rincón de la Victoria in Málaga.Participants. All patients included in the <> (n=178). METHODS: A questionnaire was developed to ascertain demographic and health characteristics. Risk factors were evaluated with the Modified Norton Scale. The outcome variable of interest was presence or absence of pressure ulcers, their location and grade. The denominator used for the calculation of the prevalence was the total of evaluated patients. Results. Prevalence of pressure ulcers in our Basic Health Area was 12.9%. The most important sociodemographic characteristic associated with the presence of pressure ulcers in these patients was the educational attainment of the caregiver. Health varaibles of the patient were also associated with the risk of developing ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate the need of diagnostic protocols with standardised instruments and prevention plans to reduce pressure ulcers in the community. Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate interventions in this area.