Long-term outcomes of early initiated antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan children: a Cameroonian cohort study (ANRS-12140 Pediacam study, 2008-2013, Cameroon).

BACKGROUND: In most studies, the virological response is assessed during the first two years of antiretroviral treatment initiated in HIV-infected infants. However, early initiation of antiretroviral therapy exposes infants to very long-lasting treatment. Moreover, maintaining viral suppression in children is difficult. We aimed to assess the virologic response and mortality in HIV-infected children after five years of early initiated antiretroviral treatment (ART) and identify factors associated with virologic success in Cameroon. METHODS: In the ANRS-12140 Pediacam cohort study, 2008-2013, Cameroon, we included all the 149 children who were still alive after two years of early ART. Virologic response was assessed after 5 years of treatment. The probability of maintaining virologic success between two and five years of ART was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curve. The immune status and mortality were also studied at five years after ART initiation. Factors associated with a viral load < 400 copies/mL in children still alive at five years of ART were studied using logistic regressions. RESULTS: The viral load after five years of early ART was suppressed in 66.8% (60.1-73.5) of the 144 children still alive and in care. Among the children with viral suppression after two years of ART, the probability of maintaining viral suppression after five years of ART was 64.0% (54.0-74.0). The only factor associated with viral suppression after five years of ART was achievement of confirmed virological success within the first two years of ART (OR = 2.7 (1.1-6.8); p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: The probability of maintaining viral suppression between two and five years of early initiated ART which was quite low highlights the difficulty of parents to administer drugs daily to their children in sub-Saharan Africa. It also stressed the importance of initial viral suppression for achieving and maintaining virologic success in the long-term. Further studies should focus on identifying strategies that would enhance better retention in care and improved adherence to treatment within the first two years of ART early initiated in Sub-Saharan HIV-infected children.

Assessment of Systems and Services for Management of Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy in Cameroon.

AIM: To evaluate systems and services for management of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. METHODOLOGY: The National Program for Blindness Control conducted a nationwide descriptive study from 1st February to 31st October 2016. Data was collected using WHO's:"Tool Assessment of Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetes Management Systems" adapted to the context. Using direct interviews, all previously identified stakeholders, were involved from all levels of management and throughout the territory. The IBM version 20 software permitted analysis. RESULTS: Out of the 48 individuals selected, 46 agreed to participate in the survey. Four participants (8.7%) worked at the central level of the Ministry of Public Health, 2 (4.4%) were NGOs partners, 6 (13%) diabetic patients, and 34 (73.9%) health staff. According to the answers of participants, diabetes stands among priorities in the national health policy. Diabetic care services have been integrated into the National action plan for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, but a specific program for control of diabetes has not been created neither are national guidelines recommended by the Ministry available. Some health facilities provide care for diabetes and its complications. Modern technologies for evaluation and follow-up of diabetes of its complications are available only in tertiary level hospitals and in some private clinics. The cost of care obtained is the responsibility of the patients and families. CONCLUSION: The political will to manage diabetes and diabetic retinopathy is recognized by stakeholders and beneficiaries but not translated into an effective program. A suitable implementation strategy is necessary.

Outcome of Esotropia Surgery in 2 Tertiary Hospitals in Cameroon.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ocular alignment following esotropia surgery in our setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional descriptive study which spanned 19 years, from October 1999 to September 2018 at the Douala General Hospital and the Yaoundé Central Hospital. Complete medical records of patients who underwent surgery for esotropia during the study period were included. Data collected included age at diagnosis, sex, age of onset of esotropia, age at surgery, refractive error, type of surgery performed, pre and post-operative angle of deviation. The outcome was considered good when the postoperative angle was ≤10 prism diopters (PD). RESULTS: Four hundred and ninety patients with primary esotropia were seen during the study period. Only 155 returned for follow-up after wearing the full cycloplegic correction for a minimum period of 3 months. Accommodative esotropia was found in 32 cases (20.6%). Among the 123 cases requiring surgery, 63 cases underwent surgery (51.2%). Fifty-nine complete records were included (59.3% females and 40.7% males). The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 6.5 ± 6.1 years and the mean age at the time of surgery was 8.7 ± 6.1 years. The mean preoperative angle at distance was 42.8 ±10.8 PD. The outcome was good in 91.5% of cases. No factor influenced the outcome of surgery. CONCLUSION: The outcome of esotropia surgery was good in this study. This could serve to increase patient motivation to accept surgery in our setting.

Virologic Response to Early Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Infants: Evaluation After 2 Years of Treatment in the Pediacam Study, Cameroon.

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about virologic responses to early antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV-infected infants in resource-limited settings. We estimated the probability of achieving viral suppression within 2 years of ART initiation and investigated the factors associated with success. METHODS: We analyzed all 190 infants from the Cameroon Pediacam who initiated ART by 12 months of age. The main outcome measure was viral suppression (<1000 copies/mL) on at least 1 occasion; the other outcome measures considered were viral suppression (<400 copies/mL) on at least 1 occasion and confirmed viral suppression (both thresholds) on 2 consecutive occasions. We used competing-risks regression for a time-to-event analysis to estimate the cumulative incidence of outcomes and univariate and multivariate models to identify risk factors. RESULTS: During the first 24 months of ART, 20.0% (38) of the infants died, giving a mortality rate of 11.9 deaths per 100 infant-years (95% confidence interval: 8.1-15.7). The probability of achieving a viral load below 1000 or 400 copies/mL was 80.0% (69.0-81.0) and 78.0% (66.0-79.0), respectively. The probability of virologic suppression (with these 2 thresholds) on 2 consecutive occasions was 67.0% (56.0-70.0) and 60.0% (49.0-64.0), respectively. Virologic success was associated with not having missed any doses of treatment before the visit, but not with socioeconomic and living conditions. CONCLUSION: Many early treated children failed to achieve virologic suppression, likely due to a combination of adherence difficulties, drug dosing and viral resistance, which highlights the need for routine viral load monitoring. The high infant mortality despite early ART initiation needs to be addressed in sub-Saharan countries.

Assessing mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures by qPCR using a set of universal primer pairs targeting a 1.5 kb fragment of 16S rRNA genes.

Mycoplasmas (a generic name for Mollicutes) are a predominant bacterial contaminant of cell culture and cell derived products including viruses. This prokaryote class is characterized by very small size and lack of a cell wall. Consequently, mycoplasmas escape ultrafiltration and visualization under routine microscopic examination, hence the ease with which cells in culture can be contaminated, with routinely more than 10% of cell lines being contaminated. Mycoplasma are a formidable threat both in fundamental research by perverting a whole range of cell properties and functions and in the pharmacological use of cells and cell derived products. Although many methods have been developed, there is still a need for a sensitive, universal assay. Here is reported the development and validation of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based on the amplification of a 1.5 kb fragment covering the 16S rDNA of the Mollicute class by real-time PCR using universal U1 and U8 degenerate primers. The method includes the addition of a DNA loading probe to each sample to monitor DNA extraction and the absence of PCR inhibitors in the extracted DNA, a positive mycoplasma 16S rDNA traceable reference sample to exclude any accidental contamination of an unknown sample with this reference DNA, an analysis procedure based on the examination of the melting curve and the size of the PCR amplicon, followed by quantification of the number of 16S rDNA copies (with a lower limit of 19 copies) when relevant, and, if useful, the identification of the contaminating prokaryote by sequencing. The method was validated on a collection of mycoplasma strains and by testing over 100 samples of unknown contamination status including stocks of viruses requiring biosafety level 2, 3 or 4 containments. When compared to four established methods, the m16S_qPCR technique exhibits the highest sensitivity in detecting mycoplasma contamination.

Could caregiver reporting adherence help detect virological failure in Cameroonian early treated HIV-infected infants?

BACKGROUND: Viral load is still the marker of choice for monitoring adherence to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) and confirming the success of HIV treatment. Unfortunately it is difficult to access in many resource-poor settings. We aimed to measure the performance of caregiver reporting adherence for detecting virological failure in routine practice during the first 2 years after cART initiation in infants. METHODS: PEDIACAM is an ongoing prospective cohort study including HIV1-infected infants diagnosed before 7 months of age between November 2007 and October 2011 in Cameroon. Adherence was assessed using a questionnaire administered every 3 months from cART initiation; the HIV-RNA viral load was determined at the same visits. Virological failure was defined as having a viral load ≥ 1000 cp/mL at 3 and 12 months after cART initiation or having a viral load ≥ 400 cp/mL at 24 months after cART initiation. The performance of each current missed and cumulative missed dose defined according to adherence as reported by caregiver was assessed using the viral load as the gold standard. RESULTS: cART was initiated at a median age of 4 months (IQR: 3-6) in the 167 infants included. The cumulative missed dose showed the best overall performance for detecting virological failure after 12 months of cART (AUC test, p = 0.005, LR + =4.4 and LR- = 0.4). Whatever the adherence reporting criterion, the negative predictive value was high (NPV ≥ 75%) 12 and 24 months after cART initiation, whereas the positive predictive value was low (PPV ≤ 50%). CONCLUSIONS: The adherence questionnaire administered by the health care provider to the infants' caregivers is not reliable for detecting virological failure in routine practice: its positive predictive value is low. However, the cumulative missed dose measurement may be a reliable predictor of virological success, particularly after 12 months of cART, given its high negative predictive value.

Feasibility of Routinely Offering Early Combined Antiretroviral Therapy to HIV-infected Infants in a Resource-limited Country: The ANRS-PediaCAM Study in Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis of HIV is increasingly available for infants in resource-limited settings. We assessed the timing of events until combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation in infants diagnosed before 7 months of age in Cameroon. METHODS: The ANRS-PediaCAM cohort included HIV-infected infants followed from birth associated with prevention of mother-to-child transmission activities (group 1) or diagnosed for any other reason before 7 months of age (group 2). All infants were offered free cART early after diagnosis. Frequency and factors associated with no or delayed cART initiation, were studied using univariable and multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2011, 210 HIV-infected infants (group 1: 69; group 2: 141) were included. Fewer group 1 (14.3%) than group 2 (59.1%) infants were symptomatic (World Health Organization stage 3 or 4). Overall, 5.7% (n = 12) died before receiving any cART. Of the remaining 198 infants, 3.0% (n = 6) were not treated. The median age at initiating cART was 4.1 months [interquartile range (IQR): 3.2-5.6]. The median time until cART initiation after HIV testing was 6.2 weeks (IQR: 4.4-9.4) in group 1 and 5.1 weeks (IQR: 2.9-9.4) in group 2. No or delayed cART, observed for 37.9% (75 of 198) of the infants, was associated with clinical site [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 4.8; 95% confidence interval: (2.1-11.2)], late diagnosis [aOR: 2.0 (0.9-4.1)], and delayed pretherapeutic biological assessment [aOR: 3.7 (1.4-10.0)]. CONCLUSIONS: Although most children included were treated before age 7 months, the initiation of therapy was delayed for more than 1 in 3. The period around HIV diagnosis is critical and should be better managed to reduce delays before cART initiation.

Different factors associated with loss to follow-up of infants born to HIV-infected or uninfected mothers: observations from the ANRS 12140-PEDIACAM study in Cameroon.

BACKGROUND: Loss to follow-up (LTFU) is a cause of potential bias in clinical studies. Differing LTFU between study groups may affect internal validity and generalizability of the results. Understanding reasons for LTFU could help improve follow-up in clinical studies and thereby contribute to goals for prevention, treatment, or research being achieved. We explored factors associated with LTFU of mother-child pairs after inclusion in the ANRS 12140-Pediacam study. METHODS: From November 2007 to October 2010, 4104 infants including 2053 born to HIV-infected mothers and 2051 born to HIV-uninfected mothers matched individually on gender and study site were enrolled during the first week of life in three referral hospitals in Cameroon and scheduled for visits at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. Visits were designated 1, 2 and 3, in chronological order, irrespective of the child's age at the time of the visit. Mother-child pairs were considered lost to follow-up if they never returned for a clinical visit within the first six months after inclusion. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression were adjusted on matching variables to identify factors associated with LTFU according to maternal HIV status. RESULTS: LTFU among HIV-unexposed infants was four times higher than among HIV-exposed infants (36.7% vs 9.8%, p < 0.001). Emergency caesarean section (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.46 95% Confidence Interval (CI) [1.47-4.13]), young maternal age (aOR = 2.29, 95% CI [1.18-4.46]), and absence of antiretroviral treatment for prophylaxis (aOR = 3.45, 95% CI [2.30-5.19]) were independently associated with LTFU among HIV-exposed infants. Factors associated with LTFU among HIV-unexposed infants included young maternal age (aOR = 1.96, 95% CI [1.36-2.81]), low maternal education level (aOR = 2.77, 95% CI [1.95-3.95]) and housewife/unemployed mothers (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.16-2.11]). CONCLUSION: Failure to return for at least one scheduled clinical visit is a problem especially among HIV-unexposed infants included in studies involving HIV-exposed infants. Factors associated with this type of LTFU included maternal characteristics, socio-economic status, quality of antenatal care and obstetrical context of delivery. Enhanced counselling in antenatal and intrapartum services is required for mothers at high risk of failure to return for follow-up visits.

Adaptación y validación de un programa de enseñanza de nutrición de ingenieros agronómos del Ecuador / Adaptation and validation of a nutrition educational program for agronomic engineers of Ecuador

Este estudio forma parte de una línea de trabajo conjunta entre la FAO, la AID y el INTA, cuyo propósito es contribuir al mejoramiento de la situación alimentario nutricional y la calidad de vida de las poblaciones rurales, mediante la capacitación en nutrición de personal del sector agrícola. Con este fin, se adaptó a la realidad ecuatoriana el material didáctico que compone el Programa Alimentación, Nutrición y Agricultura para ingenieros agrónomos, elaborado por USAID e INTA. En Ecuador, el Programa fue probado con 34 estudiantes de 5§ y 6§ año de Agronomía de la Universidade Técncica de Ambato, quienes participaron en un curso teórico y un curso teórico-práctico, respectivamente. Ambos grupos lograron el nivel preestablecido a partir del cual el curso sería considerado éxitoso ( >-70% del puntaje total del test final). Se observaron diferencias significativas entre los conocimientos iniciales y finales de los alumnos de ambos grupos. Después del curso, el 94% de los estudiantes manifestó reconocer el rol que le corresponde al agrónomo en la planificación alimentaria y nutricional, especialmente en países en desarrollo