The expression of adenosine receptors changes throughout light induced retinal degeneration in the rat.

The modulation of adenosine receptors, A1 (A1R) and A2A (A2AR), is neuroprotective in different models of retinal injury. In order to understand the processes underlying retinal degeneration, we studied the expression of adenosine receptors in the retinas of control and continuously illuminated (CI) rats by qRT-PCR, Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Significant increases of A1R, A2AR, and A2BR mRNAs at 1, 5, and 7 days of CI (P < 0.0001) were observed by qRT-PCR. Also, a significant increase of A3R mRNA was detected after 5 and 7 days of CI. WB studies showed a significant rise of A1R on day 1 of CI and on days 5 and 7 (P < 0.0001), while A2AR increase was seen from 2 days of CI on (P < 0.001). After 1 day of CI, A1R immunoreactivity (A1R-IR) increased in ganglion cell layer, inner nuclear layer, and in both the outer and inner plexiform layers. After 2 days of CI, the A1R-IR went back to control levels. After 5 days of CI, a second rise in A1R, which persisted until 7 days of CI, was measured (P < 0.0001). A significant rise of A2aR immunoreactivity was also observed at day 2 of CI at GCL and INL and subsided at days 5 and 7 (P < 0.0001). The observed up-regulation of A1R after 1 day of CI, corresponds with the peak of oxidative stress; while the rise of A2aR at day 2 of CI, coincides with the massive apoptosis of photoreceptors. We postulate that an early modulation of adenosine receptors could delay or prevent the degeneration of photoreceptors.

Programa de educación diabetológica infantil basado en la teoría del aprendizaje de Bandura / Pediatric diabetology program based on Bandura’s social learning theory

La diabetes supone un problema sanitario, económico y social de gran envergadura y precisa una gran atención para planificar programas de prevención y control de dicha enfermedad. En España, la incidencia anual de diabetes infantil tipo 1 se encuentra un poco por debajo de la media mundial, que es de 13,5/100.000 hab. Con un 12,5. El tratamiento de la diabetes tiene como finalidad conseguir unos niveles estables de glucosa en la sangre y con este objetivos e actúa en tres aspectos clave que son la base de la educación diabetológica: la dieta, la insulina y el ejercicio. Dichos aspectos componen el autocontrol del niño diabético. Los padres del niño diabético precisan tener información y desarrollar competencias y habilidades para poder gestionar de forma efectiva la enfermedad, lo cual se consigue a través de programas de educación diabetológica, ya que en la diabetes infantil el tratamiento no es administrado por el propio paciente sino por su cuidador. Cuando son pequeños, los niños dependen exclusivamente de la responsabilidad de los padres y la continuidad en el tratamiento supone, en la mayoría de los casos, una adherencia al tratamiento, tanto en los hábitos como en las conductas. En el presente trabajo se plantea un programa de educación diabetológica infantil de ámbito hospitalario con evaluación incorporada, basado en la Teoría del Aprendizaje de Bandura. El desarrollo de dicho programa de aprendizaje se lleva a cabo en cuatro días para los padres de niños ingresados en un centro hospitalario con diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus incipiente. El objetivo principal es quela familia sea capaz de desarrollar una gestión inicial de la enfermedad que les permita obtener el suficiente grado de autonomía para ser dados de alta una vez estabilizada la enfermedad (SAU)

Diabetes is a health, economic and social problem of great magnitude requiring great attention to plan prevention and control programs of the disease. In Spain, the annual incidence of childhood type 1diabetes is slightly below the world average which is 13,5/100,000 inhabitants with a 12,5. Treatment of diabetes aims to achieve stable levels of blood glucose and with this objective action is taken in three key areas that are the basis of diabetes education: diet, insulin and exercise. These areas make up the self-control of the diabetic child. Parents of children with diabetes need to have information and develop skills and abilities to effectively manage the disease, which is achieved through Diabetes Education programs, as in childhood diabetes treatment is not administered by the patient but by the caregivers. When they are little, children depend exclusively on parental responsibility and continuity in the treatment involves, in most cases, adherence to treatment, both in habits as in behavior. In this paper we propose a pediatric diabetes education program in a hospital setting with incorporated assessment, based on Banduras social learning theory. The development of such learning program is carried out in four days for parents of children admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of incipient diabetes mellitus. The main objective is for the family to be able to develop an initial management of the disease that enables parents to obtain a sufficient degree of autonomy after discharge once the disease stabilized (AU)

Distribution of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in adult rat retina.

Cannabinoid effects are mediated through two receptors, CB1 and CB2. In the retina CB1 has been reported in bipolar cells, gabaergic amacrine cells, horizontal cells, and inner plexiform layer. CB2 receptor mRNA localization was shown in photoreceptors, inner nuclear layer, and ganglion cell layer by using RT-PCR. The aim of this work was to localize CB2 receptor in the rat retina by using immunocytochemistry. Our results showed that CB2 receptor was localized in retinal pigmentary epithelium, inner photoreceptor segments, horizontal and amacrine cells, cells localized in ganglion cell layer, and in fibers of inner plexiform layer. These results are in agreement with studies using RT-PCR and provide some additional information about the distribution of CB2 receptor. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of this cannabinoid receptor in the retina.