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1.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 71(4): 91-98, abr. 2013. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-111834

RESUMO

En el primer año de vida, la lactancia materna es el referente durante al menos los 6 primeros meses, pero hay una cierta dispersión de tendencias cuando se llega a la edad de introducir la alimentación complementaria. Tradicionalmente, los cereales han sido y son los primeros alimentos que se aconsejan como inicio de la alimentación complementaria. En los últimos tiempos se ha observado un descenso que posiblemente esté relacionado con algunos tópicos negativos, por lo que nos ha parecido oportuno actualizar su papel. Las características fisiológicas de los primeros años de vida son circunstancias que tienen gran importancia para conseguir una buena adaptación en la progresión de la alimentación atendiendo a las capacidades que el nuevo ser va adquiriendo en estos primeros años, preferentemente en sus funciones digestivas, renales y neuromusculares. Los cereales son una excelente fuente nutricional, pero no todos tienen las mismas propiedades, por lo que se repasa su composición para valorar los beneficios que representan en la salud del niño, tanto como aporte de la energía que va necesitando para cubrir sus necesidades, como para evitar deficiencias proteicas y de vitaminas y oligoelementos. No sólo es importante la cantidad, sino también la calidad y el contexto de una alimentación variada y equilibrada que ayude a compensar el resto de los aportes. Ya que los cereales son fundamentales en la alimentación de nuestros hijos, es bueno recordar algunas recomendaciones actualizadas sobre su uso en los diferentes periodos de la vida, ya sea en forma de papillas en los primeros meses o de cereales más complejos en etapas más avanzadas, así como resaltar la vigencia que conservan en la alimentación de los primeros años si se utilizan correctamente(AU)


In the first year, the breastfeeding is the gold standard for at least the first 6 months, but there is some dispersion of trends when it reaches the age of introducing complementary feeding. Traditionally, cereals are and have been the first foods that have been recommended as the start of complementary feeding. In recent times there has been a decline that is possibly related to some negative stereotypes so we thought it timely to update its role. The physiological characteristics of the first years of life are circumstances that are very important to get a good fit in the progression of food in response to the new capabilities will be acquired, in these early years, preferably in their digestive, renal and neuromuscular functions. Cereals are an excellent source of nutrition, but not everyone has the same properties, so it reviews the composition thereof, to assess the benefits that they have to the health of children, as well as the energy input is needed to cover their needs, and to avoid protected of deficits in vitamins and trace elements. Not only the quantity is important, it is undoubtedly the quality of them and place them in a context of varied and balanced diet that helps compensate the rest of the contributions. Being important cereals in the diet of our children, we should remember some updated recommendations in different periods of life will have on their use, either in the form of porridge in the early days, as more complex grain more advanced age and highlight the effect that conserve importance in the early years if used correctly(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Grão Comestível/normas , Nutrição do Lactente/economia , Nutrição do Lactente/educação , Nutrição do Lactente/normas , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente/economia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente/normas , Nutrição da Criança , Terapias Complementares/tendências , Saúde Suplementar , Grão Comestível/química , Grão Comestível/metabolismo , Carboidratos/uso terapêutico , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil/fisiologia
2.
Nutr Hosp ; 27(5): 1429-36, 2012.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23478688

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition among hospitalized patients has clinical implications, and interest has arisen to find screening tools able to identify subjects under risk. At present, there is no consensus about the most suitable nutrition screening tool for pediatric patients. AIM: To validate STAMP (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics) pediatric screening tool in Spain. METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study of patients admitted to a 3rd level children's hospital with both medical and surgical specialities. During the first 24 hours of admission, STAMP screening tool was applied. For its validation, results were compared with those obtained from a nutritional assessment performed by specialist staff, which included clinical, anthropometric and body composition data. RESULTS: A sample of 250 children was studied. Nutritional assessment identified 64 patients (25.6%) under risk, 40 of whom were malnourished (16%). STAMP classified 48.4% of the patients as being under nutritional risk. This tool showed 75% sensitivity and 60.8% specificity when identifying patients under risk according to nutritional assessment. It showed 90% sensitivity and 59.5% specificity when identifying malnourished patients. COMMENTS: Malnutrition was less frequent than that reported in other European countries, although diagnosis technique was different. STAMP is a simple and useful tool for nutritional screening, avoiding the need to assess all patients on admission in order to identify those under nutritional risk.


Assuntos
Desnutrição/diagnóstico , Avaliação Nutricional , Adolescente , Antropometria , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Estado Nutricional , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Risco , Espanha/epidemiologia
3.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 69(11): 501-505, dic. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-99266

RESUMO

Los niños con una enfermedad renal crónica tienen un alto riesgo de desnutrición y requieren un soporte nutricional especializado, sobre todo en un estadio de la enfermedad mayor o igual a 2. La pérdida de función de un órgano metabólicamente tan activo entraña alteraciones en el metabolismo intermediario de los nutrientes, así como en la biodisponibilidad y la pérdida de éstos. El riñón enfermo tiene una pérdida de función progresiva en la que están implicados muchos factores, entre los que el factor nutricional es importante. El retraso de crecimiento es la afectación más importante durante la infancia. La alteración depende del grado de afectación y de la edad del paciente. El riesgo es mayor cuando la enfermedad es congénita, porque durante el primer año la velocidad de crecimiento es muy alta y los requerimientos nutricionales muy elevados y de difícil cobertura. Las alteraciones motoras del tracto gastrointestinal producen anorexia y vómitos que dificultan la ingesta; por ello, estos pacientes frecuentemente requieren suplementación nutricional y una nutrición enteral prolongada mediante gastrostomía, que en general es endoscópica percutánea (AU)


Children with chronic kidney disease are vulnerable to malnutrition, needing specific nutritional support to prevent it, especially when the disease is in a phase greater than 2 the loss of the function of such an active organ metabolically causes alteration in the intermediary metabolism of the nutrients, as well as in the nutrient bioavailability and losses. Several factors are involved in the progressive loss of renal function, and nutritional factors are very important. Growth retardation is the most important affectation during childhood; the alteration depends in the degree of affectation and the patient’s age. The risk is greater when the disease is congenital because during the first year the speed of the growth is very high and the nutritional requirements are very high and of very difficult coverage. The changes in motor skills of the gastrointestinal tract cause anorexia and vomits that cause difficulty in the consumption, due to this reason they frequently need nutritional supplementation and prolonged enteral nutrition through gastrostomy, which is generally percutaneous endoscopic (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/complicações , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/dietoterapia , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Gastrostomia , Nutrição Enteral , Desenvolvimento Infantil
4.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 69(10): 455-462, nov. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-99258

RESUMO

La evolución de la nutrición enteral (NE) dentro de la nutrición artificial en pediatría es manifiesta, tanto para el soporte del paciente desnutrido como para tratar patologías específicas, lo que da lugar al concepto de «alimento-medicamento». La indicación básica de la NE se da en el paciente que no consigue la cobertura energético-proteica adecuada con la ingesta oral espontánea. En el presente artículo se revisan las principales enfermedades subsidiarias de beneficiarse de una NE efectiva, así como las vías de acceso a través de las que se administrará la NE en el paciente pediátrico: sondas oro/naso enterales y sondas a través de ostomías. Las modalidades de administración de NE son: continua, intermitente y cíclica. Finalmente, se incide en las complicaciones de la NE, relacionándolas con el tipo de sonda utilizada, el tipo de fórmula y su administración, la edad de instauración de la sonda, y la enfermedad de base y clínica del paciente(AU)


The evolution of the enteral nutrition (EN) in the artificial nutrition in pediatrics is manifested, both for the nutritional support of malnourished patients and in the treatment of specific pathologies, what gives place to the concept of “food medication”. The basic indication of the EN is given to that patient that does not reach the adequate protein energy with the spontaneous oral ingestion. In this article, the main subsidiary diseases which may improve on an effective EN, as well as the routes of access through which the EN will be administered in the pediatric patient: gold probe/naso enteral feeding tubes and feeding through an ostomy are mentioned. The modalities of administration extend across the continuous, intermittent and periodical EN. Finally, we will have on effect on the complications of EN relating them with the type of feeding tube used the type of formula and its administration, the age of implantation of the probe and the base disease and clinical condition of the patient(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/dietoterapia , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Dietoterapia/métodos , Intubação Gastrointestinal , Gastrostomia
5.
Acta pediatr. esp ; 69(7/8): 333-338, jul.-sept. 2011. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-99452

RESUMO

El recién nacido prematuro presenta características nutricionales y funcionales diferenciales que, según el peso al nacimiento y la edad gestacional, serán la base para llevar a cabo su soporte nutricional. Una nutrición precoz y eficaz mejora el pronóstico. El mantenimiento de un crecimiento extrauterino adecuado, el aporte óptimo de energía y el descenso de la morbilidad precoz serán los tres objetivos fundamentales de la nutrición artificial. En este artículo se exponen los requerimientos de energía, líquidos, proteínas, hidratos de carbono y lípidos en este tipo de pacientes. Además de aportar sustrato energético, la nutrición enteral también estimula la mucosa intestinal, influye en la adquisición apropiada de una microbiota y ayuda a conseguir un buen vínculo madre-hijo, así como una adecuada maduración psicomotora. Se revisan los diferentes procedimientos de alimentación, así como la progresión a nutrición enteral total, la intolerancia digestiva en estos pacientes y el tipo de alimentación al alta(AU)


Premature newborns have especial functional and nutritional characteristics that, depending on their birth weight and their gestational age, are the basis to carry out their nutritional support. They need an effective and precocious nutrition in order to improve their outcome. The maintenance of an adequate extra uterine growth, anoptimum energy intake, and a decrease of early morbidity are the main objectives of artificial nutrition. Energy, fluid, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids requirements of this kind of patients are shown in the present article. As well as energetic substrate, the enteral nutrition also stimulates the intestinal mucosa, influencing the acquisition of an appropriate microbiota, and it helps to create an appropriate bond between mother and baby and a suitable psychomotor maturation. The different feeding procedures for these patients are reviewed as well as the progression way to complete enteral feeding, the digestive intolerance and the selection of a diet before hospital discharge(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nutrição do Lactente , Nutrição Enteral/métodos , Apoio Nutricional/métodos , Doenças do Prematuro/prevenção & controle
6.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 74(1): 3-9, ene. 2011. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-90244

RESUMO

Introducción: Existen pocos datos publicados que hayan analizado el estado de la masa ósea de la población infantil española y si muestra diferencias motivadas por los hábitos higiénico-dietéticos o por la variabilidad geográfica. Pacientes y métodos: Para valorar esta relación planteamos un estudio transversal en tres zonas geográficas diferentes (norte, centro y sur de España) en 1.176 escolares de 5 a 12 años de edad, midiendo mediante osteosonografía la densidad ósea a niños en falanges distales. Se correlacionaron estos datos con la ingesta de calcio y vitamina D, el nivel de actividad física y el índice de masa corporal. La muestra se obtuvo de todos los colegios de cada área y los niños incluidos en el mismo fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente. Resultados: De los 1.176 niños estudiados, solo se obtuvieron encuestas nutricionales completas en 1.035 y datos de la osteosonografía en 991. Un 18% de las niñas y un 13% de los niños presentaron una ingesta de menos de 800mg/d de calcio. Más del 70% de los niños estudiados ingerían menos de 2,5mcg de vitamina D al día. Las variables edad, sobrepeso y ejercicio físico muestran una relación lineal con la densidad ósea, que en todos los casos es directa salvo para el sobrepeso, que presenta una relación inversa (a mayor complexión del niño/a, menor densidad ósea). Conclusiones: La mayor ingesta de calcio y una actividad física adecuada se asociaron a una densidad mineral ósea mejor, mientras que el sobrepeso mostró el efecto contrario. Es preciso adecuar los hábitos dietéticos y la actividad física de los niños en edad escolar como prevención primaria de la osteoporosis en la edad adulta (AU)


Introduction: There are limited data available on bone mass status in Spanish children and or whether the differences are associated with diet/hygiene habits or geographical variability. Subjects and methods: To determine this association a cross-sectional study was carried out in three different areas (northern, central and southern Spain) and included 1176 schoolchildren between 5 and 12 years old, randomly selected from schools in those areas. Bone density of the distal phalanges was measured by bone ultrasound. We examine the correlations between these data and calcium and vitamin D intake, physical activity and bone mass index. Results: Of the 1176 children initially included, 1035 nutritional questionnaires were completed and bone ultrasound data were obtained on 991 of them. Eighteen percent of girls and 13% of boys had a calcium intake below 800mg per day. More than 70% of children have a daily vitamin D intake under 2.5mcg. Age and exercise showed a direct linear relationship with bone mineral density, and an inverse one for overweight. Conclusions: Both high physical activity and high calcium intake were associated with a higher bone mineral density, while overweight showed the opposite effect. Diet habits and exercise must be considered the main strategies to prevent adult osteoporosis during childhood (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Densidade Óssea , Osteoporose/epidemiologia , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/epidemiologia , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas , Cálcio da Dieta/administração & dosagem
7.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 74(1): 3-9, 2011 Jan.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20826118

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: There are limited data available on bone mass status in Spanish children and or whether the differences are associated with diet/hygiene habits or geographical variability. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: To determine this association a cross-sectional study was carried out in three different areas (northern, central and southern Spain) and included 1176 schoolchildren between 5 and 12 years old, randomly selected from schools in those areas. Bone density of the distal phalanges was measured by bone ultrasound. We examine the correlations between these data and calcium and vitamin D intake, physical activity and bone mass index. RESULTS: Of the 1176 children initially included, 1035 nutritional questionnaires were completed and bone ultrasound data were obtained on 991 of them. Eighteen percent of girls and 13% of boys had a calcium intake below 800 mg per day. More than 70% of children have a daily vitamin D intake under 2.5 mcg. Age and exercise showed a direct linear relationship with bone mineral density, and an inverse one for overweight. CONCLUSIONS: Both high physical activity and high calcium intake were associated with a higher bone mineral density, while overweight showed the opposite effect. Diet habits and exercise must be considered the main strategies to prevent adult osteoporosis during childhood.


Assuntos
Densidade Óssea , Cálcio/administração & dosagem , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Espanha , Saúde da População Urbana
8.
Rev. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr.) ; 66(5): 298-299, sept.-oct. 2010.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-91726

RESUMO

La deficiencia de micronutrientes es la forma de malnutrición más generalizada en el mundo y afecta sobre todo a los niños y a las mujeres adultas. Durante la infancia y adolescencia el déficit de micronutrientes tiene gran trascendencia en el crecimiento y desarrollo neurológico lo que va a trascender en su calidad de vida en la edad adulta. El déficit de Zinc por ejemplo, aparte de influir en la incidencia de infecciones, afecta el crecimiento y hoy se sabe que un tercio de la población mundial es deficitaria de Zinc. En ocasiones el déficit de micronutrientes condiciona mutaciones bacterianas cuya infección condiciona epidemias de patología diversa como ocurrió con la miocardiopatía de Keshan por déficit de selenio y la neuropatía óptica periférica de Cuba en la que se objetivó una mutación del Cocsakie CV9 en relación con déficit de Selenio, vitamina E, α y β carotenos y licopeno. Es importante recordar que en nuestro medio el déficit de micronutrientes es en general subclínico y en ocasiones se ha visto relacionado con manifestaciones patológicas tanto el déficit vitamínico como el déficit de minerales, como ocurre con el déficit vitamínico como el déficit de minerales, como ocurre con el déficit de ácido fólico y los defectos del tubo neural y el déficit de zinc con afectación del crecimiento. Muchas vitaminas juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas por su papel antioxidante y su participación en la regulación de la metilación, hoy se sabe que además pueden tener efectos inhibitorios de la inflación (α tocoferon, zinc y vitamina A) de la angiogénesis (α-tocopherol, vitamin A, C, y D), osteoartritis (Vitamina c, Ca. Y vitamina D). La ingesta del calcio puede tener efecto en los niveles de colesterol, y al formar compuestos insolubles con la grasa y sales biliares disminuye el contacto entre carcinógenos y mucosa intestinal. Es bien conocido el papel de la vitamina D y el calcio en la densidad ósea disminuyendo la osteoporosis y las fracturas de cadera. Por todo ello se plantea la necesidad de aumentar el aporte de micronutrientes que puede realizarse mediante suplementos o fortificando los alimentos. Aunque está demostrada la reducción de patología con la fortificación de alimentos, en España la fortificación de alimentos es habitual, sin embargo es irregular, la fortificación con ácido fólico por ejemplo en la revisión realizada por Samaniego y cols, es irregular y los diferentes alimentos fortificados aportan entre un 15 y un 430% de la Cantidad diaria recomendada y de ellos, el 75% tenían adición de vitamina B6 y B12. Para determinar la población diana de esta fortificación es necesario conocer la importancia del déficit de micronutrientes en nuestra población pediátrica. La prevalencia de déficit de micronutrientes es menor en Europa y en Estados Unidos que en el resto del mundo, sin embargo en España la prevalencia del déficit de algunos micronutrientes es superior al de los países Europeos, posiblemente debido a la fortificación de alimentos. En España se dispones de pocos datos acerca del aporte de nutrientes, a nivel nacional, casi todos los estudios son locales o Comunitarios (AU)


No disponible


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos da Nutrição Infantil/etiologia , Micronutrientes/deficiência , Alimentos Fortificados/análise , Deficiência de Vitaminas/complicações , Deficiência de Minerais
9.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 70(5): 488-96, 2009 May.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19427823

RESUMO

High blood cholesterol levels represent an important cardiovascular risk factor. Hypercholesterolemia is defined as levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol above 95th percentile for age and gender. For the paediatric population, selective screening is recommended in children older than 2 years who are overweight, with a family history of early cardiovascular disease or whose parents have high cholesterol levels. Initial therapeutic approach includes diet therapy, appropriate physical activity and healthy lifestyle changes. Drug treatment should be considered in children from the age of 10 who, after having followed appropriate diet recommendations, still have very high LDL-cholesterol levels or moderately high levels with concomitant risk factors. In case of extremely high LDL-cholesterol levels, drug treatment should be taken into consideration at earlier ages (8 years old). Modest response is usually observed with bile acid-binding resins. Statins can be considered first-choice drugs, once evidence on their efficacy and safety has been shown.


Assuntos
Hipercolesterolemia/terapia , Criança , Árvores de Decisões , Humanos
10.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 70(5): 488-496, mayo 2009. tab, ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-61528

RESUMO

La hipercolesterolemia se asocia a un aumento del riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular precoz y queda definida por unos valores de colesterol total y de colesterol de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL) superiores al percentil 95 para la edad y el sexo. En población pediátrica, se recomienda cribado selectivo a partir de los 2 años de edad en los niños con sobrepeso, antecedentes familiares de enfermedad cardiovascular precoz o con padres que presenten hipercolesterolemia. El abordaje no farmacológico incluye tratamiento dietético, actividad física adecuada y estilos de vida saludables. Si tras un tratamiento dietético correcto se mantienen valores muy elevados de cLDL o moderadamente elevados junto con otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular, se recomienda el tratamiento farmacológico a partir de los 10 años. En caso de valores de cLDL extremadamente elevados (>500mg/dl) debe considerarse adelantar el inicio del tratamiento farmacológico a los 8 años. La respuesta al tratamiento con resinas fijadoras de ácidos biliares suele ser modesta. Por seguridad y eficacia, las estatinas pueden considerarse fármacos de primera elección (AU)


High blood cholesterol levels represent an important cardiovascular risk factor. Hypercholesterolemia is defined as levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol above 95th percentile for age and gender. For the paediatric population, selective screening is recommended in children older than 2 years who are overweight, with a family history of early cardiovascular disease or whose parents have high cholesterol levels. Initial therapeutic approach includes diet therapy, appropriate physical activity and healthy lifestyle changes. Drug treatment should be considered in children from the age of 10 who, after having followed appropriate diet recommendations, still have very high LDL-cholesterol levels or moderately high levels with concomitant risk factors. In case of extremely high LDL-cholesterol levels, drug treatment should be taken into consideration at earlier ages (8 years old). Modest response is usually observed with bile acid-binding resins. Statins can be considered first-choice drugs, once evidence on their efficacy and safety has been shown (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Hipercolesterolemia/terapia , /uso terapêutico , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/terapia , Lipoproteínas/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/análise , Atividade Motora , Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapêutico , Ácidos e Sais Biliares
11.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 69(1): 72-88, 2008 Jul.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18620682

RESUMO

School meals contribute substantially to overall energy and nutrient intake adequacy of children, but also play an important role in the development of child food habits and the socialisation process. Evidence shows that school based environmental actions, which include changes in school meals and school food policies related to increased availability and access to healthy foods and drinks while in the school are effective to foster healthy eating practices among children. A growing number of children engage in school meals. Available information to date shows that the quality of the food on offer is not always consistent with dietary guidelines. Vegetables and fish are served less often than desirable and excess added fats are used in food preparations. Norms and regulations are very detailed regarding food safety issues and administrative management of the service, including subcontracting of catering providers and care staff. Nutrition and health promotion issues should also be included in regulations by means of nutrition recommendations for school meals along with information on food based dietary guidelines and portion sizes. School meals should be part of the educational project using a whole school approach.


Assuntos
Serviços de Alimentação/normas , Diretrizes para o Planejamento em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/normas , Criança , Alimentos/normas , Humanos , Valor Nutritivo , Instituições Acadêmicas , Espanha
12.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 69(1): 72-88, jul. 2008. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-66740

RESUMO

Los comedores escolares desempeñan una función nutricional y educativa importante, contribuyen a la adquisición de hábitos alimentarios y son marco de socialización y convivencia. Existe evidencia de que las intervenciones ambientales que incorporan modificaciones en la composición de los menús ofertados en el colegio y en las políticas reguladoras son efectivas para fomentar la adquisición de hábitos alimentarios saludables entre los escolares. Cada vez es mayor el número de usuarios de este servicio. La información disponible en este momento indica que la oferta dietética no siempre es consistente con las guías alimentarias para este colectivo. Los aportes insuficientes de verduras, hortalizas, frutas y pescados son los errores más frecuentes, junto con el empleo excesivo de grasas añadidas en las preparaciones culinarias. La normativa reguladora actual observa meticulosamente los aspectos higiénicos y sanitarios y de gestión económica administrativa, incluida la contratación de empresas suministradoras y personal cuidador. Es necesario que incorpore también los aspectos nutricionales, educativos y de promoción de salud de estos aportes a través de un marco formal de recomendaciones nutricionales para las comidas escolares que incluya información sobre guías alimentarias, tamaño de las raciones, dinámica del servicio y atención a necesidades especiales. El comedor escolar debería incorporarse a los proyectos educativos de los centros docentes y gestionarse con una visión integral y profesionalizada (AU)


School meals contribute substantially to overall energy and nutrient intake adequacy of children, but also play an important role in the development of child food habits and the socialisation process. Evidence shows that school based environmental actions, which include changes in school meals and school food policies related to increased availability and access to healthy foods and drinks while in the school are effective to foster healthy eating practices among children. A growing number of children engage in school meals. Available information to date shows that the quality of the food on offer is not always consistent with dietary guidelines. Vegetables and fish are served less often than desirable and excess added fats are used in food preparations. Norms and regulations are very detailed regarding food safety issues and administrative management of the service, including subcontracting of catering providers and care staff. Nutrition and health promotion issues should also be included in regulations by means of nutrition recommendations for school meals along with information on food based dietary guidelines and portion sizes. School meals should be part of the educational project using a whole school approach (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Comportamento Alimentar/classificação , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Educação Alimentar e Nutricional , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/tendências , Promoção da Saúde/normas , Promoção da Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Escolar , Ensaio Clínico
13.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 65(6): 607-15, 2006 Dec.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17194329

RESUMO

Obesity is a pathologic entity characterized by an increase in fat body mass and is a global public health problem. In Spain, between 1984 (the Paidos study) and 2000 (the enKid study), the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity increased and significant differences were found among the autonomous communities. Consequently prophylactic measures were implemented throughout the country and in 2005 the Ministry of Health developed the NAOS strategy (strategy for nutrition, physical activity and obesity prevention). Within the medical area of this intervention, primary care pediatricians acquire a key role. Aware of this, the Spanish Association of Pediatrics, through the Nutrition Committee, aims to provide information on the current situation concerning the etiopathogenesis and early identification of at-risk populations. The epidemiology and risk periods in the pediatric age group are reviewed and recommendations on healthy lifestyle are provided, bearing in mind diet and physical activity throughout childhood, with the aim of preventing overweight and obesity.


Assuntos
Obesidade/diagnóstico , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Criança , Dieta , Diagnóstico Precoce , Humanos , Pediatria , Fatores de Risco
14.
Rev Neurol ; 39(8): 727-30, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15514900

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Non-ketotic hyperglycinemia is a congenital error in the breakdown of glycine. The most common type is the classical neonatal form, which begins at the age of a few days with symptoms of lethargy, hypotonia, myoclonia, convulsions, apneas and, frequently, ends in death. Survivors usually develop intractable epilepsy and mental retardation. There is no effective treatment for this condition, but trials have been carried out with a therapy that diminishes the levels of glycine, benzoate (BZ), and another that blocks the excitatory effect in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors: dextromethorphan (DTM). CASE REPORT: We report on the progress of a classical neonatal case, which began at the age of a few hours with hypotonia and stupor, without myoclonias or seizures, but with a suppression wave trace on the electroencephalogram (EEG). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed glycine levels of 141 micromol/L (the normal level is 6.66 +/- 2.66 micromol/L), with a CSF/plasma ratio of 0.19 (the normal ratio is < 0.02). Treatment was started on the thirteenth day with BZ and DTM, and alertness and eye fixation improved in just three days; at the same time the EEG readings become normal. The glycine level in plasma returned to normal at two months and that in CSF was considerably reduced, although with CSF/plasma levels that were still high. At present the patient is 4 years old, has never had convulsions, EEG results have always been normal, and continues with BZ, DTM, carnitine and diet. The patient has presented a high degree of hypermotoric behaviour, but is currently more attentive and more sociable, has been walking from the age of 35 months and has a quotient in the different areas of development of 40-50. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical progress made by our patient could be said to be anything but negligible, and we therefore recommend that treatment should be started as early as possible after diagnosis.


Assuntos
Benzoatos/uso terapêutico , Dextrometorfano/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/uso terapêutico , Hiperglicinemia não Cetótica/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperglicinemia não Cetótica/fisiopatologia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro/metabolismo , Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Carnitina/administração & dosagem , Pré-Escolar , Dietoterapia , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Glicina/sangue , Glicina/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Humanos , Hiperglicinemia não Cetótica/diagnóstico , Hiperglicinemia não Cetótica/patologia , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Gravidez , Resultado do Tratamento
15.
Nutr Hosp ; 19(1): 19-27, 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14983738

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION AND GOALS: Cystic fibrosis is the most frequent recessive disease. There are various hepato-biliary alterations, of which the most important is the development of biliary obstruction and periportal fibrosis. The goal is to assess the influence of liver disease on the nutritional status, the progress of the disease and the associated risk factors. SCOPE: Nutrition Unit of the Gastroenterology Department at La Paz Children's Hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective longitudinal study with 53 patients assessed on three occasions over 3 years: at inclusion, after 1 year and after 3 years. Only 37 of them were followed-up for 3 years. A total of 111 measurements were taken, including analysis of body composition, energy expenditure, intake and energy losses as well as nitrogen balance. Simultaneously, respiratory function tests were performed and the presence of repeated acute respiratory problems was evaluated. RESULTS: 37 patients, 19 females and 18 males (mean age 13.04 years +/- 3.28). Twelve (32.43%) were diagnosed as having liver disease (mean age 12.16% +/- 3.86 SD, 11 males, 1 female), of whom 1 presented meconial ileum, 5 were homozygotic, 5 heterozygotic and the other two presented other mutations. Those with liver disease presented anthropometric parameters that were better than or similar to the patients without liver involvement (p NS). Mean Waterlow index in liver disease sufferers: 93.62% +/- 7.87 SD; without liver disease: 93.06% +/- 10.97 SD (p NS). Mean of LVEF in liver disease sufferers: 88.81 +/- 27.32 SD; without liver disease: 75.21 +/- 27.92 SD (p < 0.05). Mean FVC in liver disease sufferers: 95.38 +/- 22.92 SD; without liver disease: 83 +/- 23.7 SD (p < 0.05). Mean energy expenditure at rest/lean body mass in liver disease sufferers: 38.81 kcal +/- 7.26 SD; without liver disease: 42.36 kcal +/- f 6.91 SD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of chronic liver disease in patients with cystic fibrosis increases with age and is more frequent in males. Liver disease sufferers present a better evolution in pulmonary function and present less energy expenditure.


Assuntos
Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético , Hepatopatias/metabolismo , Descanso , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Doença Crônica , Fibrose Cística/complicações , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hepatopatias/complicações , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco
16.
Nutr. hosp ; 19(1): 19-27, ene. 2004. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-29184

RESUMO

Introducción y objetivos: La fibrosis quística es la enfermedad recesiva más frecuente. Existen diferentes alteraciones hepatobiliares; la más importante es el desarrollo de obstrucción biliar y fibrosis periportal. El objetivo es valorar la influencia de la hepatopatía en el estado nutricional, la evolución de la enfermedad y los factores de riesgo asociados. Ámbito: Unidad de Nutrición del Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Infantil La Paz. Material y métodos: Estudio longitudinal prospectivo con 53 pacientes valorados en tres momentos durante 3 años; al inicio, al año y a los 3 años. Solo 37 se siguieron los 3 años. Se realizan 111 mediciones que incluyen: análisis de la composición corporal, del gasto energético, de la ingesta y de las pérdidas energéticas así como balance nitrogenado. Simultáneamente se realizan pruebas de función respiratoria y se valora la presencia de reagudización respiratoria. Resultados: 37 pacientes, 19 mujeres y 18 varones (edad media 13,04 años ñ 3,28). Doce (32,43 por ciento) fueron diagnosticados de hepatopatía (edad media 12,16 años ñ 3,86 DS, 11 varones, 1 mujer) de los cuales 1 presentó íleo meconial, 5 eran homocigotos, 5 heterocigotos y los 2 restantes presentaban otras mutaciones. Los hepatópatas presentan parámetros antropométricos mejores o similares que los pacientes sin hepatopatía (p NS). Media del índice de Waterlow en hepatópatas: 93,62 por ciento ñ 7,87 DS; no hepatópatas: 93,06 por ciento ñ 10,97 DS (p NS). Media de FEV1 en hepatópatas: 88,81 ñ 27,32 DS; no hepatópatas: 75,21 ñ 27,92 DS (p < 0,05). Media de FVC en hepatópatas: 95,38 ñ 22,92 DS; no hepatópatas: 83 ñ, menos satisfactorios han sido los logros obtenidos en cuanto a su caracterización clínica. La prevalencia de la enfermedad hepática crónica en los pacientes con FQ varía según los criterios diagnósticos empleados. Se considera que los datos actuales sobre la prevalencia subestiman el riesgo real debido a la ausencia de marcadores diagnósticos de alta sensibilidad de enfermedad hepática en la FQ y a la cuestionable precisión de la histología8 la 23,7 DS (p < 0,05). Media del gasto energético en reposo/masa corporal magra en hepatópatas: 38,81 kcal ñ 7,26 DS; no hepatópatas: 42,36 kcal ñ 6,91 DS (p < 0,05).Conclusiones: La prevalencia de hepatopatía crónica en pacientes con fibrosis quística aumenta con la edad y es más frecuente en varones. Los pacientes hepatópatas tienen mejor evolución de la función pulmonar y presentan menor gasto energético (AU)


Introduction and goals: Cystic fibrosis is the most frequent recessive disease. There are various hepato-biliary alterations, of which the most important is the development of biliary obstruction and periportal fibrosis. The goal is to assess the influence of liver disease on the nutritional status, the progress of the disease and the associated risk factors. Scope: Nutrition Unit of the Gastroenterology Department at La Paz Children’s Hospital. Material and methods: Prospective longitudinal study with 53 patients assessed on three occasions over 3 years: at inclusion, after 1 year and after 3 years. Only 37 of them were followed-up for 3 years. A total of 111 measurements were taken, including analysis of body composition, energy expenditure, intake and energy losses as well as nitrogen balance. Simultaneously, respiratory function tests were performed and the presence of repeated acute respiratory problems was evaluated. Results: 37 patients, 19 females and 18 males (mean age 13.04 years ± 3.28). Twelve (32.43%) were diagnosed as having liver disease (mean age 12.16% ± 3.86 SD, 11 males, 1 female), of whom 1 presented meconial ileum, 5 were homozygotic, 5 heterozygotic and the other two presented other mutations. Those with liver disease presented anthropometric parameters that were better than or similar to the patients without liver involvement (p NS). Mean Waterlow index in liver disease sufferers: 93.62% ± 7.87 SD; without liver disease: 93.06% ± 10.97 SD (p NS). Mean of LVEF in liver disease sufferers: 88.81 ± 27.32 SD; without liver disease: 75.21 ± 27.92 SD (p < 0.05). Mean FVC in liver disease sufferers: 95.38 ± 22.92 SD; without liver disease: 83 ± 23.7 SD (p < 0.05). Mean energy expenditure at rest/lean body mass in liver disease sufferers: 38.81 kcal ± 7.26 SD; without liver disease: 42.36 kcal ±f 6.91 SD (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The prevalence of chronic liver disease in patients with cystic fibrosis increases with age and is more frequent in males. Liver disease sufferers present a better evolution in pulmonary function and present less energy expenditure (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Descanso , Metabolismo Energético , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Prospectivos , Doença Crônica , Fibrose Cística , Hepatopatias , Estudos Longitudinais , Seguimentos
17.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 58(6): 529-37, 2003 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12781107

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that often requires steroid therapy. Growth retardation can be a serious complication in some of these patients. OBJECTIVE: To study linear growth in patients with JIA and evaluate the factors involved in its disturbance. METHODS: We studied 91 patients with JIA with a follow-up of at least one year. A cross sectional study, a longitudinal retrospective study, and a longitudinal prospective study were performed. Height in the first consultation, in the cross sectional study, and one year previously was evaluated. Height velocity (HV) was calculated. Several parameters related to disease activity, corticosteroid therapy, nutritional and hormonal status, and bone mineral density (BMD) were analyzed. A correlation study and multivariate regression analysis were carried out. RESULTS: Height was < or = -2 SD in 14.3 % of the series and in 55.6 % of the systemic group. Variables independently associated with height were total corticosteroid dose, functional class, nutritional index, BMD, and age at onset of the disease. HV was < or = 2 SD in 25.3 % of the series and in 61 % of the systemic group. Variables independently associated with HV were corticosteroid dose and the number of swollen joints. CONCLUSIONS: Growth retardation in patients with JIA was associated with factors related to the disease, corticosteroid therapy, nutritional status, BMD, and earlier onset of the disease.


Assuntos
Artrite Juvenil/epidemiologia , Transtornos do Crescimento/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Idade de Início , Antropometria , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Artrite Juvenil/diagnóstico , Artrite Juvenil/tratamento farmacológico , Densidade Óssea , Criança , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Esteroides
18.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 58(6): 529-537, jun. 2003.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-22505

RESUMO

Introducción. La artritis idiopática juvenil es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica que precisa con frecuencia corticoterapia. El retraso del crecimiento puede ser un problema importante en estos pacientes. Objetivo. Estudiar el crecimiento de los niños con artritis idiopática juvenil y analizar los factores implicados en las alteraciones de éste. Métodos. Se estudiaron 91 pacientes con artritis idiopática juvenil, seguidos durante al menos un año. Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, uno longitudinal retrospectivo y otro prospectivo. Se valoró la talla en la primera consulta, en el estudio transversal y un año antes. Se calculó la velocidad de crecimiento. Se estudiaron parámetros relacionados con la actividad de la enfermedad, con la corticoterapia, con el estado nutritivo, con la situación hormonal y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO). Se realizó un estudio de correlación y un análisis de regresión multivariante. Resultados. La talla fue inferior o igual a -2 desviaciones estándar (DE) en el 14,3 por ciento del total de los pacientes y en el 55,6 por ciento de las formas sistémicas. Los factores asociados de forma independiente con la talla fueron la dosis total de corticoides recibida, la clase funcional, el índice nutricional, la DMO y la edad de comienzo de la enfermedad. La velocidad de crecimiento fue inferior a lo normal en el 25,3 por ciento del total y en el 61 por ciento del grupo sistémico y los factores asociados de forma independiente con ella fueron la dosis de corticoide y el número de articulaciones inflamadas. Conclusiones. El retraso en el crecimiento en pacientes con artritis idiopática juvenil se asoció a factores relacionados con la enfermedad, con la corticoterapia, con el estado nutritivo, con la DMO y con el comienzo precoz de la enfermedad (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Feminino , Humanos , Resgate Aéreo , Cuidados Críticos , Esteroides , Idade de Início , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Prospectivos , Antropometria , Anti-Inflamatórios , Artrite Juvenil , Doença Crônica , Estudos Transversais , Seguimentos , Transtornos do Crescimento , Densidade Óssea , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico
20.
An. esp. pediatr. (Ed. impr) ; 55(3): 256-259, sept. 2001.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-1880

RESUMO

La malnutrición es el resultado final de una inadecuación entre la ingesta y los requerimientos de un individuo. El riesgo es mayor cuanto mayor es el déficit o cuando se añade un estrés metabólico. Cuando ocurre el decalaje ingesta/requerimientos se utilizan las reservas energeticoproteicas del organismo; por ello, una cuantificación de estas reservas corregiría precozmente las deficiencias, lo cual influye en la evolución de un paciente en caso de enfermedad; además, pueden monitorizarse los resultados de un soporte nutricional agresivo. Desde el punto de vista clínico es obligado conocer y optimizar los métodos de bajo coste y de aplicabilidad en la cabecera del enfermo; entre ellos, la bioimpedancia y antropometría son de gran importancia clínica. Siempre hay que tener en cuenta la variabilidad de la composición corporal a lo largo de la infancia por el crecimiento (AU)


Assuntos
Criança , Humanos , Avaliação Nutricional , Estado Nutricional
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