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1.
An Med Interna ; 24(7): 312-6, 2007 Jul.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18020886

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The HICAP study assessed the cardiovascular (CV) global risk and the CV risk factors control in hypertensive patients managed in Primary Care (PC) in Spain. METHODS: Cross-sectional and multilocated study in which each investigator included data from 5 consecutives hypertensive patients. A routine laboratory test and a ECG from the previous 6 months had to be available for each patients CV global risk evaluation, blood pressure (BP) and diabetes control was based on ESH-ESC 2003; lipid profile evaluation was based on NCEP 2001 (ATP III) RESULTS: 1288 PC physicians included 6719 hypertensive patients, and data from 6375 patients were analyzed.64.5% (CI95%: 63.3-65.7) of the hypertensive patients managed in Primary Care showed a high or very high CV global risk.BP was controlled in 39.3% (CI95%: 38.1-40.5) of patients, 10.5% (CI95%: 9.1-11.9)among diabetics. 37.3% (CI95%: 35-38.7) of diabetics showed HbA1c < 6.5% and 18.8% (CI95%: 17.6-20) of dyslipidemic subjects had their LDL-c controlled. The control was lower among the patients at higher CV global risk. CONCLUSIONS: These results demostrate the high proportion of hypertensive patients that present a high CV global risk. The cardiovascular risk factors control, specially among patients at higher CV global risk, is insufficient.


Assuntos
Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/terapia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/normas , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Espanha
2.
Hipertensión (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 24(6): 239-246, nov.2007. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-62518

RESUMO

En la hipertensión arterial (HTA) existe alteración hemodinámica y cambios humorales que afectan a la morfología y a la función de la pared arterial. La pared vascular se modifica en todas sus capas dando lugar a lo que se denomina enfermedad vascular hipertensiva, que se traduce clínicamente en arteriosclerosis y sus consecuencias: isquemia miocárdica, accidente cerebrovascular e insuficiencia renal como manifestaciones directas de mayor relevancia clínica. El endotelio vascular normal proporciona un entorno antiaterogénico, pero cuando se altera se producen modificaciones fenotípicas de las células endoteliales que propician un ambiente vasoespástico, protrombótico y proinflamatorio. En el cerebro, la HTA multiplica por 6 el riesgo de sufrir un ictus, de forma que se estima que el 50 % de los infartos isquémicos o hemorrágicos tienen como base la HTA. Además, la segunda clase en frecuencia de demencia, la vascular, tiene una estrecha correlación con la HTA. En el corazón, la HTA produce 3 patologías diferenciadas: hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI), cardiopatía isquémica (CI) e insuficiencia cardíaca. El riesgo de CI es 3,5 veces mayor y el de muerte súbita 4,5 veces mayor en pacientes con HVI que en su ausencia, considerándose un factor de riesgo independiente para todas las complicaciones cardiovasculares. En el riñón, la HTA produce nefroangioesclerosis, que se inicia por vasoconstricción de la arteriola aferente, que es dependiente de angiotensina II y/o actividad simpática. La influencia de la presión arterial sobre la filtración glomerular es de tal calibre que en pacientes con nefropatía y proteinuria mayor de 1 g se recomienda que el control de la presión arterial debe llegar a cifras inferiores a 125/75 mmHg


In arterial hypertension (AHT), there are hemodynamic alterations and humoral changes that affect the morphology and function of the arterial wall. The vascular wall is modified in all its layers, giving rise to what is called hypertensive vascular disease. This is clinically interpreted as arteriosclerosis and its consequences: myocardial ischemia, cerebrovascular accident and renal failure as direct manifestations of greatest clinical relevance. The normal vascular endothelium provides an antiatherogenic setting. When it is altered, phenotypic changes of the endothelial cells are produced. This favors a prothrombotic and proinflammatory vasospastic state. In the brain, AHT multiplies the risk of suffering a stroke six fold, it being estimated that the bases of 50 % of ischemic infarction or hemorrhaging is AHT. Furthermore, the second class in frequency of dementia, the vascular one, has a close correlation to AHT. In the heart, AHT produces three differentiated diseases: left ventricular hypertrophic (LVH), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and heart failure. The risk of IHD is 3.5 times greater than that and of sudden death 4.5 times greater in patients with LVH than in those without it, it being considered an independent risk factor for all of the cardiovascular complications. On the renal level, AHT produces nephroangiosclerosis that is initiated by vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole which is dependant on angiotensin II and/or sympathetic activity. The influence of the blood pressure on glomerular filtration is of such caliber that it is recommended that blood pressure control should achieve values under 125/75 mmHg in patients who have a nephropathy and proteinuria over 1 g


Assuntos
Humanos , Hipertensão/diagnóstico , Disfunção Erétil/induzido quimicamente , Anti-Hipertensivos/efeitos adversos , Qualidade de Vida , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos , Ereção Peniana , Estudos de Casos e Controles
4.
Rev Clin Esp ; 206(10): 477-84, 2006 Nov.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17129515

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity-mortality in Spain. Hypertension and the other cardiovascular factors are important in the pathophysiological basis of this fact. Control of the main risk factors in treated hypertensives was evaluated in this study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Multicenter study in hypertensive patients treated in Primary Care. Blood pressure, cardiovascular risk factors as well as registered target organ damage and clinical diseases were measured. Finally, global cardiovascular risk was calculated. RESULTS: Only 17.3% of pharmacologically treated hypertensives were controlled (3.9% of diabetic patients). LDL-cholesterol control deteriorated as the patient's cardiovascular risk pattern increased (90.4% in low risk and 19.9% in high-very high risk). High levels of serum creatinine were detected in 8.3%, microalbuminuria being positive in 15.6%, with 20.8% ventricular hypertrophy. A total of 31% of the patients were diabetic, 59.8% of them having HbA1c > or = 6.5%. Global CV risk was high very high in many subjects (65.4%) when European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology (ESH-ESC) guidelines were used. This percentage was 3.6% when the Spanish-validated Framingham score was used. CONCLUSIONS: Blood pressure control as well as main cardiovascular risk factors is poor in this population. Considering this fact plus the number of target organ damage, the global risk is high in many patients according to the European guidelines. Guidelines that do not consider target organ damage do not estimate adequately the risk of this uncontrolled population. This conclusion could explain the clinical tendency of many doctors when attending uncontrolled patients.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/terapia , Idoso , Medicina de Família e Comunidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Espanha
5.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 206(10): 477-484, nov. 2006. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-050461

RESUMO

Introducción. Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la causa principal de muerte en España. En su génesis son importantes la hipertensión y otros factores de riesgo. En este estudio se ha valorado el control de los principales componentes de riesgo en hipertensos tratados. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio multicéntrico en hipertensos de Atención Primaria. Se determinaron presiones arteriales, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, lesiones de órganos diana y patologías asociadas calculándose el riesgo cardiovascular global. Resultados. El 17,3% de los hipertensos (3,9% en diabéticos) tenían la presión arterial controlada. El control del colesterol ligado a lipoproteínas de baja densidad empeoró a medida que aumentaba el riesgo (90,4% en riesgo bajo y 19,94% en pacientes de alto/muy alto). El 8,3% tenían creatinina elevada, 15,6% microalbuminuria positiva, 20,8% hipertrofia ventricular. El 31% tenía diabetes y un 59,8% de ellos HbA1c ≥ 6,5%. Según la guía European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology (ESH-ESC) el riesgo cardiovascular era alto/muy alto en el 65,4%. Según las tablas de Framingham adaptadas a España este porcentaje era 3,6%. Conclusiones. El grado de control de presiones y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular fue bajo. La elevada prevalencia de lesión de órgano diana determinó que el riesgo cardiovascular fuera elevado/muy elevado en la mayoría de sujetos según la guía europea, que tiene en cuenta todos estos factores. Las guías que no consideran la lesión orgánica infraestiman el riesgo de estos hipertensos deficientemente controlados y ello podría contribuir a la inercia médica ante la falta de control de los factores de riesgo


Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of morbidity-mortality in Spain. Hypertension and the other cardiovascular factors are important in the pathophysiological basis of this fact. Control of the main risk factors in treated hypertensives was evaluated in this study. Patients and methods. Multicenter study in hypertensive patients treated in Primary Care. Blood pressure, cardiovascular risk factors as well as registered target organ damage and clinical diseases were measured. Finally, global cardiovascular risk was calculated. Results. Only 17.3% of pharmacologically treated hypertensives were controlled (3.9% of diabetic patients). LDL-cholesterol control deteriorated as the patient's cardiovascular risk pattern increased (90.4% in low risk and 19.9% in high-very high risk). High levels of serum creatinine were detected in 8.3%, microalbuminuria being positive in 15.6%, with 20.8% ventricular hypertrophy. A total of 31% of the patients were diabetic, 59.8% of them having HbA1c ≥ 6.5%. Global CV risk was high very high in many subjects (65.4%) when European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology (ESH-ESC) guidelines were used. This percentage was 3.6% when the Spanish-validated Framingham score was used. Conclusions. Blood pressure control as well as main cardiovascular risk factors is poor in this population. Considering this fact plus the number of target organ damage, the global risk is high in many patients according to the European guidelines. Guidelines that do not consider target organ damage do not estimate adequately the risk of this uncontrolled population. This conclusion could explain the clinical tendency of many doctors when attending uncontrolled patients


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Humanos , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/terapia , Fatores de Risco , Espanha , Medicina de Família e Comunidade
6.
SEMERGEN, Soc. Esp. Med. Rural Gen. (Ed. impr.) ; 32(2): 73-83, feb. 2006. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-045083

RESUMO

Los pacientes con síndrome metabólico (SM) constituyen un grupo prioritario para la prevención y tratamiento del riesgo cardiovascular en Atención Primaria (AP). Su identificación sobre la base de los criterios clínicos recomendados por el NCEP-ATP (National Colesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel) III facilita enormemente el diagnóstico en nuestro medio. La resistencia a la insulina (RI) constituye la base patogénica común del SM, aunque también tienen un papel importante la obesidad y la distribución abdominal de la grasa, estando bien contrastada la relación entre algunos marcadores de inflamación (proteína C reactiva [PCR], interleucina 6 [IL-6], factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-*) y el SM. La intervención multifactorial con adopción de estilos de vida saludables debe presidir el tratamiento de estos pacientes. No disponemos de evidencias que hayan demostrado superioridad de un subgrupo terapéutico antihipertensivo sobre otro en el devenir de eventos cardiovasculares o mortalidad en el tratamiento del paciente con SM, sin embargo la utilización de determinados antihipertensivos podría ser clave por su influencia sobre la RI. El adecuado manejo de los fármacos antidiabéticos sensibilizadores a la insulina también puede ser relevante para neutralizar la RI y la aparición de diabetes tipo 2


Patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) make up a priority group for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular risk in Primary Health Care (PHC). Their identification based on clinical criteria recommended by the NCEP-ATP (National Colesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel) III enormously facilitates the diagnosis in our setting. Insulin resistance (IR) constitutes the common pathogenic base of MS, although obesity and abdominal distribution of fat also have an important role, the relationship between some inflammation markers (proteine C reactive [PCR], interleucin 6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alfa [TNF-*])" and MS being well-compared. Multifactorial intervention with adoption of healthy life styles should head the treatment of these patients. We do not have evidence that has demonstrated the superiority of an antihypertensive treatment subgroup over another in the future of cardiovascular events or mortality in the treatment of the patient with MS. However, the use of certain antihypertensive agents could be key due to their influence on IR. Adequate management of insulin sensitizing antidiabetic drugs may also be relevant to neutralize IR and the appearance of type 2 diabetes


Assuntos
Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Síndrome Metabólica/complicações , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco , Risco Ajustado/métodos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/métodos
7.
Rev Clin Esp ; 205(9): 418-24, 2005 Sep.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16194475

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Combined therapy or dose-tiration are acceptable second-line therapeutic options after a first treatment failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This double blind clinical trial compared the fixed dose combination of enalapril 10 mg/nitrendipine 20 mg (E/N) with amlopidine 10 mg (A) in 323 hypertensive patients not previously controlled with amlodipine 5 mg. RESULTS: After 6 weeks of treatment, the E/N and A groups had similar percentages of blood pressure normalization (55% versus 60.2%; p = 0.4588). The adverse events related with the treatment were significantly less frequent with E/N than with a (19.8% versus 37%; p = 0.0029), especially due to a lower incidence of malleolar edema in E/N (11.1% versus 33.6%; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Combining the efficacy and tolerability data, treatment with E/N permitted control of blood pressure of 2.8 patients per every patient with adverse events, while this rate for A was 1.6 to 1.


Assuntos
Anlodipino/administração & dosagem , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Enalapril/administração & dosagem , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Nitrendipino/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade
8.
Hipertensión (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 22(7): 296-301, oct. 2005. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-051283

RESUMO

La insuficiencia cardíaca es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad cardiovascular y la primera causa de hospitalizaciones en pacientes de más de 65 años. En los últimos 15 años varios grupos farmacológicos han demostrado mejorar la sintomatología y el pronóstico de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca. A pesar de esta mejoría en el tratamiento la mortalidad por insuficiencia cardíaca continúa siendo alta. Esto ha motivado un interés creciente por la detección de los pacientes asintomáticos, pero con un alto riesgo de desarrollar insuficiencia cardíaca debido a la presencia de factores de riesgo bien determinados, que si no se controlan llevarán a un alto porcentaje de pacientes a presentar síntomas de insuficiencia cardíaca. La hipertensión arterial es el factor de riesgo más comúnmente detectado en pacientes que desarrollan insuficiencia cardíaca, y su tratamiento ha demostrado ser capaz de reducir la incidencia de insuficiencia cardíaca en un 52 %. En este artículo se revisa el papel de la hipertensión en el desarrollo de la insuficiencia cardíaca y la influencia que los distintos fármacos antihipertensivos pueden tener sobre otros factores de riesgo (diabetes, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda) y el desarrollo futuro de insuficiencia cardíaca


Heart failure is one of the main causes of cardiovascular morbidity-mortality and the first cause of hospitalization in patients over 65 years. In the last fifteen years, several drug groups have been shown to improve the symptoms and prognosis of patients with heart failure. In spite of this improvement in treatment, heart failure mortality continues to be high. This has led to growing interest in the detection of asymptomatic patients, but with a high risk of developing heart failure due to the presence of well determined risk factors. These factors, if uncontrolled, would lead to a high percentage of patients who present heart failure symptoms. Arterial hypertension is the most commonly detected risk factor in patients who develop heart failure. Treatment has been shown to be capable of reducing the heart failure incidence by 52 %. In this article, the role of hypertension in the development of heart failure and the influence that the different antihypertensive drugs may have on other risk factors (diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy) and the future development of heart failure are reviewed


Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/etiologia , Insuficiência Cardíaca/prevenção & controle , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda/complicações , Diabetes Mellitus/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Incidência
9.
Aten Primaria ; 36(4): 204-10, 2005 Sep 15.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16153374

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To investigate the behaviour of primary care (PC) physicians on inadequate hypertension control. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and multicentric study. SETTING: PC clinics in the whole of Spain. PATIENTS: Patients > or =18 years old who followed pharmacological antihypertensive treatment since at least 3 months before, selected by a consecutive sampling. MEASUREMENTS: Blood pressure measured by family doctors. The therapeutic diagram used before and after the visit was registered, and in those cases in which some kind of modification was adopted, the reasons why. RESULTS: 12,754 hypertensive patients were included. The average age was 63.3+/-10.9 years (57.3% women). A 65% lived in urban areas and the 35% in semi-urban o rural areas. The 63.9% (95% confidence interval, 63.1%-64.8%) showed a bad control of hypertension. The majority of the patients followed a therapeutic regimen of monotherapy (56%) being the ACE inhibitors the most prescribed drug (34.8%), followed by the calcium antagonist (21.3%), and angiotensin II antagonists (17.4%). The percentage of patients with inadequate control of the blood pressure, in which the therapeutic behaviour was modified was 18.3% (95% confidence interval, 17.5%-19.1%) (a change of drug in 47%, association in 34.7% and an increase in the dose in 18.3%). The main reasons for which the therapeutic behaviour was modified was because no drug efficacy (63.7%) and the presence of adverse events (5.5%). The price of the therapy originated 1.2% of the modifications. CONCLUSIONS: PC physicians behaviour was conservative in uncontrolled hypertension cases. Amongst the doctors who modified their behaviour, by inadequate blood pressure control, the change of drug was the decision most adopted.


Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Médicos de Família , Idoso , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Estudos Transversais , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Relações Médico-Paciente , População Rural , Espanha , População Urbana
10.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 205(9): 418-424, sept. 2005. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-040880

RESUMO

Introducción. En hipertensión arterial el tratamiento combinado y el incremento de la dosis se consideran opciones terapéuticas útiles tras el fracaso del tratamiento inicial. Material y método. Ensayo clínico doble ciego que comparó la combinación a dosis fijas de 10 mg de enalapril/20 mg de nitrendipino (E/N) con 10 mg de amlodipino (A) en 323 pacientes hipertensos no controlados previamente con 5 mg de amlodipino. Resultados. Tras 6 semanas de tratamiento los grupos E/N y A tuvieron porcentajes similares de normalización de la presión arterial (55% frente al 60,2%; p = 0,4588). Los acontecimientos adversos relacionados con el tratamiento fueron significativamente menos frecuentes con E/N que con A (19,8% frente al 37%; p = 0,0029), especialmente por una menor incidencia del edema maleolar en E/N (11,1% frente al 33,6%; p < 0,0001). Conclusión. Combinando los datos de eficacia y tolerancia, el tratamiento con E/N permitió el control de la presión arterial de 2,8 pacientes por cada paciente con acontecimientos adversos, mientras que para A esta tasa fue de 1,6 a 1 (AU)


Introduction. Combined therapy or dosetiration are acceptable second-line therapeutic options after a first treatment failure. Material and methods. This double blind clinical trial compared the fixed dose combination of enalapril 10 mg/nitrendipine 20 mg (E/N) with amlopidine 10 mg (A) in 323 hypertensive patients not previously controlled with amlodipine 5 mg. Results. After 6 weeks of treatment, the E/N and A groups had similar percentages of blood pressure normalization (55% versus 60,2%; p = 0.4588). The adverse events related with the treatment were significantly less frequent with E/N than with a (19.8% versus 37%; p = 0.0029), especially due to a lower incidence of malleolar edema in E/N (11.1% versus 33.6%; p < 0.0001). Conclusion. Combining the efficacy and tolerability data, treatment with E/N permitted control of blood pressure of 2.8 patients per every patient with adverse events, while this rate for A was 1.6 to 1 (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacocinética , Método Duplo-Cego , Anlodipino/administração & dosagem , Enalapril/administração & dosagem , Nitrendipino/administração & dosagem , Quimioterapia Combinada
11.
Aten. prim. (Barc., Ed. impr.) ; 36(4): 204-210, sept. 2005. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-041376

RESUMO

Objetivos. Conocer la conducta del médico de atención primaria (AP) ante la falta de control de la hipertensión arterial. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo, multicéntrico. Emplazamiento. Consultas de AP del conjunto de España. Participantes. Hipertensos mayores de 18 años que seguían tratamiento farmacológico antihipertensivo desde al menos 3 meses antes, reclutados mediante muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Mediciones principales. Presión arterial medida por los médicos de familia. Se registró el esquema terapéutico utilizado antes y después de la visita, y en los casos en los cuales se adoptó alguna modificación, los motivos de ésta. Resultados. Se incluyó a 12.754 pacientes hipertensos. La edad media fue de 63,3 ± 10,9 años (un 57,3% mujeres). El 65% habitaba en medio urbano y el 35% en medio semiurbano o rural. El 63,9% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 63,1-64,8%) presentó mal control de la hipertensión arterial. La mayoría de los pacientes seguía un régimen terapéutico de monoterapia (56%). Los fármacos más prescritos fueron los inhibidores de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina (34,8%), seguidos de los antagonistas del calcio (21,3%) y los antagonistas de los receptores de la angiotensina (17,4%). El porcentaje de pacientes con inadecuado control de la presión arterial en quienes se modificó la pauta terapéutica fue del 18,3% (intervalo de confianza del 95%, 17,5-19,1%) (cambio de fármaco en un 47%, asociación en el 34,7% y aumento de dosis en un 18,3%). Los principales motivos por los que se modificó la pauta terapéutica fueron la falta de eficacia del tratamiento (63,7%) y la presencia de acontecimientos adversos (5,5%). El precio del medicamento originó el 1,2% de las modificaciones en la pauta. Conclusiones. La conducta terapéutica del médico de AP fue conservadora en los hipertensos no controlados. En los médicos que modificaron su conducta ante el mal control, el cambio de fármaco fue la decisión más adoptada


Purpose. To investigate the behaviour of primary care (PC) physicians on inadequate hypertension control. Design. Cross-sectional and multicentric study. Setting. PC clinics in the whole of Spain. Patients. Patients >=18 years old who followed pharmacological antihypertensive treatment since at least 3 months before, selected by a consecutive sampling. Measurements. Blood pressure measured by family doctors. The therapeutic diagram used before and after the visit was registered, and in those cases in which some kind of modification was adopted, the reasons why. Results. 12 754 hypertensive patients were included. The average age was 63.3±10.9 years (57.3% women). A 65% lived in urban areas and the 35% in semi-urban o rural areas. The 63.9% (95% confidence interval, 63.1%-64.8%) showed a bad control of hypertension. The majority of the patients followed a therapeutic regimen of monotherapy (56%) being the ACE inhibitors the most prescribed drug (34.8%), followed by the calcium antagonist (21.3%), and angiotensin II antagonists (17.4%). The percentage of patients with inadequate control of the blood pressure, in which the therapeutic behaviour was modified was 18.3% (95% confidence interval, 17.5%-19.1%) (a change of drug in 47%, association in 34.7% and an increase in the dose in 18.3%). The main reasons for which the therapeutic behaviour was modified was because no drug efficacy (63.7%) and the presence of adverse events (5.5%). The price of the therapy originated 1.2% of the modifications. Conclusions. PC physicians behaviour was conservative in uncontrolled hypertension cases. Amongst the doctors who modified their behaviour, by inadequate blood pressure control, the change of drug was the decision most adopted


Assuntos
Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Médicos de Família , Anti-Hipertensivos/administração & dosagem , Estudos Transversais , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Relações Médico-Paciente , População Rural , População Urbana , Espanha
12.
Pharmacogenomics J ; 5(1): 14-20, 2005.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15505642

RESUMO

This study analyzed the relationship between four renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphisms and the response to blood pressure lowering and development of microalbuminuria in 206 patients with essential hypertension treated once daily for 12 months with telmisartan 80 mg. Seated cuff blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) were measured throughout the study. Patients were screened for the presence of the A-6G variant of the angiotensinogen gene, angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism, and the A1166C and C573T polymorphisms of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene. No significant association was found between the presence of any gene polymorphism and the reduction of blood or UAE following telmisartan treatment. The results indicate that these RAS gene polymorphisms do not affect the antihypertensive activity and renoprotection in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients treated with telmisartan.


Assuntos
Albuminúria/genética , Benzimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Benzoatos/uso terapêutico , Pressão Sanguínea/genética , Hipertensão/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/genética , Idoso , Albuminúria/tratamento farmacológico , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Benzoatos/farmacologia , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo Genético/efeitos dos fármacos , Estudos Prospectivos , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/efeitos dos fármacos , Telmisartan
14.
Hipertensión (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 20(8): 347-353, nov. 2003. tab, graf
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-25293

RESUMO

El estudio ELYPSE, recientemente publicado, es un estudio de farmacovigilancia que analizó la eficacia y tolerabilidad de lercanidipino (10 mg una vez al día) en 9.059 pacientes (61 ñ 11 años; 58 por ciento mujeres) con hipertensión grado 1 ó 2, durante 3 meses de seguimiento. Este estudio demostró que lercanidipino es un fármaco antihipertensivo eficaz y bien tolerado en la práctica clínica diaria, confirmando los datos observados previamente en ensayos clínicos. Ante los resultados del ELYPSE nos planteamos realizar un análisis de subgrupos especiales de pacientes, con el fin de determinar si los buenos resultados observados con el fármaco se demostraban también en poblaciones de alto riesgo. Analizamos tres subgrupos considerados de mayor riesgo cardiovascular: los diabéticos (n = 1.269), los pacientes con hipertensión sistólica aislada (HSA) (n = 1.024) y los ancianos (> 65 años) (n = 3.533). Comparamos la efectividad y tolerabilidad de lercanidipino en estos grupos con el resto de los pacientes del estudio (diabéticos frente a no diabéticos, HSA frente a no HSA y >65 años frente a <65). En el grupo de diabéticos, la presión arterial (PA) se redujo de 160,8 ñ 10,8/94,4 ñ 7,5 (basal) a 142,7ñ12/83ñ7,2 mmHg (final); la incidencia de efectos adversos fue 7,4 por ciento. En los pacientes con HSA, la PA descendió de 160,4ñ9,4/ 82,9ñ5,3 a 143,1ñ11,8/79 ñ 6,6 mmHg; la proporción de reacciones adversas fue 6,8 por ciento. En los ancianos la reducción de PA fue de 161,9 ñ 9,8/94,3 ñ 7,3 a 142,6 ñ 11,7/82,6 ñ 6,9; aparecieron reacciones adversas en el 7,2 por ciento. En los tres subgrupos se observó que los resultados en cuanto a efectividad y tolerabilidad del fármaco en estos pacientes son similares a los del resto de los hipertensos del estudio. En conclusión, se demuestra que lercanidipino es un antihipertensivo eficaz y bien tolerado en diabéticos, en pacientes con HSA y en ancianos. Por tanto, se puede considerar que este fármaco es una buena alternativa en el tratamiento de estos pacientes de alto riesgo en los que el control de PA es habitualmente difícil (AU)


Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Masculino , Humanos , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Hipertensivos/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus/complicações , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Hipertensão/complicações , Anti-Hipertensivos/efeitos adversos , Sístole , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/farmacologia , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacológico
16.
Rev Clin Esp ; 202(5): 255-8, 2002 May.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12060538

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and characteristics of patients with hypertensive crises and to know the clinical differences between patients with hypertensive urgencies and patients with hypertensive emergencies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three-months prospective study in which all patients attended at the Emergency Department with an hypertensive crisis (arterial blood pressure of at least 210/120 mmHg) were included. From each patient, a clinical history, physical examination, eye fundus examination, blood analysis, electrocardiogram, and a chest X-ray were obtained. RESULTS: A total of 118 patients were included in the study, representing 0.65% of all attended emergencies. Twenty-two percent of them had an emergency hypertensive crisis. Coronary heart disease was the most common cause for this emergency crisis. Hypertension was unknown to 12.7% of patients and 12.6% of patients aware of their condition were not taking any medication. Twenty-four percent of patients were diabetic. Patients with hypertensive emergencies had more involvement of target organs. Twenty-four percent of crises resolved with no therapy, and captopril was the most commonly used drug. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertensive crises accounted for 0.65% of attended emergencies at our institution. Coronary heart disease was the most common condition for hypertensive emergencies. Patients with hypertensive emergencies had a more severe involvement of target organs. Twenty four percent of crisis resolved with rest alone.


Assuntos
Hipertensão/fisiopatologia , Doença Aguda , Idoso , Doença das Coronárias/complicações , Emergências , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/etiologia , Hipertensão/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco
17.
Rev. clín. esp. (Ed. impr.) ; 202(5): 255-258, mayo 2002.
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-18049

RESUMO

Fundamento. Analizar la prevalencia y las características de los pacientes que sufren una crisis hipertensiva y conocer qué diferencias clínicas existen entre los pacientes con urgencia y con emergencia hipertensiva. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio prospectivo durante 3 meses en el que se incluyen todos los pacientes que acuden al servicio de Urgencias con una crisis hipertensiva (presión arterial 210/120 mmHg).Se realiza anamnesis, exploración física, funduscopia, analítica, electrocardiograma y radiografía de tórax. Resultados. Se incluyen 118 pacientes, que representan el 0,65 por ciento de los atendidos en el área de Medicina de Urgencias. El 22 por ciento presentaron una emergencia hipertensiva, siendo la cardiopatía isquémica la emergencia más frecuente. El 12,7 por ciento de los pacientes desconocía ser hipertenso y el 12,6 por ciento de los conocidos no recibían tratamiento farmacológico. El 23,7 por ciento de los pacientes era diabético. Los enfermos con emergencia hipertensiva presentaron una mayor afectación de los órganos diana. Un 23,9 por ciento de las urgencias hipertensivas no precisaron tratamiento farmacológico para su resolución. El fármaco más empleado fue el captopril por vía oral. Conclusiones. En nuestro estudio el 0,65 por ciento de las urgencias atendidas en el área de medicina fueron crisis hipertensivas. La emergencia hipertensiva más frecuente fue la cardiopatía isquémica. La afectación visceral fue más frecuente en los pacientes con emergencia hipertensiva. El 23,9 por ciento de las urgencias hipertensivas se resolvió únicamente con reposo. (AU)


Assuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Prospectivos , Doença das Coronárias , Doença Aguda , Hipertensão , Emergências
18.
Hipertensión (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 18(2): 72-77, feb. 2001. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-1020

RESUMO

El control de los factores de riesgo es la clave para la prevención primaria de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, por ello el concepto de riesgo cardiovascular absoluto debería ser la guía para iniciar el tratamiento antihipertensivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue calcular el riesgo cardiovascular absoluto para ictus y cardiopatía isquémica basal y tras un año de intervención médica en dos poblaciones de hipertensos: en asistencia primaria (CS) y en la Unidad de Hipertensión de referencia (UH). Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo en el que se realizaron dos cortes transversales con un año de intervalo en los mismos pacientes. Utilizamos las tablas de predicción de riesgo del Framingham Heart Study, expresándolo como probabilidad porcentual de padecer incidente en 10 años. Se valoraron un total de 216 pacientes, 105 de la UH y 111 del CS. Resultados. Los pacientes de la UH presentan mayor riesgo absoluto basal tanto para ictus como para cardiopatía isquémica que los de CS. Con la práctica clínica habitual en el paciente hipertenso el riesgo de ictus se redujo significativamente en la UH (15,1 ñ 12,8 frente a 11,7 ñ 4,3, p < 0,05), pero no en el CS (11,7 ñ 10,5 frente a 9,6 ñ 7,9). La reducción del riesgo absoluto de cardiopatía isquémica fue significativa tanto en la UH como en el CS (19,4 ñ 12 frente a 16,5 ñ 12, p < 0,01 en la UH, y 18 ñ 10 frente a 14,8 ñ 9,5, p < 0,05 en CS). Conclusión. El tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial reduce los niveles de presión arterial y también el riesgo cardiovascular tanto en pacientes con riesgo menos elevado como son los del CS como en pacientes de mayor riesgo cardiovascular como son los remitidos a la UH. La utilización de un método de medida del riesgo es importante para conocer tanto el riesgo inicial del paciente y valorar la eficacia de la actuación médica (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Isquemia Miocárdica/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Hipertensão/complicações , Isquemia Miocárdica/prevenção & controle , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de Risco , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estudos Transversais , Seguimentos
20.
Med Clin (Barc) ; 115(2): 41-5, 2000 Jun 10.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10934691

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Hypertension guidelines emphasize the selection of antihypertensive treatment on the basis of absolute cardiovascular risk. Moreover, compelling and possible indications for each antihypertensive drug class are recommended for patients with other concomitant conditions. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationship between the cardiovascular risk profile and co-morbid conditions on antihypertensive drug class use. METHODS: This is an observational, multicenter, cross-sectional study performed in 2,850 essential hypertensive patients. Antihypertensive drug treatment has been evaluated on the basis of the presence of other cardiovascular risk factors, target organ damage or cardiovascular diseases, as well as the absolute cardiovascular risk profile. RESULTS: Patients with diabetes were treated more frequently with calcium channel blockers (CCB) and ACE inhibitors. However, the presence of hypercholesterolemia or smoking habit did not influence the use of antihypertensive drug classes. The presence of cerebrovascular disease increased the use of CCB and ACE inhibitors, whereas coronary disease increased the use of CCB and betablockers. The use of diuretics and angiotensin II receptor antagonists was increased in patients with cardiac failure, whereas neither betablockers nor ACE inhibitors were affected by this concomitant disease. Patients with the highest cardiovascular risk received more antihypertensive treatment than those with lower risk, but this was not accompanied by switching from old classes to new ones. CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular risk profile seems to have little influence on the use of antihypertensive drug classes, particularly the presence of hypercholesterolemia or cardiac failure. It seems adequate to emphasize the necessity of an individualization of antihypertensive treatment, based on the presence of concomitant conditions that influence the absolute cardiovascular risk.


Assuntos
Anti-Hipertensivos/classificação , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Guias como Assunto , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco
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