Patient Blood Management en ginecología / Patient Blood Management in gynaecology

El Patient Blood Management (PBM) es un enfoque centrado en el paciente, sistemático y basado en la evidencia, destinado a mejorar los resultados de las pacientes mediante el manejo y la preservación de la propia sangre. Consta de tres pilares clásicos que se llevan a cabo de forma multidisciplinar y multimodal: optimización de la masa eritrocitaria, reducción de la hemorragia y mejoría de la tolerancia a la anemia. La optimización de la masa eritrocitaria incluye el diagnóstico precoz de la anemia y su tratamiento con hierro (oral o intravenoso), siendo el déficit de hierro la causa más frecuente de anemia en el contexto de sangrado uterino anómalo (SUA). La reducción de la hemorragia incluye estrategias destinadas a tratar la causa del SUA, sea de forma quirúrgica, médica o ambas. La mejoría en la tolerancia a la anemia incluye el umbral de transfusión restrictivo en pacientes sin hemorragia activa, administrando el mínimo número de unidades de hematíes para paliar los síntomas (Single Unit Transfusion). En el presente texto se realiza una revisión de la evolución y de la situación actual del PBM en sus tres pilares, centrándose en los aspectos concretos más directamente aplicables al sangrado uterino anómalo.(AU)

Patient Blood Management (PBM) is a systematic, evidence-based, patient-centred approach aimed at improving patient outcomes through the management and preservation of their own blood. It consists of three classic pillars performed in a multidisciplinary and multimodal way: optimization of erythrocyte mass, reduction of haemorrhage, and improvement of tolerance to anaemia. Optimization of erythrocyte mass includes the early diagnosis of anaemia and its treatment with iron (oral or intravenous), with iron deficiency being the most frequent cause of anaemia in the context of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Bleeding reduction includes strategies aimed at treating the cause of AUB either surgically, medically, or both. The improvement in tolerance to anaemia includes the restrictive transfusion threshold in patients without active bleeding, administering the minimum number of red blood cell units to alleviate symptoms (single unit transfusion). This text reviews the evolution and current situation of the three pillars of PBM, focusing on the specific aspects most directly applicable to abnormal uterine bleeding.(AU)

Second victim phenomenon in a surgical area: Online survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF STUDY: An effective and accessible first source of support for second victims (SV) is usually the colleagues themselves, who should have tools to help emotionally and detect the unusual course of a SV. The aim of this work is to assess health professionals' perception of the phenomenon, as well as their capability to apply psychological first aid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational descriptive study through online surveys answered anonymously. Participants were different health professionals from surgical area, mainly from a third-level hospital. RESULTS: 329 responses, 67 anaesthesiologists, 110 anaesthesiologists in training, 152 nurses. 78.4% had felt SV, more frequent among anaesthesiologists; however, 58% had never heard of the term. Guilt was the most frequent emotion. Residents were more afraid of judgmental colleagues and thought more about drop out their training. From those who sought help, most did it through a colleague, but most did not feel useful in helping a SV. 66% affirmed there is a still punitive, evasive or silent culture about medical incidents. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the frequency of the phenomenon there is still lack of knowledge of the term SV. Impact of the phenomenon is heterogenous and changes based on experience and responsibility. Colleagues are the first source of emotional help but there is a lack of tools to be able to provide it. Institutions are urged to create training programs so that professionals can guarantee «psychological first aid¼.

Second victim phenomenon in a surgical area: online survey. / El fenómeno de segunda víctima en un área quirúrgica: Encuesta online.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF STUDY: An effective and accessible first source of support for second victims (SV) is usually the colleagues themselves, who should have tools to help emotionally and detect the unusual course of a SV. The aim of this work is to assess health professionals' perception of the phenomenon, as well as their capability to apply psychological first aid. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational descriptive study through online surveys answered anonymously. Participants were different health professionals from surgical area, mainly from a third-level hospital. RESULTS: 329 responses, 67 anaesthesiologists, 110 anaesthesiologists in training, 152 nurses. 78.4% had felt SV, more frequent among anaesthesiologists; however, 58% had never heard of the term. Guilt was the most frequent emotion. Residents were more afraid of judgmental colleagues and thought more about drop out their training. From those who sought help, most did it through a colleague, but most did not feel useful in helping a SV. 66% affirmed there is a still punitive, evasive or silent culture about medical incidents. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the frequency of the phenomenon there is still lack of knowledge of the term SV. Impact of the phenomenon is heterogenous and changes based on experience and responsibility. Colleagues are the first source of emotional help but there is a lack of tools to be able to provide it. Institutions are urged to create training programs so that professionals can guarantee «psychological first aid¼.

Reversión de taquiarritmias supraventriculares tras la administración de propofol. Serie de casos / Sinusal reversion of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after propofol administration. A case series

No disponible

Carotid Endarterectomy Surgical Simulation Model Using a Bovine Placenta Vessel.

BACKGROUND: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a common, well-developed surgical procedure. Although surgical simulation is gaining in importance for residency training, CEA practice opportunities for surgical residents are limited. OBJECTIVE: To describe a new haptic CEA model. METHODS: Six bovine placentas were used to create the model. Each placenta provided about 6 large arterial and venous bifurcations. In total, 36 large-vessel bifurcations were dissected and prepared for the CEA simulation. Bovine placenta vessels were arranged to simulate the common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), and external carotid artery (ECA). The diameters and wall thicknesses were measured and compared with human CCA, ICA, and ECA parameters. RESULTS: All bovine placentas provided vessels suitable for modeling carotid artery bifurcations and CEA training. Mean ± SD diameters of simulated CCAs, ECAs, and ICAs were 11.2 ± 1.8, 4.3 ± 0.5, and 9.8 ± 3.0 mm, respectively, from nondilated veins and 8.7 ± 1.4, 4.4 ± 1.3, and 7.2 ± 1.7 mm, respectively, from nondilated arteries. Mean vessel wall thicknesses were 2.0 ± 0.6 mm for arteries and 1.4 ± 0.5 mm for veins. Placental vessel tissue had dimensions and handling characteristics similar to those of human carotid arteries. The CEA procedure and its subtasks, including vessel-tissue preparation and surgical skills performance, could be reproduced with high fidelity. CONCLUSION: A bovine placenta training model for CEA is inexpensive and readily available and closely resembles human carotid arteries. The model can provide a convenient and valuable simulation and practice addition for vascular surgery training.

Respuesta al comentario sobre el original «Supervivencia y pronóstico neurológico en paradas cardiorrespiratorias extrahospitalarias por ritmos desfibrilables tratadas con hipotermia terapéutica moderada» / Reply to the comment on the original: "Survival and neurological prognosis in out-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest due to defibrillatable rhythms treated with moderate therapeutic hypothermia"

No disponible

Supervivencia y pronóstico neurológico en paradas cardiorrespiratorias extrahospitalarias por ritmos desfibrilables tratadas con hipotermia terapéutica moderada / Survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests due to shockable rhythms treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia

OBJETIVO: Analizar la supervivencia y el pronóstico neurológico a corto y medio plazo de los pacientes atendidos en nuestro hospital tras sufrir una parada cardiorrespiratoria (PCR) extrahospitalaria secundaria a un ritmo desfibrilable y tratados con hipotermia terapéutica moderada (HTM). DISEÑO: Estudio prospectivo, observacional desde el 1 de enero de 2010 al 31 de diciembre de 2012, con un seguimiento de 6 meses. Ámbito: Hospital de tercer nivel. PACIENTES: Pacientes que sufrieron una PCR extrahospitalaria secundaria a ritmos desfibrilables. Criterios de exclusión: ritmos no desfibrilables, maniobras de reanimación > 45 min sin recuperación de pulso, shock séptico, coagulopatía previa, enfermedad terminal u orden de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico

OBJECTIVE: To analyze survival and neurological outcome at short and medium term in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia (HTM) in our hospital after suffering an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) secondary to a shockable rhythm. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study from September 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012, with a follow up of 6 months. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. PATIENTS: All patients who suffer an out-of-hospital CA due to shockable rhythms. Exclusion criteria: non-shockable rhythms, resuscitation > 45 minutes without pulse recovery, septic shock, previous coagulopathy, terminal illness or order for withholding treatment. Intervention: Mild hypothermia (33°C) and postresuscitation care on the basis of standardized protocols. MAIN VARIABLES: Demographic and epidemiological data, CA data and survival and neurological outcome at hospital discharge and after 6 months. To assess the patients' neurological status, Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) scale was used. RESULTS: A total of 54 patients were analyzed. 37 patients were discharged to hospital, representing a survival at discharge of 68.5%, which remains 6 months later because no discharged patient died during the follow up period. Regarding neurological outcome, 44.4% of patients were alive and with CPC 1-2 at discharge and up to 54.71% at 6months. CONCLUSIONS: The results of survival and neurological functional status obtained in our center after implementation of HTM are comparable to those published in the literature

[Survival and neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests due to shockable rhythms treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia]. / Supervivencia y pronóstico neurológico en paradas cardiorrespiratorias extrahospitalarias por ritmos desfibrilables tratadas con hipotermia terapéutica moderada.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze survival and neurological outcome at short and medium term in patients treated with mild therapeutic hypothermia (HTM) in our hospital after suffering an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) secondary to a shockable rhythm. DESIGN: Prospective, observational study from September 1, 2010 to December 31, 2012, with a follow up of 6 months. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. PATIENTS: All patients who suffer an out-of-hospital CA due to shockable rhythms. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: non-shockable rhythms, resuscitation >45 minutes without pulse recovery, septic shock, previous coagulopathy, terminal illness or order for withholding treatment. INTERVENTION: Mild hypothermia (33°C) and postresuscitation care on the basis of standardized protocols. MAIN VARIABLES: Demographic and epidemiological data, CA data and survival and neurological outcome at hospital discharge and after 6 months. To assess the patients' neurological status, Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) scale was used. RESULTS: A total of 54 patients were analyzed. 37 patients were discharged to hospital, representing a survival at discharge of 68.5%, which remains 6 months later because no discharged patient died during the follow up period. Regarding neurological outcome, 44.4% of patients were alive and with CPC 1-2 at discharge and up to 54.71% at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The results of survival and neurological functional status obtained in our center after implementation of HTM are comparable to those published in the literature.

Reversión de flutter auricular a ritmo sinusal tras administración de propofol / Sinusal reversion of atrial flutter after intravenous propofol administration

No disponible

Taponamiento cardíaco tras punción esternal. Utilidad de la ecografía focussed assessment with sonography for trauma / Cardiac tamponade following sternal puncture. Usefulness of ultrasound focussed assessment with sonography for trauma

La detección de las complicaciones de las pruebas y de los tratamientos que se realizan a los pacientes es uno de los objetivos de los médicos. El diagnóstico precoz de dichas complicaciones puede evitar un desenlace letal. Habitualmente nos basamos en la clínica apoyando el diagnóstico en pruebas complementarias. En los últimos años se han desarrollado pruebas diagnósticas de fácil y rápida ejecución, económicas y mínimamente invasivas. La ecografía focussed assessment with sonography for trauma (eco-FAST) se introdujo en los años 90 en el ámbito de la reanimación como prueba de detección rápida de líquido intraabdominal y pericárdico en el paciente politraumatizado, pero su utilización en otros casos de naturaleza no traumática suscita aún hoy dudas y controversia. Se presenta un caso en el que una paciente sometida a una punción esternal para aspirado medular presentó como complicación un taponamiento cardíaco secundario, que fue diagnosticado de forma precoz mediante eco-FAST (AU)

One of the medical profession is to be able to detect complications in patients during diagnostic tests and treatments. The early diagnosis of these complications can prevent a fatal outcome. The diagnosis is often based on clinical symptoms and supported by complementary tests. Diagnosis tests have been developed in the last few years that are rapid and easy to use, as well as being cost effective and minimally invasive. Focussed assessment with sonography for trauma ultrasound (echo-FAST) was introduced in the 1990s in the field of resuscitacion as a test for the rapid detection of intra-abdominal and pericardial fluid in multiple injury patients, but its uses in other cases not involving trauma still raise doubts and controversy. A case is presented of a patient subjected to a sternal puncture for a bone marrow aspirate, who had a complication of a secondary cardiac tamponade, which was diagnosed early using echo-FAST (AU)

[Cardiac tamponade following sternal puncture. Usefulness of ultrasound focussed assessment with sonography for trauma]. / Taponamiento cardíaco tras punción esternal. Utilidad de la ecografía focussed assessment with sonography for trauma.

One of the aims of the medical profession is to be able to detect complications in patients during diagnostic tests and treatments. The early diagnosis of these complications can prevent a fatal outcome. The diagnosis is often based on clinical symptoms and supported by complementary tests. Diagnostic tests have been developed in the last few years that are rapid and easy to use, as well as being cost effective and minimally invasive. Focussed assessment with sonography for trauma ultrasound (echo-FAST) was introduced in the 1990s in the field of resuscitation as a test for the rapid detection of intra-abdominal and pericardial fluid in multiple injury patients, but its uses in other cases not involving trauma still raise doubts and controversy. A case is presented of a patient subjected to a sternal puncture for a bone marrow aspirate, who had a complication of a secondary cardiac tamponade, which was diagnosed early using echo-FAST.

Utilización de tramadol/paracetamol oral en única preparaciónfarmacéutica en analgesia multimodal en cirugía mayor ambulatoria / No disponible

La combinación en una misma presentación farmacológica de paracetamol y tramadol a dosis bajas permite un rápido inicio de acción y un efecto sostenido de la analgesia, con disminución de los efectos secundarios derivados de ambos fármacos, dosis dependiente. En cirugía mayor ambulatoria la analgesia multimodal es el tratamiento de elección para poder incluir cada vez procesos de mayor complejidad. Es por ello que la asociación a dosis bajas de un opioide menor, con paracetamol, presenta una analgesia superior por acción sinérgica de los dos componentes, utilizándose en dolor moderado-severo, evitando reingresos y facilitando el cumplimiento del tratamiento analgésico en el domicilio (AU)

The combination of paracetamol, and low doses of tramadol, enables an immediate and constant analgesic response, while at the same time avoiding the negative side effects of both these drugs. Multimodal analgesia in ambulatory surgery permits a better control of pain and the subsequent inclusion of more complex surgery. The use of both components in one tablet, presents a synergic action useful in moderate-severe pain, reducing hospital re-admittance and enhancing the probability of the completion of home treatment (AU)

Using nursing students to enhance one college's immunization program.

In New York State, all college students who were born on or after January 1, 1957, are required to show proof of immunity against measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) before the 1st day of classes. Colleges have established immunization programs so that those students who do not have the required proof can be given the necessary injections. Often, our health service office does not have enough staff to administer the MMR shots during the registration period, resulting in long lines of students waiting to be immunized. In this article, the authors describe how one college used nursing students to assist with and enhance its immunization program. The 45 nursing students who participated in this project administered 694 injections over a 5-day period, They received credit from the nursing department for clinical time and all of the participants agree that the project was a success.

[Changes in intracellular calcium and magnesium ions in the physiopathology of the fybromyalgia syndrome]. / Modificazioni degli ioni calcio e magnesio intracellulari nella fisiopatologia della sindrome fibromialgica.

BACKGROUND: Calcium and magnesium ions play a key role in the physiology of muscular contraction: changes in calcium ions concentration may be involved in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Since the plasmatic levels of calcium and magnesium in fibromyalgia patients is always in the normal range, it seemed interesting to evaluate the intracellular calcium and magnesium concentration. METHODS: The study was carried out on two groups of subjects: 100 affected by fibromyalgia and 40 healthy controls. RESULTS: The results obtained show that in fibromyalgia patients the intracellular calcium and magnesium concentration seems to be a peculiar characteristics of fibromyalgia patients and may be potentially responsible for muscular hypertonus. CONCLUSIONS: It is still to be confirmed the effective role of this anomaly in the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia and the potential role of drugs active on calcium homeostatis.

Role of intracellular calcium ions in the physiopathology of fibromyalgia syndrome.

Calcium ions have a key role in the physiology of muscular contraction: changes in calcium ion concentration may be involved in the pathogenesis of fibromyalgia. Although, since the plasmatic level of calcium in fibromyalgia patients is always in the normal range, it seemed interesting to evaluate the intracellular calcium concentration. The study was carried out on two groups of subjects: 70 affected by fibromyalgia and 40 healthy controls. The results obtained show that in fibromyalgia patients the intracellular calcium concentration is significantly reduced in comparison to that of healthy controls: the reduced intracellular calcium concentration seems to be a peculiar characteristic of fibromyalgia patients and may be potentially responsible for muscular hypertonus. The effective role of this anomaly in the physiopathology of fibromyalgia and the potential role of drugs active on the calcium homeostasis are still to be confirmed.

[A new approach to the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome. The use of Telo Cypro]. / Un nuovo approccio al trattamento della sindrome fibromialgica. L'uso del Telo Cypro.

BACKGROUND: The therapy of fibromyalgia (SF), with pharmacological and non pharmacological treatments, is not always effective and the benefits obtained can be unsteady or non-lasting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a pure copper wire sheet ("Telo Cypro") used as bedsheet, on sleep quality as well as spontaneous and provoked pain. METHODS: The study was double-blind, with two parallel groups, versus placebo. Forty patients with fibromyalgia were enrolled, thirty-eight females and two males, with a mean age of 48.8 years and without any current pharmacological treatment. RESULTS: The results obtained show how the use of "Telo Cypro" is extremely beneficial in subjects with fibromyalgia, in reducing painful symptomatology at the tender point level and improving sleep quality, with a positive effect on the patients' cenesthesia at awakening. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the use of "Telo Cypro" can be a valid help in the treatment of fibromyalgia.