[Impact of a strategy to improve the quality of care and risk management in a paediatric emergency department]. / Impacto de una estrategia de mejora de calidad asistencial y gestión de riesgos en un servicio de urgencias pediátricas.

INTRODUCTION: Emergency departments are a high risk area for the occurrence of adverse events. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of a strategy to improve the quality assurance and risk management in the notification of incidents in our Unit, and describe the improvement actions developed from the reported incidents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was developed during one year, divided into two periods: P1 (Start: training session and implementation of the risk management process), and P2 (Start: feed-back session of incidents reported in P1 and improvement actions developed). In each period, the number of reported incidents in relation to the number of emergencies attended (‰) and the descriptive data of each incident were recorded. The improvement actions developed from the incidents reported in P1 were described. RESULTS: The number of notifications from P1 (4.1‰; 95%CI 3.2-5.0‰) increased in P2 (10.9‰; 95%CI 9.8-10.2‰, P<.001). The most frequent incidents in P1 were medication (33.3%), and identification errors (25.9%): both were significantly reduced in P2 (16.9%, P=.001 and 9.3%, P<.001, respectively). In P2, prescription errors of the P1 were reduced (35.9% vs 62.9%, P=.02). The factors of "Knowledge and training" (23.5%) were the most frequent in P1, decreasing in P2 (7.4%, P<.001). CONCLUSION: It is considered that the implementation of a risk management process, and the promotion of a safety culture, through training and feed-back sessions to all professionals, contributed to increase the volume of notifications in our Unit. The voluntary and anonymous reporting of incidents is useful to identify risks, and plan corrective measures, contributing to improve quality assurance and patient safety.

Análisis de la metodología «trigger tools» en el servicio de urgencias de un hospital terciario / Applying trigger tools in a tertiary hospital emergency room

Introducción: La seguridad del paciente es esencial para garantizar la calidad sistencial. Los incidentes son habituales en la práctica clínica diaria; sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que analicen la incidencia de eventos adversos (EA) en la población pediátrica. Los trigger tools son señales de alerta que permiten sospechar la posibilidad de aparición de EA. El objetivo de este estudio era analizar la sensibilidad de esta herramienta adaptada a un servicio de urgencias pediátricas de un hospital de tercer nivel para la identificación de los EA. Pacientes y métodos: Se seleccionaron 29 triggers aplicables en nuestro medio. En total, se estudiaron 140 pacientes aleatorizados atendidos en el servicio de urgencias entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de julio de 2015. Resultados: Se registraron 48 triggers en 38 de las 140 historias revisadas. En ellas, finalmente se detectó algún EA en 9 historias (una de ellas con 2 triggers). Esto supone la identificación de EA en casi el 21% de las historias clínicas que incluyen triggers. El trigger detectado con más frecuencia, asociado a un mayor porcentaje de EA, fue «reingreso por el mismo motivo en menos de 72 horas tras el alta hospitalaria», seguido de «dosis inadecuada de fármacos». Conclusiones: Los trigger tools no han demostrado rentabilidad para la detección sistemática de EA en nuestro medio. El primer trigger mencionado antes parece tener mayor sensibilidad para detectar potenciales EA. Por ello, sería recomendable la evaluación sistemática de las historias en las que éste aparezca (AU)

Introduction: Patient safety is essential in health system. Incidents are common in daily clinical practice; however, few studies have analyzed the incidence of adverse events (AEs) in the pediatric population. The trigger tools are simple warning signs for suspecting AEs. The aim of this study was to know the sensitivity of this tool adapted to a pediatric emergency department in a tertiary referral hospital. Patients and methodology: 29 suitable triggers were selected. In total, we studied 140 randomized patients seen in the emergency room between 1 January and 31 July 2015. Results: 48 triggers were seen in 38 of the 140 clinical files. AEs were detected in 9 histories (one with 2 triggers), almost 21% of medical records that include triggers. The most frequently detected and associated with a higher percentage of AEs was «readmission for the same reason in less than 72 hours after hospital discharge» followed by «inadequate drug dosage». Conclusions: The trigger tools have not demonstrated profitability for screening of AEs in our hospital. The trigger «readmission for the same reason within 72 hours» seems to be more sensitive to detect potential AEs. Therefore, it would be reasonable to assess the records in which it appears (AU)

Presencia de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos en niños con fiebre y petequias / Presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in children with fever and petechiae

Introducción: La presencia de un tiempo de cefalina (APTT) alargado en niños con fiebre y petequias es un hallazgo descrito en la bibliografía. La causa de esta alteración se desconoce, pero se postula que puede deberse a la formación de anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (Ac AFL). El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si el alargamiento del APTT se asocia con la formación Ac AFL. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo, de casos y controles, realizado en niños que consultaron por fiebre y petequias en el servicio de urgencias de un hospital de tercer nivel durante un periodo de 13 meses. Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas y analíticas. Se describieron las características de los grupos con APTT alargado y normal, y se comparó la asociación entre las concentraciones de los diferentes anticuerpos y el APTT. Resultados: Se incluyeron 36 pacientes, 12 casos y 24 controles. No se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto a la positividad de Ac AFL entre los casos y los controles (odds ratio [OR]= 1,67; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 0,31-9,04). No se observó ninguna asociación entre los diferentes tipos de anticuerpos y el APTT, cuyos coeficientes de regresión fueron de 0,04 seg (IC del 95%: -0,31 a 0,40) para anticardiolipina IgG, de 1,11 seg (IC del 95%: -1,24 a 3,46) para la IgM, y de -0,02 seg (IC del 95%: -0,35 a 0,31) y 0,64 seg (IC del 95%: -1,40 a 2,68) para antibeta 2 GPI, IgG e IgM, respectivamente. Conclusión: Ante los resultados de nuestro estudio, no podemos concluir que el alargamiento de APTT se relacione con la presencia de Ac AFL (AU)

Introduction: The presence of a longer time of cephalin (APTT) extended in children who come to emergency department with fever and petechiae is a result previously described in the literature. The cause of this alteration in coagulation is unknown, it is presumed that may be due to the formation of antiphospholipids antibodies. The aim of this study is to determine if the length of APTT is associated to the formation of antiphospholipids antibodies. Patients and methods: Observational, prospective case-control study in children who consulted for fever and petechiae in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital over a 13-month period epidemiological; clinical and laboratory variables were collected. The characteristics of groups with elongated and normal APTT were described and the association between concentrations of different antibodies and APTT were compared. Results: 36 patients, 12 cases and 24 controls, were included. No significant differences were found regarding the positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies between cases and controls (OR= 1.67; 95%CI: 0.31 to 9.04). No association was observed between the different types of antibodies and APTT, resulting regression coefficients in 0.04 s (95%CI: -0.31 to 0.40) for cardiolipin IgG, 1.11 s (95%CI: -1.24 to 3.46) for IgM and -0.02 s (95%CI: -0.35 to 0.31) and 0,64 s (95%CI: -1.40 to 2.68) for antibeta 2 GPI, IgG and IgM, respectively. Conclusion: Given the results of our study we can not conclude that the elongation of APTT is related with the presence of antiphospholipids antibodies (AU)

Urgencias Pediátricas del Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón / Pediatric Emergency Department of the Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón

El presente documento refleja un resumen de la organización y actividad actual de la Unidad de Urgencias Pediátricas. Se describe la misión, visión y valores de la unidad. Se comenta la actividad asistencial, con la cartera de servicios, y las líneas de docencia e investigación. A continuación se expondrán las líneas estratégicas y de humanización ya emprendidas y futuras (AU)

This document summarizes the current organization and activity of the Pediatric Emergency Unit, describing its main mission, vision and values. The clinical assistance activities are described, including the services portfolio, and the teaching and research interests. Lastly, the document emphasizes the present and future directions of our humanization strategies (AU)

Asociación entre bronquiolitis moderada-grave y síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética en urgencias / Association between moderate-severe bronchiolitis and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in emergency departments

OBJETIVOS: Identificar precozmente y analizar las características de pacientes que precisan ingreso por bronquiolitis moderada o grave que cumplen criterios urinarios de SIADH. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo observacional, realizado entre octubre de 2012-marzo de 2013 en urgencias pediátricas. Se incluyen menores de 12 meses con bronquiolitis moderada o grave que requieren ingreso. Se consideran criterios urinarios de SIADH: sodio urinario≥40mmol/l, osmolaridad urinaria>500 mOsm/kg y densidad urinaria>1.020g/l. Se recogen variables epidemiológicas y clínicas y se comparan 2 grupos definidos por cumplir o no criterios urinarios de SIADH. RESULTADOS: Se incluyen 126 pacientes con bronquiolitis moderada, 23 (18,6%) cumplen criterios urinarios de SIADH, ninguno grave ni menor de un mes. Los pacientes con criterios urinarios de SIADH tienen mayor incidencia de neumonía y/o atelectasia en la radiografía de tórax (21,7% vs. 1,9%; p = 0,002), peor respuesta al tratamiento con adrenalina (69,5% vs. 28,1%; p = 0,016), mayor asistencia respiratoria: oxigenoterapia de alto flujo (17,4% vs. 7,7%; p = 0,016) y ventilación mecánica no invasiva (13% vs. 5,8%; p = 0,034). Requieren más días oxigenoterapia (p = 0,02) y tratamiento broncodilatador (p = 0,04) y mayor ingreso en cuidados intensivos pediátricos (26,1% vs. 6,8%; p = 0,007). CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes mayores de 1 mes con bronquiolitis moderada y con criterios urinarios de SIADH tienen peor evolución respiratoria, mayor necesidad de soporte respiratorio, ingreso en UCIP y más alteraciones radiográficas. Por ello recomendamos realizar determinaciones de orina a estos pacientes para detectar precozmente el desarrollo de SIADH y cuidar el manejo hidroelectrolítico, previniendo el desarrollo de complicaciones potencialmente graves

OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical characteristics that may lead to the early recognition of patients admitted to the hospital for moderate-to-severe bronchiolitis with urine results associated with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted, spanning the bronchiolitis epidemic season (October 2012-March 2013), including all children who were admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe bronchiolitis. The following criteria were used to establish a diagnosis of SIADH: urine sodium level of 40mmol/L or greater, urine osmolarity above 500 mosm/Kg, and urine density of 1020g/L or greater. Demographic characteristics, ventilation mode and clinical outcome were also analyzed. A comparison was made between those patients that met urine SIADH criteria and those who did not. RESULTS: A total of 126 children were included, and 23 (18.6%) of them had urine SIADH criteria. Patients in this group had a higher incidence of pneumonia and/or atelectasis on chest X-Ray (21.7% vs. 1.9%, P=.002), worse response to bronchodilator treatment with nebulized adrenaline (69,5% vs. 28,1%, P=.016), more need for respiratory assistance (high flow oxygen therapy (17.4% vs. 7.7%, p=.016), or non-invasive mechanical ventilation (13% vs. 5.8%, P=.034), and more admissions to the PICU (26.1% vs. 6.8%, P=.007). CONCLUSIONS: Patients older than one month with acute moderate bronchiolitis and urine SIADH criteria have worse clinical courses and more need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation, PICU admission, and have a higher incidence of pneumonia on chest X-ray. For that reason, it is recommended to collect a urine sample from these patients to allow an early diagnosis of SIADH, and thus early treatment of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities

[Association between moderate-severe bronchiolitis and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in emergency departments]. / Asociación entre bronquiolitis moderada-grave y síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética en urgencias.

OBJECTIVES: To identify clinical characteristics that may lead to the early recognition of patients admitted to the hospital for moderate-to-severe bronchiolitis with urine results associated with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted, spanning the bronchiolitis epidemic season (October 2012-March 2013), including all children who were admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe bronchiolitis. The following criteria were used to establish a diagnosis of SIADH: urine sodium level of 40 mmol/L or greater, urine osmolarity above 500 mosm/Kg, and urine density of 1020 g/L or greater. Demographic characteristics, ventilation mode and clinical outcome were also analyzed. A comparison was made between those patients that met urine SIADH criteria and those who did not. RESULTS: A total of 126 children were included, and 23 (18.6%) of them had urine SIADH criteria. Patients in this group had a higher incidence of pneumonia and/or atelectasis on chest X-Ray (21.7% vs. 1.9%, P=.002), worse response to bronchodilator treatment with nebulized adrenaline (69,5% vs. 28,1%, P=.016), more need for respiratory assistance (high flow oxygen therapy (17.4% vs. 7.7%, p=.016), or non-invasive mechanical ventilation (13% vs. 5.8%, P=.034), and more admissions to the PICU (26.1% vs. 6.8%, P=.007). CONCLUSIONS: Patients older than one month with acute moderate bronchiolitis and urine SIADH criteria have worse clinical courses and more need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation, PICU admission, and have a higher incidence of pneumonia on chest X-ray. For that reason, it is recommended to collect a urine sample from these patients to allow an early diagnosis of SIADH, and thus early treatment of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.

Utilidad de la procalcitonina en el diagnóstico precoz de apendicitis aguda / Usefulness of procalcitonin in early diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Introducción y objetivo: En los últimos años ha tratado de definirse la utilidad de los diferentes parámetros analíticos inflamatorios en el diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el valor de la procalcitonina (PCT) en el diagnóstico precoz de esta entidad, comparándolo con los marcadores analíticos tradicionalmente solicitados en pacientes con dolor abdominal agudo (leucocitos/proteína C reactiva). Método: Estudio prospectivo analítico, durante el periodo comprendido entre julio y diciembre de 2011. Se incluyeron menores de 16 años con dolor abdominal y sospecha clínica de apendicitis. Se procedió al estudio de las variables analíticas (leucocitos, proteína C reactiva [PCR], PCT) y la elaboración de una curva ROC para los parámetros de laboratorio evaluados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 105 pacientes con una media de edad de 10,2 años (±3,3). El diagnóstico de apendicitis se confirmó por histología en el 39% (41/105), clasificándose el 42,5% como apendicitis perforada y el 11,5% como gangrenada. La cifra media de leucocitos fue significativamente mayor en el grupo con apendicitis (15,143/µL frente a 10,723/µL; p <0,001), al igual que el valor de la mediana de PCT (1,4 µg/L [rango: 0,7-6,1] frente a 0,6 µg/L [rango: 0,5-1,8]; p <0,05). El área bajo la curva ROC para la cifra de leucocitos fue de 0,76; los valores obtenidos para la PCR (0,63) y la PCT (0,6) fueron inferiores. La mayoría de los pacientes (94/105), así como los diagnosticados de apendicitis (31/41), mostraron valores de PCT normales. No obstante, el diagnóstico de apendicitis se confirmó en todos los que presentaron un aumento de la PCT, excepto en 2. Todas las apendicitis gangrenadas presentaron una elevación de la PCT. Conclusiones: La PCT no es un buen marcador precoz de apendicitis. No obstante, su elevación actúa como factor predictivo en el diagnóstico de apendicitis y su grado de evolución (AU)

Introduction and objective: Recent studies have tried to define the usefulness of different inflammatory laboratory parameters in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The objective of this study is to determine the value of procalcitonin (PCT) in the early diagnosis of this entity, compared with traditional laboratory markers in patients with acute abdominal pain (WBC/CRP). Methods: Prospective analytical study. Period: July to December 2011. Inclusion of children under 16 years with abdominal pain and clinical suspicion of appendicitis. Analytical analysis (leukocytes, CRP, PCT) and development of a ROC curve for laboratory parameters evaluated. Results: We included 105 patients with a mean age 10.2 years (± 3.3). The diagnosis of appendicitis was confirmed by histology in 39% (41/105), 42.5% of them were classified as perforated appendicitis and 11.5% as gangrenous. The average number of leukocytes was significantly higher in the group with appendicitis (15.143/μL vs 10.723/μL; p <0.001), like the median value of PCT (1.4 µg/L [0.7 to 6.1] vs 0.6 µg/L [0.5 to 1.8]; p <0.05). The area under the ROC curve for leukocyte count was 0.76; the values obtained for the PCR (0.63) and PCT (0.6) were lower. The majority of patients (94/105) and those diagnosed of appendicitis (31/41) showed normal PCT values. The diagnosis of appendicitis was confirmed in those with increased PCT, but 2. All patients with gangrenous appendicitis had elevation of PCT. Conclusions: PCT is not a good early marker of appendicitis. However, his elevation acts as a predictor for the diagnosis of appendicitis and its degree of evolution (AU)

Capnografía no invasiva en la bronquiolitis aguda: utilidad clínica en urgencias / Use of noninvasive capnography in acute bronchiolitis: clinical utility in emergency

Objetivo: Analizar la utilidad de la capnografía no invasiva, o medición del dióxido de carbono espirado (EtCO2), como herramienta para evaluar la gravedad clínica de pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda que acuden a urgencias. Material y métodos: Estudio longitudinal, prospectivo y observacional, en el que se incluyeron lactantes menores de 18 meses que acudían al servicio de urgencias por bronquiolitis aguda, durante 1 año. Se determinaron los valores de EtCO2 con cánulas nasales por absorción de infrarrojos (Oridion Microcap R) y se recogieron distintas variables epidemiológicas y clínicas de los pacientes. Resultados: Se estudiaron 93 pacientes, un 59% varones, con una media de edad de 5,8 meses (desviación estándar [DE]= 4,2). El 80% fueron bronquiolitis leves y el 20% moderadas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores de capnografía de ambos grupos (p= 0,96). Los valores de EtCO2 siguieron una distribución normal, con una media de 27,5 mmHg (DE= 5,34). El coeficiente de correlación entre el EtCO2 y la puntuación de gravedad fue de 0,01 (p= 0,92). Conclusiones: No se ha encontrado ninguna asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el valor de la capnografía y la gravedad de la bronquiolitis, por lo que esta herramienta no parece útil como factor pronóstico de gravedad (AU)

Introduction: This is the first study of noninvasive capnography (EtCO2) performed in nonintubated patients with acute bronchiolitis that analyzes the value of EtCO2 with clinical severity. Material and methods: We present a prospective and observational study that includes infants under 18 months who were attended over one year at Emergency Care for acute bronchiolitis. EtCO2 was determined by nasal prongs with infrared absorption (Oridion Microcap R). There were collected epidemiological and clinical variables of patients. Results: We studied 93 patients, 59% male, mean age of 5.8 months (SD 4.2). 80% were mild bronchiolitis and 20% moderate. There was no significant difference between this groups (p=0.96). EtCO2 values followed a normal distribution with a mean of 27.5 mmHg EtCO2 (SD 5.34). The correlation coefficient between EtCO2 and value of severity score was 0.01 (p= 0.92). Conclusions: We found no statistically significant association between the value of capnography and severity of bronchiolitis. This tool does not seem useful as a prognostic factor of severity (AU)

Brote de sarampión en 2011. Análisis de casos identificados en urgencias en un hospital de Madrid / Measles outbreak in 2011. An analysis of cases identified at an emergency department in a Spanish hospital (Madrid)

Introducción: El sarampión es una infección altamente contagiosa y con una elevada morbilidad, para la que se dispone de una vacuna eficaz y segura y cuya erradicación es posible. Sin embargo, desde 2009 se han registrado brotes en Europa, con un aumento de casos en 2011 en España. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes diagnosticados por sospecha de sarampión en el servicio de urgencias de un hospital terciario, en el periodo comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2011. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 67 pacientes por sospecha de sarampión. El 76% de los casos sospechosos presentaban clínica típica de tos, coriza y exantema, y se refería contacto en el 50% de los casos, principalmente familiar. La infección se confirmó en 25 pacientes mediante serología o reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de exudado nasofaríngeo. Otros 25 pacientes fueron compatibles por clínica o vínculo epidemiológico. El 91% de los casos confirmados o compatibles no estaban vacunados. Ingresaron el 12% del total de pacientes por sospecha de sarampión. Se diagnosticó neumonía en 2 pacientes. Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra una incidencia elevada de sarampión en un área sanitaria, lo que confirma la existencia de población susceptible por fallo en la cobertura vacunal. Para alcanzar el objetivo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud de erradicar el sarampión en el año 2015 en Europa, es preciso la comunicación y la investigación temprana de las sospechas. Los profesionales sanitarios deben estar informados de la situación del sarampión, al tratarse de una infección poco frecuente en la práctica clínica habitual (AU)

Introduction: Measles is a highly contagious infectious dis­ease, associated with an important morbidity and mortality. An effective and safe vaccine is available and its eradication is possible. However, since 2009 measles outbreaks are occur­ring in Europe, with an important number of cases in Spain. Methods: Retrospective study conducted in an emergency department of a tertiary hospital. We included pediatric patients diagnosed of possible measles during the period January-December of 2011. Results: We diagnosed 67 suspected measles cases, the 76% of which had typical symptoms like coryza, cough or exanthema. There had been contact with confirmed measles cases in 50% of suspected cases, mainly familiar. The diagnostic was confirmed by laboratory tests in 25 patients, like serology or PCR of nasopharyngeal secretions. Another 25 patients were compatible with measles by clinic or epidemiological vinculum. 90% of confirmed cases took place in unvaccinated patients.12% of possible measles cases were admitted to hospital. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 2 patients. Conclusions: Our study shows an elevated incidence of measles in a sanitary area and confirms the existence of susceptible population due to a fail in vaccine coverage. To reach the objective of WHO of eradicating measles in 2015 in the European region, an early communication and investigation of suspected cases of measles is necessary. Sanitary professionals must be informed of the existence of an outbreak, because it is an infrequent infection in the daily clinical practice (AU)

Utilidad de la capnografía en la monitorización durante procedimientos de sedoanalgesia. Influencia de la administración de oxígeno en los parámetros monitorizados / Usefulness of capnography for monitoring sedoanalgesia: Influence of oxygen on the parameters monitored

INTRODUCCIÓN: Evaluar la utilidad de la capnografía para la detección precoz de depresión respiratoria durante los procedimientos de sedoanalgesia. Determinar si la administración de oxígeno durante el procedimiento puede modificar los parámetros monitorizados, retrasando la detección de depresión respiratoria. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se diseña un estudio prospectivo aleatorizado. Se incluyeron pacientes de 1 a 16 años que precisaron sedoanalgesia para la realización de técnicas diagnósticas y/o terapéuticas, aleatorizando la administración o no de oxígeno suplementario. Todos fueron monitorizados mediante inspección visual, pulsioximetría y capnografía no invasiva, iniciando la monitorización antes de la administración del fármaco y manteniéndola hasta la recuperación completa del estado basal. La variable principal fue la detección de depresión respiratoria definida como apnea, hipoventilación o desaturación. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 20 pacientes, de los cuales 11 recibieron oxígeno suplementario. Se objetivó una elevación estadísticamente significativa de los niveles de etCO2 a los 5, 10 y 15 min, comparados con su valor basal. No se detectaron cambios significativos en la media de SatO2. Comparando la evolución de las medias de etCO2 y SatO2 en ambos grupos no se identificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Se registraron 2 casos de depresión respiratoria, detectados precozmente por la capnografía. Existe una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre el nivel de etCO2 a los 5 y 10 min y el grado de sedación alcanzado. CONCLUSIONES: La incorporación de la capnografía a la monitorización rutinaria durante los procedimientos de sedoanalgesia podría mejorar su seguridad. La administración de oxígeno no parece modificar los parámetros monitorizados

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the usefulness of capnography for early detection of respiratory depression during sedoanalgesia procedures in the pediatric emergency department. To assess whether the administration of oxygen during the procedure can modify monitored parameters, thus delaying detection of respiratory depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study was performed on children between 1year and 16 years who underwent sedoanalgesia to perform diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. They were randomized into two groups (with or without supplemental oxygen). All patients were monitored by visual inspection, pulse-oximetry and non-invasive capnography. Monitoring was initiated prior to drug administration and continued until complete recovery of baseline. The main study variable was respiratory depression defined as apnea, hypoventilation or oxygen desaturation. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included. Eleven patients were randomized in the supplemental oxygen group. This study showed a statistically significant elevation of EtCO2 levels at 5, 10and 15 min, compared with baseline. No significant change in the SatO2 mean was detected. No statistically significant differences were identified when comparing etCO2 mean and SatO2 mean in both groups. Two cases of respiratory depression were detected early by capnography. There was a statistically significant correlation between etCO2 at 5 and 10 min, and the degree of sedation achieved. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of capnography to routine monitoring for adequate sedation procedures could improve safety. Oxygen administration does not appear to modify the parameters monitored

[Usefulness of capnography for monitoring sedoanalgesia: influence of oxygen on the parameters monitored]. / Utilidad de la capnografía en la monitorización durante procedimientos de sedoanalgesia. Influencia de la administración de oxígeno en los parámetros monitorizados.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the usefulness of capnography for early detection of respiratory depression during sedoanalgesia procedures in the pediatric emergency department. To assess whether the administration of oxygen during the procedure can modify monitored parameters, thus delaying detection of respiratory depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective randomized study was performed on children between 1 year and 16 years who underwent sedoanalgesia to perform diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. They were randomized into two groups (with or without supplemental oxygen). All patients were monitored by visual inspection, pulse-oximetry and non-invasive capnography. Monitoring was initiated prior to drug administration and continued until complete recovery of baseline. The main study variable was respiratory depression defined as apnea, hypoventilation or oxygen desaturation. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included. Eleven patients were randomized in the supplemental oxygen group. This study showed a statistically significant elevation of EtCO2 levels at 5, 10 and 15min, compared with baseline. No significant change in the SatO2 mean was detected. No statistically significant differences were identified when comparing etCO2 mean and SatO2 mean in both groups. Two cases of respiratory depression were detected early by capnography. There was a statistically significant correlation between etCO2 at 5 and 10min, and the degree of sedation achieved. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of capnography to routine monitoring for adequate sedation procedures could improve safety. Oxygen administration does not appear to modify the parameters monitored.

[Bicycle accidents treated in emergency departments. A multicentre study]. / Accidentes de bicicleta atendidos en los Servicios de Urgencias. Estudio multicéntrico.

OBJECTIVES: To describe epidemiological characteristics, types of injury, prognosis and medical management of bicycle-related Paediatric Emergency Department (ED) visits and to identify potential preventive measures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multicentred, observational prospective study included all children between 3 and 16 years of age treated for bicycle-related injuries in the Emergency Departments of 15 Spanish Hospitals belonging to the «Unintentional Paediatric Injury Workshop¼ of the Spanish Paediatric Emergency Society between the 1(st) of June 2011 and the 31(st) of May 2012. Characteristics of all ED visits, as well as epidemiological data and accident-related information, were collected. RESULTS: A total of 846 patients were included in the study, with a male predominance (72.9%) and a median age of 9.6 ± 3.6 years. Head injury was the third most common injury (22.3%) and the main cause of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) (68.4%). More than three-quarters (77.9%) of the patients did not wear a helmet, which was significantly associated to a higher incidence of head injury and admission to PICU. Older children (OR 1.063) and bicycle injuries involving motor vehicles (OR 2.431) were identified as independent risk factors for worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Since helmet use reduces up to 88% of central nervous system lesions secondary to head injury, promotion of its use should be the main preventive measure, followed by restriction of bike-riding to cycling areas.

Una causa inusual de obstrucción intestinal en niños: hematoma intestinal secundario a heparina de bajo peso molecular / An unusual cause of intestinal obstruction in children: intestinal haematoma due to low molecular weight heparin

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Sospecha de infección urinaria en el lactante menor de 3 meses: ¿cuándo realizar una punción lumbar? / Suspicion of urinary tract infection among 0-3 monthinfants: when to perform a lumbar puncture?

Objetivo: Estudiar la incidencia de meningitis bacteriana en lactantes menores de 3 meses con sospecha de infección urinaria. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo mediante revisión de historias clínicas de todos los niños menores de 3 meses en los que se obtuvo un sedimento de orina por sondaje vesical patológico en el servicio de urgencias. Se realizó una punción lumbar a todos los niños menores de 1 mes y a todos los niños con afectación del estado general durante el periodo comprendido entre octubre de 2004 y julio de 2010. Resultados: El estudio incluyó a 290 pacientes con sospecha de infección urinaria. El 76% eran niños y el 24% niñas; un 43% de los pacientes eran menores de 1 mes. La infección de orina se confirmó por urocultivo en 230 niños, y 9 (3,2%) de ellos asociaban bacteriemia. Se realizó una punción lumbar en 167 pacientes (58%), entre los que se encontraron 7 (4%) casos de pleocitosis, cuyo cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo fue negativo, y 1 caso de meningitis por Escherichia coli en un neonato de 24 días, con urocultivo positivo para el mismo germen. Conclusiones: La incidencia de meningitis bacteriana en niños menores de 3 meses con sospecha de infección de orina en el estudio fue del 0,6%. Es importante reconsiderar la realización de una punción lumbar sistemática en estos pacientes, aunque parece prudente mantener su indicación en los menores de 1 mes y en los casos de sospecha por clínica o analítica de infección bacteriana severa(AU)

Objective: To study the rate of bacterial meningitis among infants aged 0-3 months with suspicion of urinary tract infection. Methods: This retrospective chart review involved all children younger than 3 months with pathologic rapid urine testing by urethral catheterization in the emergency department. Lumbar puncture was performed in all children <1 month and every child 1-3 months with septic appearance. The study was conducted from October 2004 to July 2010.Results: The study sample included 290 children with suspicion of urinary tract infection, of whom 76% boys and 24% girls; 43% of all patients were younger than one month. Urinary tract infection was confirmed by positive urine culture in 230 children, 9 of whom (3.2%) had bacteraemia associated. Lumbar puncture was performed on 167 patients (58%), of whom 7 (4%) had CSF pleocytosis. All CSF cultures were negative except of a case of a neonate 24 days old with meningitis and urinary tract infection caused by Escherichia coli. Conclusions: The incidence of bacterial meningitis among infants aged 0-3 months with suspicion of urinary tract infection was 0.6% in our study. It is important to reconsider the performance of lumbar puncture systematically in these children, although it is still need in children aged less than 1 month and in cases where there is clinical or laboratory test suspicion of serious bacterial infection(AU)

Evolución de la prescripción de antibióticos en un servicio de urgencias pediátricas / Evolution of the antibiotics prescription in a pediatric emergency service

Objetivo: Describir la calidad de prescripción antibiótica en un servicio de urgencias pediátrico, antes y después de la realización de dos sesiones formativas sobre el «uso racional de antibióticos». Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los pacientes dados de alta en urgencias durante el mes de enero de 2008, respecto a diciembre de 2008-enero de 2009. Se recogieron los datos sociodemográficos y relacionados con el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los pacientes que recibían tratamiento antimicrobiano. Se valoró la posología y la indicación según las vías clínicas validadas de nuestro hospital. Entre ambos periodos, se impartieron dos sesiones formativas sobre el uso racional de antibióticos. Resultados: En enero de 2008 se revisaron 5.989 informes de alta, y se pautaron antibióticos al 13% de los niños. En el segundo periodo se revisaron 6.359 informes, y recibieron antibióticos un 12,7%. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron la faringoamigdalitis aguda (49,6%) en el primer periodo y la otitis media (39%) en el segundo. La indicación fue correcta en el 90,7%en el primer periodo, frente al 84,7% en el segundo (p <0,01), la dosificación fue adecuada en el 79,4 frente al 86% (p <0,01), y la duración fue correcta en el 88,6% en ambos periodos. Se prescribieron más antibióticos durante el turno de noche y en días festivos. Conclusiones: El porcentaje de antibióticos prescritos es similar al de otras series. Tras las sesiones formativas sobre el manejo correcto de la antibioterapia, no ha disminuido su prescripción. Aunque se dosifica mejor, ha aumentado el porcentaje de indicación incorrecta. Serían necesarias más medidas para mejorar la calidad de prescripción antimicrobiana (AU)

Objective: To describe the quality of antibiotic prescription in the pediatric emergency service before and after two educational talks regarding “the rational use of antibiotics”. Material and methods: Descriptive, retrospective study of all the discharged patients evaluated in the emergency service during the month of January 2008 compared to December 2008 and January 2009. Demographic, social, diagnostic and treatment parameters of children who received antimicrobials treatment were analyzed. Dosage and indication were evaluated according to the validated clinical guidelines of the hospital, between both periods’ formative sessions about the rational use of antibiotics. Results: In January 2008 we reviewed 5,989 medical discharge records and found that 13% of the children had received antibiotics. We also reviewed 6,359 records from the second period and found that 12.7% of the children had received antibiotic therapy. The most frequent diagnoses were acute pharyngotonsillitis (49.6%) in the first period and acute otitis media (39%) in the second period. The indication and dosage were correct in 90.7% and 79.4% of the cases in the first period compared to 84.7% and 86% in the second period (p <0.01) respectively. The duration of therapy was correct in 88.6% of cases in both periods. Antibiotics were more frequently prescribed at the night shift and on holidays. Conclusions: The percentage of antibiotic prescription in this study is similar to that of other series and did not decrease after educational talks regarding the rational use of antibiotics. Although there was an increase in the correct dosage prescribed the percentage of incorrect antibiotic indications increased as well. Further actions should be taken to improve the quality of antibiotic prescriptions (AU)

Heliox como tratamiento del crup moderado / Heliox as treatment for mild croup

Objetivos: El heliox (mezcla de helio y oxígeno) atraviesa mejor que el oxígeno una obstrucción de la vía respiratoria. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficacia de la administración de heliox en el crup. Material y método: Ensayo clínico, abierto y aleatorizado, realizado entre octubre de 2006 y noviembre de 2007 en niños con crup moderado, según la puntuación de la escala de Taussig. Se administró una dosis única de dexametasona de 0,3 mg/kg por vía oral. Se aleatorizaron los pacientes en dos grupos: grupo A, de control, y grupo B, en el que se administró heliox 70/30 durante 1 hora. Se analizó la escala de Taussig y la frecuencia respiratoria al ingreso, a los 60 y a los 120 minutos, así como la necesidad de adrenalina nebulizada de rescate, la tasa de ingreso y la reconsulta en las siguientes 72 horas. Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 47 pacientes, 23 en el grupo A y 24 en el grupo B. Ambos grupos eran homogéneos. La puntuación de la escala de Taussig al inicio, a los 60 y a los 120 minutos (grupo A/grupo B) fue de 6,22/6,21, 3,74/2,63(p= 0,02) y 2,17/1,46 (p= 0,17), respectivamente. La frecuencia respiratoria al inicio, a los 60 y a los 120 minutos (grupo A/grupo B) fue de 37,48/39,13, 35,61/30,67 (p= 0,04), 32,17/29 (p= 0,16),respectivamente. Precisaron adrenalina nebulizada de rescate 5 pacientes del grupo A frente a 1 paciente del grupo B (p= 0,01). Ingresaron 2 pacientes del grupo A y 1 paciente del grupo B (p= 0,609). Acudieron al servicio de urgencias en las siguientes 72 horas 2 pacientes del grupo A y 2 del grupo B (p= 1). Conclusión: El tratamiento coadyuvante con heliox a la terapia esteroidea en el crup moderado mejora la clínica de esta afección (AU)

Objectives: Heliox (a mixture of helium and oxygen) crosses an obstruction of the airways better than oxygen. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the administration of heliox in croup. Material and method: A randomized, open clinical trial carried out between October 2006 and November 2007, in children with moderate croup as per Taussig scale. A single dose of 0.3 mg/kg of dexamethasone was administered orally. The patients were randomized in two groups, control group A and group B, administering heliox 70/30 during one hour. The Taussig scale and the respiratory frequency upon admission were analyzed, 60‘ and 120‘; as well as the need of nebulized rescue adrenaline, the admission rate, and the re- consultation within the following 72 hours. Results: Forty-seven patients were included in the study; 23 in group A and 24 in group B. Both groups were homogenous. Thei nitial Taussig scale, 60‘ and 120‘ (group A/group B) was of 6.22/6.21; 3.74/2.63 (p= 0.02); 2.17/1.46 (p= 0.17) respectively. The respiratory frequency at the beginning, 60‘ and 120‘ (group A/group B) was of 37.48/39.13; 35.61/30.67 (p= 0.04); 32.17/29 (p= 0.16) respectively. Five patients from group A needed nebulized rescue adrenaline versus 1 patient from group B (p= 0.01). Two patients from group A were admitted and 1 patient from group B (p= 0.609). In the following 72 hours, 2 patients from group A and two patients from group B came to our emergency room (p= 1). Conclusion: The coadjuvant treatment with heliox to the steroid therapy in moderate croup improves the clinical results of the latter (AU)

[Heliox-driven bronchodilator nebulization in the treatment of infants with bronchiolitis]. / Heliox como fuente de nebulización del tratamiento broncodilatador en lactantes con bronquiolitis.

INTRODUCTION: Heliox is a helium-oxygen mixture which improves laminar flow and decreases airway resistance and the work of breathing. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of salbutamol or epinephrine nebulization driven by heliox in infants with moderate-to-severe bronchiolitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, observational, interventional, controlled and randomized study included ninety-six children who came to our pediatric emergency department with first episode of moderate-to-severe bronchiolitis. The patients were randomized to receive salbutamol or epinephrine nebulized with either oxygen (control group) or heliox (70% helium and 30% oxygen) as the driving gas. Heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse oximetry oxygen saturation and clinical score were measured before and after the treatment period. We also reported hospitalization rates and the number of patients who returned to the emergency department in the following seventy two hours. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between both groups. The only statistically significant difference was that, in the heliox group, patients with severe bronchiolitis needed a lower number of nebulizations than infants in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: According to our study, heliox-driven salbutamol or epinephrine is not an effective therapy in patients with acute bronchiolitis.