Genetic diversity and patterns of population structure in Creole goats from the Americas.

Biodiversity studies are more efficient when large numbers of breeds belonging to several countries are involved, as they allow for an in-depth analysis of the within- and between-breed components of genetic diversity. A set of 21 microsatellites was used to investigate the genetic composition of 24 Creole goat breeds (910 animals) from 10 countries to estimate levels of genetic variability, infer population structure and understand genetic relationships among populations across the American continent. Three commercial transboundary breeds were included in the analyses to investigate admixture with Creole goats. Overall, the genetic diversity of Creole populations (mean number of alleles = 5.82 ± 1.14, observed heterozygosity = 0.585 ± 0.074) was moderate and slightly lower than what was detected in other studies with breeds from other regions. The Bayesian clustering analysis without prior information on source populations identified 22 breed clusters. Three groups comprised more than one population, namely from Brazil (Azul and Graúna; Moxotó and Repartida) and Argentina (Long and shorthair Chilluda, Pampeana Colorada and Angora-type goat). Substructure was found in Criolla Paraguaya. When prior information on sample origin was considered, 92% of the individuals were assigned to the source population (threshold q ≥ 0.700). Creole breeds are well-differentiated entities (mean coefficient of genetic differentiation = 0.111 ± 0.048, with the exception of isolated island populations). Dilution from admixture with commercial transboundary breeds appears to be negligible. Significant levels of inbreeding were detected (inbreeding coefficient > 0 in most Creole goat populations, P < 0.05). Our results provide a broad perspective on the extant genetic diversity of Creole goats, however further studies are needed to understand whether the observed geographical patterns of population structure may reflect the mode of goat colonization in the Americas.

Genetic relationships among American donkey populations: insights into the process of colonization.

This study presents the first insights into the genetic diversity and structure of the American donkey metapopulation. The primary objectives were to detect the main structural features underlying variability among American donkey populations, identify boundaries between differentiated gene pools, and draw the main colonization pathways since the introduction of donkeys into America in the 15th century. A panel of 14 microsatellite markers was applied for genotyping 350 American donkeys from 13 countries. The genetic structure of this metapopulation was analysed using descriptive statistics and Bayesian model-based methods. These populations were then compared to a database containing information on 476 individuals from 11 European breeds to identify the most likely ancestral donor populations. Results showed the presence of two distinct genetic pools, with confluence of the two in Colombia. The southern pool showed a unique genetic signature subsequent to an older founder event, but lacked any significant influence of modern gene flow from Europe. The northern pool, conversely, may have retained more ancestral polymorphisms and/or have experienced modern gene flow from Spanish breeds. The Andalusian and, to a lesser extent, the Catalan breeds have left a more pronounced footprint in some of the American donkey populations analysed.

Porcine colonization of the Americas: a 60k SNP story.

The pig, Sus scrofa, is a foreign species to the American continent. Although pigs originally introduced in the Americas should be related to those from the Iberian Peninsula and Canary islands, the phylogeny of current creole pigs that now populate the continent is likely to be very complex. Because of the extreme climates that America harbors, these populations also provide a unique example of a fast evolutionary phenomenon of adaptation. Here, we provide a genome wide study of these issues by genotyping, with a 60k SNP chip, 206 village pigs sampled across 14 countries and 183 pigs from outgroup breeds that are potential founders of the American populations, including wild boar, Iberian, international and Chinese breeds. Results show that American village pigs are primarily of European ancestry, although the observed genetic landscape is that of a complex conglomerate. There was no correlation between genetic and geographical distances, neither continent wide nor when analyzing specific areas. Most populations showed a clear admixed structure where the Iberian pig was not necessarily the main component, illustrating how international breeds, but also Chinese pigs, have contributed to extant genetic composition of American village pigs. We also observe that many genes related to the cardiovascular system show an increased differentiation between altiplano and genetically related pigs living near sea level.

Origins and genetic diversity of New World Creole cattle: inferences from mitochondrial and Y chromosome polymorphisms.

The ancestry of New World cattle was investigated through the analysis of mitochondrial and Y chromosome variation in Creoles from Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay and the United States of America. Breeds that influenced the Creoles, such as Iberian native, British and Zebu, were also studied. Creoles showed high mtDNA diversity (H = 0.984 +/- 0.003) with a total of 78 haplotypes, and the European T3 matriline was the most common (72.1%). The African T1a haplogroup was detected (14.6%), as well as the ancestral African-derived AA matriline (11.9%), which was absent in the Iberian breeds. Genetic proximity among Creoles, Iberian and Atlantic Islands breeds was inferred through their sharing of mtDNA haplotypes. Y-haplotype diversity in Creoles was high (H = 0.779 +/- 0.019), with several Y1, Y2 and Y3 haplotypes represented. Iberian patrilines in Creoles were more difficult to infer and were reflected by the presence of H3Y1 and H6Y2. Y-haplotypes confirmed crossbreeding with British cattle, mainly of Hereford with Pampa Chaqueño and Texas Longhorn. Male-mediated Bos indicus introgression into Creoles was found in all populations, except Argentino1 (herd book registered) and Pampa Chaqueño. The detection of the distinct H22Y3 patriline with the INRA189-90 allele in Caracú suggests introduction of bulls directly from West Africa. Further studies of Spanish and African breeds are necessary to elucidate the origins of Creole cattle, and determine the exact source of their African lineages.

Frecuencia cardíaca fetal en pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes pregestacional y gestacional / No disponible

Se determinó el valor de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal (FCF) y las variaciones de sus diferentes índices en pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes pregestacional o diabetes gestacional, y se compararon con un grupo testigo. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 46 pacientes, que se dividió en 3 grupos: 1. Diabetes pregestacional (n = 15). La edad de las pacientes tuvo un rango de 20-42 años con una media ± desviación estándar (DE) de 32,2 ± 7,13 años. La edad de la gestación tuvo un rango de 23-37 semanas con una media ± DE de 31 ± 3,5 semanas. 2. Diabetes gestacional (n = 11). La edad de las pacientes tuvo un rango de 22-40 años con una media ± DE de 30,54 ± 6,04 años. La edad de la gestación tuvo un rango de 26-37 semanas con una media ± DE de 32 ± 3,5 semanas 3. Grupo testigo (n = 20). La edad de las pacientes tuvo un rango de 19-38 años con una media ± DE de 27,45 ± 5,69 años. La edad de la gestación tuvo un rango de 27-39 semanas con una media ± DE de 33,25 ± 3,11 semanas. Para los registros de contractibilidad uterina y frecuencia cardíaca fetal se utilizó un cardiotocógrafo HP Modelo 1350, Serie 50 XM; la duración fue de 2 h. Al iniciar el registro, se tomó a las pacientes una muestra de sangre venosa para determinar la concentración de glucosa. A cada paciente se le controló la presión arterial, el pulso, la temperatura y la frecuencia respiratoria, se midió la circunferencia abdominal y la altura uterina y se auscultaron los latidos fetales. Para el análisis estadístico de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal basal y la amplitud de los ascensos transitorios o aceleraciones se utilizó el análisis de varianza de una vía. En el grupo de diabetes pregestacional, la FCF basal tuvo un rango de 120-165 latidos con una media ± DE de 142,802 ± 7.826 latidos. En el grupo de diabetes gestacional, el rango fue de 115-160 latidos con una media ± DE de 141,182 ± 9,150 latidos. En el grupo testigo, el rango fue de 110-170 latidos con una media ± DE de 135,5 ± 10,57 latidos. La diferencia entre medias fue significativa (p = 0,0000). Se realizó un análisis comparativo de la amplitud de los ascensos transitorios entre los grupos en estudio con los siguientes resultados: – Diabetes pregestacional. La amplitud de las aceleraciones tuvo un rango de 10-50 latidos con una media de 24,198 latidos. – Diabetes gestacional. El rango fue de 8-45 latidos con una media de 22,61 latidos. – Grupo testigo. El rango fue de 8-50 latidos con una media de 24,81 latidos. La diferencia entre medias fue significativa (p = 0,05), de lo que se infiere que estos hechos son reales y no obedecen al azar. Los valores de la glucemia fueron: – Diabetes pregestacional. La glucemia tuvo un rango de 75-220 mg/dl con una media ± DE de 122,4 ± 44,79 mg/dl. – Diabetes gestacional. El rango fue de 74-221 mg/dl con una media ± DE de 119,9 ± 48,11 mg/dl. – Grupo testigo. La glucemia se mantuvo en valores normales. En los grupos 1 y 2, la diferencia entre medias no fue significativa; p = 0,89. El estado físico de los recién nacidos se valoró de acuerdo con la prueba de Apgar en los minutos 1 y 5; todos fueron vigorosos. Todos los estudios fueron longitudinales (AU)

Fetal heart rate values and the variations of its different indexes were determined in patients diagnosed with either preexisting or gestational diabetes and were compared to a control group. The size of the sample was 46 patients, which was divided in 3 groups: 1. Preexisting diabetes (n = 15): the range of the patients age was 20 to 42 years with a mean and standard deviation of 32.2 ± 7.13 years. The range of the pregnancy age was 23 to 37 weeks, with a mean and standard deviation of 31 ± 3.5 weeks. 2. Gestational diabetes (n = 11): the range of the patients age was 22 to 40 years, with a mean and standard deviation of 30.54 ± 6.04 years. The range of the pregnancy age was 26 to 37 weeks, with a mean and standard deviation of 32 ± 3.5 weeks. 3. Control group (n = 20): the range of the patients age was 19 to 38 years, with a mean and standard deviation of 27.45 ± 5.69 years. The range of the pregnancy age was 27 to 39 weeks, with a mean and standard deviation of 33.25 ± 3.11 weeks. Uterine contractility and fetal heart rate registers were carried out with a Hewlett-Packard Monitor, Model 1350 of the 50 XM Series. The duration was 2:00 hours. At the beginning of each register, patients were taken a blood sample to obtain glucose levels. Each patient was taken its blood pressure, pulse, temperature and breathing frecuency levels, abdominal circumference and uterine height were measured and fetal heart beats were checked. For the statistical analisys of basal fetal heart rate and the amplitude of the accelerations the one way variance test was used. Preexisting diabetes: the range of FHR was 120- 165 beats, with a mean and standard deviation of 142.802 ± 7.826 beats. Gestational diabetes: the range was 115-160 beats, with a mean and standard deviation of 141.82 ± 9.150 beats. Control group: the range was 110-170 beats, with a mean and standard deviation of 135.5 ± 10.57 beats. The difference between means was significant; p = 0.0000. A comparative analisys of the amplitude of accelerations among the 3 study groups was made. Preexisting diabetes: the amplitude of accelerations had a range of 10 to 50 beats, with a mean of 24.198 beats. Gestational diabetes: the range was 8 to 45 beats, with a mean of 22.61 beats. Control group: the range was 8 to 50 beats, with a mean of 24.81 beats. The difference between means was significant; p = 0.05, which tells us these facts are for real and not at random. Glucose values were: – Preexisting diabetes: the range of glycemia was 75 to 220 mg/dl; with a mean and standard deviation of 122.4 ± 44.79 mg/dl. – Gestational diabetes: the range was 74 to 221 mg/dl; with a mean and standard deviation of 119.9 ± 48.11 mg/dl. – Control group: glucose remained within the normal range. In the 1st and 2nd groups, the difference between means was not significant; p = 0.89. The physical state of the newborns was measured according to the Apgar test, at the 1st and 5th minutes; all newborns were vigorous. All studies were longitudinal (AU)